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إدارة اإلمـتـحـــــــــانــــات
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كود الطالب 72018033 : اسم الطالب :آية حسام محمد حسن
الـفــرقـــــة :األولي اسم الـمـادة :رياضة ٤
الـــرقــــــــم الـســـــــري
Table of Content
1
Introduction
dn x
= G(t)
d tn
Where the derivative x = x(t) can be of any order, and where the right
side is of any order.
2
d2 x
m 2 = −mg
dt
G = 9.8 m / sec2
d2 x
Value of the equation cancels, and = −g
d t2
dx
= A − gt
dt
1
x = B + At − gt 2
2
So, B can be calculated from the initial conditions. When we know the
original
The mass height is x0 , and the initial velocity is v0 , Whereupon the initial
conditions are
dx
x(0) = x0 , (0) = v0
dt
3
Substitution of these initial conditions into the dx / dt and x equations
allows one to
To A and B solve. The unique solution which satisfies the initial as well
as the ode
1
x(t) = x0 + v0 t − gt 2
2
Discussion
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
Where f(x , y), the independent variable x and the dependent variable y
can be any function. We first show how to determine this equation's
numerical solution, and then learn techniques to analytically solve certain
special forms, namely, first-order separable and linear equations.
Example:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
+ (𝑥 2 + 5)𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 5
4
Solution: This also represents a First order Differential Equation.
Example:
𝑑2 𝑦
+ (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥)𝑦 = 9
𝑑 𝑥2
Example 1 :
4
d2 y dy 2 2
d3 y 2
( 2 + ( ) ) = k ( 3)
dx dx dx
Example 2:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
+ cos = 5𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
5
➢ Linear and non linear differential equations:
In this section we compare the answers to the two main questions for
linear and nonlinear first order differential equations in the differential
equations. Remember that for a linear differential equation with first
order
𝑦 ℩ + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
1
= ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑚
𝑦(x0 ) = y0
6
With
𝑦(0) = 4
Solution
1⁄
𝑦℩ = 𝑥 5 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦(0) = 0
Solution
−1
𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
5 4
𝑦 5 = 𝑥 + 𝐶1
4
4 4
𝑦5 = 𝑥+𝐶
5
7
5
4 4
𝑦 = ( 𝑥)
5
5
4 4
𝑦 = − ( 𝑥)
5
And
𝑦=0
Are both also differential equation solution that satisfies the problem of
initial value. Therefore uniqueness here fails miserably.
2. Plug it into the general solution using the initial data, and solve for c.
𝑑𝑦
= 10 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0) = −1
𝑑𝑥
Solution
Step 1
𝑑𝑦
= 10 − 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑦 = (10 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8
𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(10 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 → 𝑦 = 10𝑥 − + 𝐶
2
0
−1 = 10(0) − + 𝐶 → 𝐶 = −1
2
𝑥2
𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ∶ 𝑦 = 10𝑥 − − 1
2
EXAMPLE 2:
𝑑𝑦
= 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 , 𝑦(−1) = 0
𝑑𝑥
Solution
Step 1
𝑑𝑦
= 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 → 𝑑𝑦 = ( 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 )𝑑𝑥
9𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
𝑦= − + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
Step 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
0 = −3 − 2 − 5 + 𝐶 → 𝐶 = 10
𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10
9
Boundary Value Problem (BVP) :
𝜋
𝐲 ′′ + 4y = 0 → y(0) = −2 → y ( ) = 10
4
Solution
−2 = 𝑦(0) = 𝐶1
𝜋
10 = 𝑦 ( ) = 𝐶2
4
𝐲 ′′ + 4y = 0 → y(0) = −2 → y(2𝜋) = 3
Solution
−2 = 𝑦(0) = 𝐶1
10
3 = 𝑦(2𝜋) = 𝐶1
Example:
Find the Curve family differential equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
where a and b are arbitrary constants.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
d2 y 𝑑𝑦
− = 𝑒𝑥 (−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − 𝑒𝑥 ( 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
dx 2 𝑑𝑥
d2 y 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− = ( − 𝑦) − 𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
dx 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11
d2 y 𝑑𝑦
−2 + 2𝑦 = 0
dx 2 𝑑𝑥
Conclusion
Differential equations play an important part in the applications of
science and engineering. It arises in a wide variety of engineering
applications , e.g. electromagnetics theory, Signal collection, simulated
fluid dynamics etc. There can be equations of form using either empirical
or theoretical methods resolved ically. Since a lot of the differential
equations that occur in real-life application can not be this way.
References
12