Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference 2017

September 19-22, 2017, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan

Coordinated Control of Wind Turbine and Energy Storage System for

Reducing Wind Power Fluctuation
Chunghun Kim1† , Eduard Muljadi2 and Chung Choo Chung1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
(E-mail: freidee@hanyang.ac.kr (C. Kim), cchung@hanyang.ac.kr (C. Chung))
2
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
(E-mail: Eduard.Muljadi@nrel.gov (E. Muljadi))

Abstract: This paper proposes a coordinated control of wind turbine and energy storage system (ESS). Because wind
power (WP) is highly dependent on variable wind speed and could induce a severe stability problem to power system
especially when the WP has high penetration level. To solve this problem, many power generation corporations or grid
operators recently use the ESS. It has very quick response and good performance for reducing the impact of WP fluctuation
but has high cost for its installation. Therefore, it is very important to design the control algorithm considering both
ESS capacity and grid reliability. Thus, we propose the control algorithm to mitigate the WP fluctuation by using the
coordinated control between wind turbine and ESS considering ESS state of charge (SoC) and the WP fluctuation. From
deloaded control according to WP fluctuation and ESS SoC management, we can expect the ESS lifespan expansion and
improved grid reliability. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in MATLAB/Simulink considering power
system including both wind turbine generator and conventional generators which react to system frequency deviation.

Keywords: Wind power fluctuation, ESS, SoC management.

1. INTRODUCTION pitch control algorithm according to the SoC feedback

Recently, wind power (WP) is incorporated in power
system and its generation proportion among total power
production is getting higher. Initially, the power genera-
tion from WP had the only issue for producing the max-
imum power from the available wind energy [1, 2], but
as the proportion of the WP in power system increased,
the situation was changed as the penetration level of wind
wind energy increase. And this high penetration of wind
power induces a low inertia to power system. As the value
of the WP penetration increases, power system has lower
inertia and the power fluctuation from the wind turbine
(WT) could reduce the power quality and even severe sta-
bility problem could be issued.
Since the WP is highly dependent on wind condition
and has uncertain nature, many studies have been fulfilled
to integrate the WP successfully without stability prob-
lem. To improve the stability when the WP is integrated
in power system with high penetration, some method for
the grid frequency regulation[3]. Energy storage system
(ESS) can be used for not only mitigating the renewable
power fluctuation but also load peak shaving and load lev-
eling as denoted in [4]. Some authors [5] studied about
the single or hybrid ESS and reported the better perfor-
mance when using the hybrid ESS than single ESS even
though compared to the previous work about the single
ESS control [6]. To manage the state of charge (SoC) of
ESS, the authors introduce the control algorithm using a
parameter which is defined by the SoC of the ESS [5].
However, the ESS takes all the responsibility for mitigat-
ing WP fluctuation without any action from WT and it
could result in the problem of capacity of the ESS and
also reduce its lifespan. In [7], authors proposed the WT
† Chunghun Kim is the presenter of this paper.
978-4-907764-56-2 PR0001/17 ¥400 © 2017 SICE
value. However, since pitch control has slow dynamic
behavior and more effective in high wind speed, it could
be not enough to cope with sudden WP fluctuation that is
commonly occurred during intra-day. Other method that
uses the dual-layer control scheme was introduced for re-
ducing the WP fluctuation and management of the SoC
of the ESS [8]. And the method also fully depends on the
ESS behavior for mitigating wind power fluctuation.
In this paper, we propose the coordinated control of
wind turbine and ESS control which can help to reduce
the WP fluctuation when wind speed variation suddenly
increase. By changing the operation of WT as de-loaded
manner according to the wind variability, the grid reli-
ability could be improved and moreover, the ESS could
have longer lifespan by reducing the peak to peak value
of SoC. The small power system including conventional
generators is investigated to illustrate the effectiveness of
the proposed method. The results show that the proposed
method is beneficial for not only reducing the WP fluc-
tuation but also managing the ESS SoC. From the pro-
posed method, the reliability of power system could be
improved and the ESS can be used more effectively by
changing the power production level to a little bit lower
point for the de-loaded operation.
2. WIND POWER AND ESS MODELS
In this section, the WP and ESS models are briefly de-
scribed. For simple analysis and obtaining meaningful
tendency, we account for the WP model as a mechanical
power of WT and drive train and power converter dynam-
ics are ignored in this paper. Because of paper limit, we
will investigate the further detailed dynamics in the future
work. However, from this simple model, we can describe
the motivation and advantage of the proposed method.
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2.1. Wind Power Model
To account for the WP fluctuation, we briefly describe
the WP model which includes wind speed and power co-
efficient. The mechanical power from WT could be ob-
tained from following equation.
1 3
Pt = 2 ρACp (λ, β)vwind ,
ωm R
λ = vwind , (1)
Cp = 0.22(116/λi − 0.4β − 5)exp(−12.5/λi ),
λi = 1/(1/(λ + 0.08β) − (0.035/β 3 + 1)),
where ρ is the air density of nearby area and A is the
blade swept area which can be obtained from wind tur-
bine blade length. The power coefficient, Cp , is a func-
tion of the pitch angle, β, and the tip speed ratio, λ. The
λ is defined by using ωm , rotor speed, and WT blade ra-
dius, R, and wind speed, vwind . The mechanical power
from WT is dependent on the wind speed and its opera-
tion condition determined by pitch angle and rotor speed.
2.2. ESS Power Model
We use the ESS power model which is described in [9].
ESS is used for compensating the power fluctuation from
WT by charging or discharging. To mitigate the power
fluctuation, the ESS is controlled to activate as a low pass
filter. In [9], ESS power is modelled as follows.
Pw = PESS + Pw, f il ,
t (2)
WESS (t) = P
0 ESS
(u)du + WESS (0),
where, the Pw is a WP from the WT and Pw, f il is a fil-
tered power after the ESS mitigates the power fluctuation.
WESS (t) is the energy stored in ESS which is important
index since the capacity of ESS should be considered.
PESS is a power from the ESS which could be defined
as a high frequency power component among WP fluctu-
ation and described as follows.
PESS = k(WESS , Pw ) 1+τ
τs
s Pw , (3)
where, PESS is the power from ESS and usually have
the form of high pass filter. One thing proposed in [5]
is that the k parameter which is the function of WESS
and Pw , is introduced for managing the SoC of ESS. k is
usually 1 except the area that is close to the extreme value
of SoC, 0 or 1. Preferred value of SoC is 0.5, since ESS
can have large operation range in both cases, charging
τs
and discharging. 1+τ s is the high pass filter to obtain the
high frequency component in WP, Pw .
2.3. Power system model
We consider small power system model with same pa-
rameters used in [7] to evaluate the impact of the WP
fluctuation as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this system, con-
ventional steam turbine and hydraulic generators are in-
cluded and automatic generation control (AGC) loop is
considered. In conventional power system, the governors
react to the frequency deviation as a primary frequency
response and AGC regulates the frequency to recover the
1486
nominal system frequency as a secondary frequency re-
sponse. The detailed parameters of governors and AGC
is included in Appendix.
Fig. 1 The power system frequency control [11].
3. PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY
Since WP is highly dependent on wind condition and
we can not expand the capacity of ESS without limita-
tion, it is more efficient to use coordinated control of wind
power and ESS. Some authors proposed ESS SoC feed-
back control by using pitch control to regulate the SoC
value near 0.5 [5]. But pitch control action has slow re-
sponse and is more effective in high wind speed. There-
fore, we investigate the method that coordinates the ESS
power and WP for mitigating the WP fluctuation with
quick response by controlling rotor speed to manipulate
the Cp value.
×105 Wind Power
8
v = 10
7
6 PMPPT Pdev. (MPPT)
5 Pdeload
v=9
Pdev. deload2
Pdev. deload1
P [W]
4
v=8
3
2
1
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
rotor speed [rad/s]
Fig. 2 Power curve with different wind speed (8, 9,
10m/s) for MPPT and de-loaded control. Pdev.deload1
indicates the power deviation when lower speed de-
loaded operation and Pdev.deload2 indicates in case of
high speed point. Pdev.deload1 is quite smaller than
Pdev.deload2 and more beneficial for mitigating fluc-
tuation
Figure 2 describes the WP curves with different wind
speeds and the WP increase as the wind speed increase.
As already introduced in previous works [9], WT can
control the active power for grid support. And this ac-
tive power control can be accomplished when WT op-
erates in de-loaded region which is not the MPPT point
of WP production. By getting some costs for produc-
ing less than the maximum available power from WT,
WP can be flexibly adjusted responding to grid support
requirement. And by pointing out the advantage of the
 Table 1 System parameters used in simulation cific case when the wind power fluctuation suddenly in-
creases. The wind speed profile was considered as shown
Parameter Value Unit
in Fig. 4 as a normal case.
Rated power 1.5 MW
Rated wind speed 12 m/s
Average wind speed 10 m/s
Wind speed random variance 0.3
Max.power coeff. 0.4382
Optimal tip speed ratio 6.32
Blade radius 30 m
Air density 1.225 kg/m3

lower speed region for de-loaded operation, we propose

the novel strategy of WT and ESS hybrid generation for
mitigating the WP fluctuation in this paper. In fig. 2, red
line denotes the power fluctuation according to the wind
Fig. 4 Random wind speed profile.
speed variation. The lower rotor speed region results in
less power fluctuation compared to other operation re- We compared the SoC variations with different control
gions, MPPT and higher rotor speed region. Therefore, strategies as MPPT and de-loaded operation. Both values
it could be more helpful to operate in lower rotor speed of the SoC are within the reliable region since the wind
region when there exists high wind variation. So, the pro- fluctuation was not significant as shown in Fig. 4. And,
posed method changes operation point of WT as lower the SoC variation is less deviation in de-loaded operation
rotor speed region when there is high wind variability as we expected.
to mitigate the wind power fluctuation. From this con-
trol scheme, WT can reduce the burden of the ESS about
mitigating the WP fluctuation. Consequently, this makes
the ESS can manage SoC successfully avoiding extreme
value of it and therefore it results in expansion of the ESS
life span. Moreover, the impact of power fluctuation to
grid frequency could be reduced because the ESS can not
dedicate to regulate the power fluctuation because of its
limitation of energy capacity.

Fig. 5 Comparison of the ESS SoC according to methods.

We investigated the system frequency deviation and

both method had a little deviation as shown in Fig. 6. The
frequency was deviated more in MPPT operation com-
pared to de-loaded operation but it is not significant in
Fig. 3 ESS Control and Energy Management [10]. this situation.

Figure 3 illustrates the ESS control strategy which al-

ready introduced in [10]. The k parameter is included for
managing the SoC of the ESS which has the value from
zero to 1 to reduce its action when the SoC value is in
extreme value such as fully charging or discharging.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
To validate the performance of the proposed algo-
rithm, MATLAB/Simulink was used for power system
with the WT incorporating the ESS. Small power system
was investigated using the parameters of governors and
AGC to evaluate the impact of WP fluctuation to power Fig. 6 Comparison of power system frequency.
system frequency.
Firstly, we considered the wind fluctuation with nor- Fig. 7 describes comparison of the system frequency
mal variation as 0.1 and after that we considered the spe- deviation with previous results and when there is no ESS
1487
regulation. We can find out in this figure that ESS ful-
filled the critical role for reducing the impact of WP fluc-
tuation for reliable grid frequency. Also, it is important
to use the ESS for mitigating the WP fluctuation without
the problem about the capacity limit of the ESS.
Fig. 7 Comparison of power system frequency with the
case when there is no ESS
Fig. 8 Wind speed profile for simulation.
Figure 8 describes the wind speed profile considered in
simulation case study. We investigated the variable wind
speed fluctuation and some significant wind speed fluc-
tuations during the specific period. From 100 seconds to
150 seconds, there were sudden wind speed fluctuations
and we compared the results of the proposed method and
the conventional MPPT method. In this case, during this
period, from 100 seconds to 150 seconds, WT operates in
de-loaded operation in case of the proposed method.
Fig. 9 Wind power fluctuation with different control al-
gorithms
1488
The WP fluctuations are different during the sudden
variation period (from 100 sec to 150 sec) as described
in Fig. 9 according to the wind speed variation described
in Fig. 8. The WP fluctuation was reduced in case of
proposed method even though there was less mean value
of the WP production. When the WT produces maxi-
mum power during this sudden wind variation period, this
power fluctuation affects not only ESS health negatively
and will results in reducing lifespan of the ESS, but also
grid stability by inducing frequency deviation. Moreover,
this impact can be more significant in case of small power
systems with the capacity limit of the ESS integrated in
WT. By reducing power production, the burden of the
ESS for supporting wind power fluctuation could be re-
duced which can be more effective when the SoC of the
ESS closes to the critical value, such as 1 or zero. After
around 120 seconds, the SoC value was higher than 0.8
in case of the conventional MPPT method and when the
value was over 0.8 the ESS reduced its charging action
for managing its SoC value. And when the charging ac-
tion of the ESS was reduced, the grid frequency increased
because of its reduced charging action.
Fig. 10 Comparison of the ESS SoC according to meth-
ods.
The SoC of the ESS is more stable when the proposed
method is used as described in Fig. 10. As shown in
this figure, the SoC was over the 0.9 in case of conven-
tional method which means that the ESS could not re-
sponse well during that period. On the other hand, the
SoC can be effectively managed with less fluctuation and
even closer to the value of 0.5 when using the proposed
method.
We investigated the difference in the impact to the sys-
tem frequency during that period as described in Fig 14.
We found out that, the system frequency fluctuated in
conventional because the SoC value was close to 1 which
results in less value of k parameter to manage the SoC.
The ESS should be less active to WP fluctuation to avoid
reaching the capacity limit of the ESS. That is, the bur-
den of the ESS to regulate the wind power fluctuation is
increased during that period and need more ESS capacity
for it. On the other hand, the power fluctuation was re-
duced by reducing power production in proposed method
to reduce the burden of the ESS in proposed method.

Fig. 11 Comparison of power system frequency.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we propose the coordinated control of
WT and ESS control which can help to reduce the WP
fluctuation when wind speed variation suddenly increase.
By changing the operation of WT as de-loaded manner
according to the wind variability, the grid reliability could
be improved and moreover, the ESS could have longer
lifespan by reducing the peak to peak value of SoC. The
small power system with conventional generators is in-
vestigated to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed
method. The results showed that the proposed method is
beneficial for not only reducing the wind power fluctua-
tion but also managing the ESS SoC.
6. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
This research was supported by Korea Electric Power
Corporation. (Grant number:R17XA05-56). This work
was in part performed in NREL while the first author was
visiting.
7. APPENDIX
The detailed parameters are used as introduced in [11].
Fig. 12 Primary frequency control of a generating unit
with a reheat steam turbine [11].
Fig. 13 Primary frequency control of a generating unit
with a non-reheat steam turbine [11].
1489
Fig. 14 Primary frequency control of a hydraulic
unit [11].
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