740 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO.

3, SEPTEMBER 2009

Integration of an Energy Capacitor System With a

Variable-Speed Wind Generator
S. M. Muyeen, Member, IEEE, Rion Takahashi, Member, IEEE, Toshiaki Murata,
and Junji Tamura, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents a system using an energy capac-
itor system (ECS) to smoothen the output power fluctuation of a
variable-speed wind farm. The variable-speed wind turbine driv-
ing a permanent-magnet synchronous generator is considered to be
connected to the ac network through a fully controlled frequency
converter. The detailed modeling and control strategy of the fre-
quency converter as well as variable-speed operation of a wind
turbine generator system are demonstrated. Afterward, a suitable
and economical topology of ECS composed of a current-controlled
voltage-source inverter, dc–dc buck/boost converter, and an electric
double layer capacitor (EDLC) bank is presented, including their
control strategies. Exponential moving average is used to generate
the real input power reference of ECS. Another novel feature of
this paper is the incorporation of a fuzzy-logic-controlled reference
signal adjuster in the control of the dc–dc buck/boost converter, in
which the stored energy of the EDLC bank is utilized in an effi-
cient way. Due to this controller, the energy storage capacity of the
EDLC bank can be reduced in size, thus resulting in reduction of
the overall cost of the ECS unit as well as decrease in irrepressible
operations during high and low energy levels of the EDLC bank.
Finally, extensive simulation results are presented that validate the
effectiveness of the proposed system to smoothen the output power
fluctuation of the variable-speed wind farm.
Index Terms—Current-controlled voltage-source inverter (CC-
VSI), dc–dc buck/boost converter, electric double layer capac-
itor (EDLC), energy capacitor system (ECS), fuzzy logic con-
troller (FLC), permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG),
voltage-source converter (VSC), wind energy.
NOMENCLATURE
Cp Power coefficient.
Cp opt Optimum value of power coefficient.
N Total number of rules.
Pw Extracted power from the wind.
R Turbine blade radius.
Vw Wind speed.
Wi Degree of conformity
β Blade pitch angle.
λ Tip speed ratio.
λopt Optimum value of tip speed ratio.
µ(x) Grade of membership.
ρ Air density.
ωr Rotational speed.
Manuscript received August 3, 2008. Current version published August 21,
2009. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sci-
ence (JSPS) under Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows. Paper no. TEC-00301-2008.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engi-
neering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan (e-mail:
muyeen@pullout.elec.kitami-it.ac.jp).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2025323
0885-8969/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
List of Principal Symbols
WTGS Wind turbine generator system
EDLC Electric double layer capacitor
ECS Energy capacitor system
VSWT Variable-speed wind turbine
PMSG Permanent-magnet synchronous generator
CC-VSI Current-controlled voltage-source inverter
VSC Voltage-source converter
FLC Fuzzy logic controller
FLARA Fuzzy-logic-aided reference adjuster
EMA Exponential moving average
PREF Reference power
PW F Wind farm total output (delivered from all wind
generators in a wind farm to a collection point)
PL Line power (supplied to the utility grid)
PE Real power of ECS
WEDLC Stored energy of EDLC bank.
I. INTRODUCTION
LOBALLY, wind energy has become one of the main-
G stream energy sources and an important player in the
world’s energy markets at the end of 2007. In 2007, 20 000 MW
wind power was installed all over the world, bringing the world-
wide installed capacity to 94 112 MW. This is an increase of
31% compared with the 2006 market and represents an overall
increase in the global installed capacity of about 27% [1].
Though wind power is considered as a prospective energy
source, wind power fluctuation due to randomly varying wind
speed is still a serious problem for power grid companies or
transmission system owners (TSOs). Therefore, it is essential
to emphasize the research on the smoothening of wind power
fluctuation. It is possible to smoothen the wind power fluctuation
up to a certain range by the blade pitch angle control of the wind
turbine [2], [3]. A flywheel energy system is proposed in [4]–[6]
to smoothen the wind power fluctuation. A superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES) system for smoothening wind
power fluctuation is also reported in [7]–[9]. In some reports, a
battery energy storage system (BESS) [10] or static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM) integrated with BESS [11] has also
been proposed to smoothen wind power fluctuation.
Another relatively new energy storage technology is ECS,
which is composed of power electronic devices and EDLC
[12]–[21]. From the environmental viewpoint, it is a relatively
clean source of energy as it does not contain any toxic ma-
terial. EDLC has a simple charging method; after full charge,
it stops accepting charge. It can be cycled millions of time,
MUYEEN et al.: INTEGRATION OF AN ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE-SPEED WIND GENERATOR
i.e., it has a virtually unlimited cycle life. Its standby loss is
also very low. Therefore, ECS can be used effectively for wind
power application. Some reports have already been presented
to show the effectiveness of ECS connected with a fixed-speed
WTGS [20], [21].
This paper proposes to integrate ECS with a wind farm com-
posed of VSWTs driving PMSGs. Permanent-magnet machines
are characterized as having large air gaps, which reduce flux
linkage even in machines with multimagnetic poles [22], [23].
As a result, low-rotational-speed generators can be manufac-
tured with relatively small sizes with respect to its power rating.
Moreover, the gearbox can be omitted due to low rotational
speed in the PMSG wind generation system, thus resulting in
low cost. In a recent survey, the gearbox is found to be the most
critical component, since its downtime per failure is high in
comparison to other components in a WTGS [24]. In a VSWT-
PMSG, the generator is connected to the ac network using, in
general, the fully controlled frequency converter. This paper pro-
poses a VSC based sinusoidal pulsewidth-modulated (PWM)
frequency converter. The frequency converter is composed of
a generator-side ac/dc converter, dc-link capacitor, and grid-
side dc/ac inverter, where interpolated firing pulses are used as
the switching signals for the insulated gate bipolar transistors
(IGBTs) of both the converter and inverter. For the maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) operation, rotor speed is used as a
controller input instead of wind speed, because the rotor speed
can be measured more precisely and more easily than the wind
speed. The detailed control schemes of a converter/inverter and
variable-speed operation of a wind turbine are demonstrated in
this paper. On the other hand, the control scheme of ECS is
based on a simple sinusoidal PWM-based CC-VSI and dc–dc
buck/boost converter using IGBTs, which is especially appo-
site when ECS is connected to the terminal of a wind farm. To
resolve the foremost problem in wind generator output power
smoothening, the EMA is used for the determination of the
power reference of the dc–dc buck/boost converter of ECS
[25].
Another novel feature of this study is the incorporation of
a FLARA in the control of the dc–dc buck/boost converter of
ECS. The FLARA works with monitoring the stored energy
level of the EDLC bank. When the stored energy of the EDLC
bank reaches at the rated level, it cannot store more energy. On
the contrary, when the energy level of the EDLC bank goes
below a certain percentage, i.e., 20% of its rated capacity, the
EDLC bank cannot discharge anymore. In the aforementioned
circumstances, it is not possible to absorb or provide real power
to/from the ECS unit according to the real power reference
of the dc–dc buck/boost converter. Therefore, in this study, the
reference for the dc–dc buck/boost converter is adjusted by using
FLARA, which augments the control ability without making
the ECS unit excessively large, and hence, reduces the overall
cost of the ECS unit. The stored energy of EDLC can be used
efficiently in the cases of low- and high-energy conditions of the
EDLC bank. Real wind speed data are used in the simulation
analyses to obtain a realistic response. Finally, it is concluded
that the proposed ECS with a CC-VSI and dc–dc buck/boost
converter controlled by FLARA can smoothen well the output
741
Fig. 1. ECS connected to dc-link of the frequency converter.
power fluctuations of a wind farm composed of variable-speed
generators.
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In [20], ECS is used for smoothening the output power of a
fixed-speed wind generator, though the reference power of the
control system is not determined from a realistic viewpoint and
real wind speed data are not used throughout the analysis. In
our previous study, we developed a complete control system
for ECS connected to the terminal of a wind farm composed of
fixed-speed generators [21]. In general, a fixed capacitor bank is
connected to the terminal of a fixed-speed wind generator, which
cannot maintain constant terminal voltage under randomly vary-
ing wind speed condition. Therefore, the reactive power control
by ECS would also be very important in addition to the real
power control while connected with fixed-speed wind genera-
tors. Considering these concerns, the well-designed cascaded
control used successfully in industrial applications is adopted
in that study for the control of VSC of ECS [21]. However,
in the case of variable-speed operation of WTGS, the terminal
voltage is maintained constant, in general, with the help of a
frequency converter. Therefore, in this study, a simple CC-VSI
is adopted, which also has the bidirectional power flow capabil-
ity, thus replacing the VSC used in the previous attempt [21].
This reduces the intricacy of the control system due to reduced
numbers of proportional–integral (PI) controllers and reference
frame transformation, and hence, reduces the cost of the overall
system.
The variable-speed WTGS has recently become more popular
than the fixed-speed one. In 2004, the worldwide market share
of variable-speed WTGS was more than 60%, and it is growing
more and more [26]. A detailed study is presented in [27], where
ECS is connected to the dc link of the frequency converter of
the VSWT-PMSG, as shown in Fig. 1. This topology reduces
the cost of the bidirectional converter of the ECS unit and needs
only a dc–dc buck/boost converter to control the real power,
which is quite appropriate for a stand-alone system. However, if
this system is applied to a wind farm composed of multiple wind
generators, the ECS unit needs to be installed at each VSWT
system and controlled for smoothening each “line power.” If
the total output of a wind farm is to be smoothened, then the
control strategy of each ECS unit will become very complicated.
Considering this aspect, comparatively cost-effective topology
of ECS composed of a CC-VSI and dc–dc buck/boost converter
is developed, which is installed at the terminal of the wind farm,
742
Fig. 2. ECS connected to wind farm terminal.
Fig. 3. Turbine characteristic with MPPT.
as shown in Fig. 2. Moreover, incorporation of FLARA can
reduce the overall cost of the ECS unit with increased control
ability.
III. COMPONENT MODELING OF THE VARIABLE-SPEED
SYSTEM
A. Wind Turbine Modeling
The mathematical relation for the mechanical power extrac-
tion from the wind can be expressed as follows [28]:
Pw = 0.5 ρ π R2 Vw3 CP (λ, β) (1)
where Pw is the extracted power from the wind, ρ is the air
density (in kilograms per cubic meter), R is the blade radius (in
meters), Vw is the wind speed (in meters per second), and Cp is
the power coefficient that is a function of both tip speed ratio λ
and blade pitch angle β (in degrees).
In the variable-speed WTGS, the generated active power de-
pends on the power coefficient Cp , which is related to the pro-
portion of power extracted from the wind. For each instanta-
neous wind speed, there is a specific turbine rotational speed
that corresponds to the maximum active power extraction from
the wind. In this way, the MPPT in the variable-speed WTGS
increases the energy generation in all types of wind conditions.
The wind turbine characteristic used in this study is shown in
Fig. 3, including the maximum power point trajectory [29].
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
Since measurement of the precise wind speed is, in general,
difficult, it is better to calculate the maximum power Pm ax ,
without the measurement of wind speed, as

3
2 ωr R
Pm ax = 0.5 ρ π R Cp opt (2)
λopt
where ωr denotes the rotor speed of the wind turbine, and λopt
and Cp opt are the optimum value of the tip speed ratio and
power coefficient, respectively.
From (2), it is clear that the maximum generated power
P Ref fc , which is actually the reference power of the frequency
converter, is proportional to the cube of rotational speed. When
the rotational speed exceeds the rated speed of the wind turbine,
the pitch controller, which is presented in [29], is used to keep
the turbine output at the rated value.
For VSWT, the drive train modeling is not so influential due to
the decoupling effect of the power electronic converters between
the generator and the grid system [30]. Therefore, in this study,
the simple one-mass lumped model of WTGS is used.
B. Modeling of the Frequency Converter
In this study, the frequency converter composed of a
generator-side ac/dc converter, dc-link capacitor, and grid-side
dc/ac inverter is used for the direct-drive VSWT-PMSG sys-
tem. The PMSG model available in the package software
PSCAD/EMTDC [31] is used. The control strategy of the fre-
quency converter is demonstrated next.
1) Sinusoidal PWM Controller: A sinusoidal PWM con-
troller, which is composed of three main circuits (i.e., a high-
frequency carrier circuit, sinusoidal modulating reference sig-
nal circuit, and the interpolated firing pulse circuit), is mod-
eled on the PSCAD/EMTDC software, which generates the
switching signals for the IGBT gates in both the generator-side
converter and grid-side inverter. The interpolated firing pulse
circuit is a simulation technique concerned with generating
firing pulses through the interpolation procedure. This allows
for exact switching between time steps based on a compari-
son between the sinusoidal reference and the high-frequency
carrier signal [32]. The triangular carrier frequency is chosen
to be 1000 Hz for the converter and 1050 Hz for the inverter,
respectively.
2) Synchronization and Transformation: In grid-side in-
verter control, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to synchronize
the reference frame by locking it to the ac network voltage. On
the other hand, in the generator-side converter control, the ro-
tor angular position calculated from the rotor speed is used for
the synchronization of the reference frame. Angles θt and θr
are used for the reference frame transformation in the grid-side
inverter and generator-side converter, respectively.
3) Generator-Side Converter: In generator-side converter
control, the cascaded control scheme, as shown in Fig. 4, is
considered. As the converter is directly connected to the PMSG,
its q-axis current is proportional to the active power. The active
power reference of the converter PRef fc is determined in such
a way as to provide the maximum power to the grid. The d-axis
stator current is proportional to the reactive power. The reactive
MUYEEN et al.: INTEGRATION OF AN ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE-SPEED WIND GENERATOR
Fig. 4. Control block diagram of the generator-side converter.
Fig. 5. Control block diagram of the grid-side inverter.
power reference is set to zero to perform unity power factor
operation.
4) Grid-Side Inverter: Control blocks for the grid-side in-
verter are shown in Fig. 5, which is based on the cascaded
control scheme. The dc-link voltage can be controlled by the
d-axis current. The dc-link capacitor value is chosen to be
10 000 µF. The rated dc-link voltage is 2.3 kV. On the other
hand, the reactive power of the grid-side inverter can be con-
trolled by the q-axis current. The reactive power reference is set
in such a way that the terminal voltage on the high-voltage side
of the transformer (VHVS T ) remains constant at 1.0 per unit
(p.u.). This voltage difference is chosen as the reactive power
reference, as shown in Fig. 5.
IV. MODELING OF ECS
In this study, ECS composed of a CC-VSI, dc–dc buck/boost
converter, and an EDLC bank is considered to be connected to
the terminal of the wind farm. A schematic diagram of ECS
is shown in Fig. 6. CC-VSI controls the dc-link voltage and
the reactive power output, whereas the real power output is
controlled by the dc–dc buck/boost converter.
743
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of ECS.
Fig. 7. Detailed model of the EDLC bank.
TABLE I
DETAILED MODEL PARAMETERS OF THE EDLC BANK
1) Modeling of EDLC: The distributed model of the EDLC
bank, as shown in Fig. 7, is considered in the simulation analyses
as it can represent the terminal characteristics of the EDLC cell
precisely [20]. In this study, the considered EDLC cell is rated
at 2.7 V, 3000 F. The rated EDLC bank voltage is chosen to
be 1.3 kV. The rated capacity of the EDLC bank is 2.0 MW,
0.036 MW·h. It is assumed that 25 EDLC strings are working in
parallel where each string is composed of 481 EDLC cells. The
steps of the EDLC bank parameters determination are available
in [25]. The parameters of the EDLC bank are shown in Table I.
2) CC-VSI Modeling: The CC-VSI, as marked with the
doted line in Fig. 6, has the bidirectional real and reactive power
control ability, avoiding the intricacy of the controller designing.
Based on the inverter switching functions, the inverter simula-
tion model shown in Fig. 8 has been developed [33], [34]. The
desired and actual currents are compared and the error signal is
determined. Then, the error signal is processed through the sinu-
soidal PWM controller to generate interpolated firing pulses of
the IGBT switches of the VSI. Considering the VSI connected
with the ac network through the coupling transformer, it can be
derived easily that real and reactive powers of the VSI are pro-
portional to the d and q components of its current phasor. If we
neglect the switching losses and harmonics, then the real power
is proportional to the dc-link voltage of the VSI. Based on this
concept, a very simple VSI control strategy has been developed
in this paper, as shown in Fig. 9. The controller maintains the
dc-link voltage as constant and also has the ability to provide
744
Fig. 8. Simulation model of PWM-VSI.
Fig. 9. Control block of the CC-VSI.
or absorb reactive power to/from the grid. Therefore, the wind
farm terminal voltage can be maintained constant at the desired
reference level set by TSO, who usually set this value once or a
few times a day. This also augments the stability margin during
a grid disturbance, though this is not the focus of this study. The
rated dc-link voltage is 1.3 kV. The ECS is connected to the
22.0-kV line through a single step-down transformer (22.0 kV/
0.72 kV) with 0.25 p.u. leakage reactance (base value
5.0 MV·A). The dc-link capacitor value is 5000 µF.
3) Generation of Line Power Reference PREF : The objec-
tive of this study is to smoothen the line power PL of the wind
farm. The reference PREF is generated from EMA of the wind
farm’s total output PW F . The formula for an EMA is [25]
EMA(C) = [(C − P ) × K] + P (3)
where C is the current value, P is the previous period’s EMA,
and K is a weighting factor.
For a period-based EMA, K is equal to 2/(1 + N ), where N is
the specified number of periods. In this paper, 180-s (60 periods
each of 3 s) EMA is used to generate the line power reference
PREF .
4) Fuzzy-Logic-Aided Reference Adjuster: The ECS would
supply/absorb the necessary/surplus real power according to the
error signal between PREF and PL by using a dc–dc buck/boost
converter, which is demonstrated in our early work [21]. How-
ever, the EDLC bank cannot store energy when it is fully
charged. Similarly, it cannot provide necessary real power when
its energy level goes below a certain percentage. During such
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
Fig. 10. Multiplication factor determination strategy in FLARA.
Fig. 11. Fuzzy membership functions of W E D L C .
conditions, the performance of the ECS in wind farm line power
smoothening deteriorates, and a large energy storage capacity of
the EDLC bank is needed to avoid such a situation, thus result-
ing in the increase of the system cost. Therefore, in this study,
a FLARA is incorporated in the control of a dc–dc buck/boost
converter, which adjusts PREF and observes the stored energy
level of the EDLC bank, as shown in Fig. 10. When the energy
level of the EDLC bank goes below 40% or above 90%, PREF
is modified by the factor shown in the figure. Unless specified,
PREF would remain the same (i.e., 1). Hence, the stored energy
of the EDLC bank can be used effectively, and controllability of
ECS during high- and low-energy stages also increases. More-
over, as overcharging and overdischarging rates of the EDLC
bank can be decreased, its service life can be increased.
The details of the proposed FLC are described next.
a) Fuzzification: For the design of the proposed FLC, the
stored energy of the EDLC bank WEDLC and multiplication
factor δ are chosen as the input and output, respectively. The tri-
angular membership functions for the input fuzzy set are shown
in Fig. 11 in which the linguistic variables are represented by
low-level end (LLE), low-level start (LLS), no change center
(NCC), high-level start (HLS), and high-level end (HLE). The
grade of input membership functions can be obtained from the
following equation [31]:
[w − 2 |x − m|]
µ(x) = (4)
w
where µ(x) is the value of the grade of membership, w is the
width, m is the coordinate of the point at which the grade of
membership is 1, and x is the value of the input variable.
b) Fuzzy rule base: The specific feature of the proposed
FLC is its very simple structure having only one input variable
and one output variable. The use of single input and single output
variables makes the fuzzy controller very straightforward. The
MUYEEN et al.: INTEGRATION OF AN ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE-SPEED WIND GENERATOR 745

TABLE II
FUZZY RULE TABLE

Fig. 13. Model system.

TABLE III
GENERATOR PARAMETERS

Fig. 12. Control block of the dc–dc buck/boost converter.

control rules of the proposed controller are determined from

the viewpoint of feasible system operation and are shown in
Table II.
c) Inference and defuzzification: For inference mecha-
nism of the FLC design, Mamdani’s method [35] is adopted.
According to the Mamdani, the degree of conformity Wi of
each fuzzy rule is as follows:

Wi = µi (x) (5)

where i is the rule number.

The center-of-area method is the most well-known and rather
simple defuzzification method [35], which is used here to de-
termine the output crispy value (i.e., the multiplying factor δ).
This is given by the following expression:
N
i=1 Wi Ci
δ=  N
(6)
i=1 Wi
where N is the total number of rules and Ci is the value of δ in
the fuzzy rule table.
5) Modeling of the DC–DC Buck/Boost Converter: The dc–
dc buck/boost converter marked with the dashed line in Fig. 6
operates alternately by controlling switches g1 and g2 to be
ON or OFF. At first, the reference power calculated using EMA
is adjusted through the FLARA. When the line power PL is
less than the adjusted reference power PREF ADJ , the EDLC
discharges, thus working in the boost converter mode and
vice versa. The error signal between the line power and the ad-
justed reference power is processed through a PI controller, and
the dc–dc buck/boost converter duty cycle is produced. Then,
the duty cycle is compared with the sawtooth carrier wave to
generate the gate signals for the buck/boost converter, as shown
in Fig. 12. The frequency of the sawtooth carrier signal is chosen
to be 250 Hz.
Fig. 14. Wind speed data.
V. MODEL SYSTEM
The detailed switching models are considered to simulate
the frequency converter of the VSWT-PMSG, and the PWM
CC-VSI and dc–dc buck/boost converter of ECS for the sake
of precise analysis. Detailed switching models require a large
number of state variables and a much smaller step size in com-
parison to time average models, which makes the simulation
slower. However, when dealing with a relatively new technol-
ogy, such as ECS, a switching model is preferred. The aggre-
gated wind farm model is used in this study to speed up the
simulation, where several WTGSs are lumped together to ob-
tain a large WTGS. The model system used in the simulation
study is shown in Fig. 13, where ECS is connected to the wind
farm connection point K. The parameters of the PMS are shown
in Table III. The system base is 5 MV·A.
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, simula-
tion analyses have been performed using real wind speed data
obtained in Hokkaido Island, Japan, as shown in Fig. 14. The
746
Fig. 15. Wind farm output power.
Fig. 16. Rotor speed of PMSG.
Fig. 17. Power reference of PMSG-side converter using MPPT.
time step and simulation time have been chosen to be 0.00002
and 600 s, respectively. It is important to note here that the
parameters of the PI controller for all simulation cases are de-
termined by the trial-and-error approach in order to obtain the
best performance. The simulations have been performed by us-
ing PSCAD/EMTDC [31].
Responses of the wind farm output power (i.e., real power
output from the grid-side inverter of VSWT-PMSG), rotor speed
of PMSG, power reference of PMSG-side converter calculated
using MPPT, and dc-link voltage of the frequency converter are
shown in Figs. 15, 16, 17, and 18, respectively. Responses of
wind farm output power controlled by ECS without and with
adopting FLARA are shown in Figs. 19 and 20, respectively.
Responses of the stored energy and terminal voltage of the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
Fig. 18. DC-link voltage of the frequency converter of VSWT-PMSG.
Fig. 19. Line power of wind farm without FLARA-incorporated ECS.
Fig. 20. Line power of wind farm with FLARA-incorporated ECS.
EDLC bank without and with adopting FLARA are shown in
Figs. 21 and 22, respectively. Responses of the dc-link voltage
of ECS and terminal voltage of the wind farm (i.e., terminal
voltage at the high voltage side of the transformer located after
the grid-side inverter) without and with adopting the reference
adjuster are shown in Figs. 23 and 24, respectively. FLARA
output is shown in Fig. 25. The real and reactive powers of ECS
are shown together in Fig. 26.
The response of the EDLC current during charge and dis-
charge is shown in Fig. 27. To realize the EDLC characteristic
precisely, it is considered in the simulation that the energy dis-
charge is not possible when the terminal voltage of EDLC goes
below 20% of its rating. If the energy discharge is not possible
during the low EDLC voltage, the unwanted voltage spike can
MUYEEN et al.: INTEGRATION OF AN ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE-SPEED WIND GENERATOR 747

Fig. 25. Output of FLARA (i.e., multiplying factor).

Fig. 21. Stored energy of the EDLC bank.

Fig. 22. Terminal voltage of the EDLC bank. Fig. 26. Real and reactive powers of ECS incorporating FLARA.

Fig. 23. DC-link voltage of ECS. Fig. 27. Current of the EDLC bank incorporating FLARA.

Fig. 24. Terminal voltage of the wind farm. Fig. 28. Frequency spectrum of the line power.
748 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2009
be expected, as can be seen from Figs. 21–24. In the case of
without FLARA, the EDLC voltage drops to 20% of its rating
as more energy is needed to discharge. On the other hand, the
FLARA-incorporated ECS can efficiently use the stored energy
of the EDLC bank during its high- and low-energy stages, thus
overcoming the situations of full charge and overdischarge of
the EDLC bank, and can augment the performance of the over-
all system, without deteriorating the line power smoothness, as
shown in Fig. 28.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an ECS has been proposed to smoothen the line
power fluctuation of a wind farm composed of variable-speed
permanent-magnet generators. First, the operation and control
strategies of a VSWT driving a PMSG and frequency converters
have been presented. Then, the cost-effective topology of ECS,
which is composed of a CC-VSI, dc–dc buck/boost converter,
and an EDLC bank, and is suitable for the integration with
a PMSG wind farm, has been proposed. The detailed control
strategy of the ECS has also been demonstrated. A fuzzy-logic-
controlled reference adjuster is proposed in the control of the
dc–dc buck/boost converter, which can reduce the cost of ECS
but still keep the size of the energy storage system small, as well
as enhance the control ability of the overall system. Finally, it
has been reported that the proposed ECS can smoothen well the
power fluctuation of the variable-speed wind farm.
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[1] The Global Wind Energy Council, GWEC Latest News. (2008, Feb.). US,
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MUYEEN et al.: INTEGRATION OF AN ENERGY CAPACITOR SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE-SPEED WIND GENERATOR
S. M. Muyeen (M’08) was born in Khulna,
Bangladesh, on September 8, 1975. He received
the B.Sc. Eng. degree from Rajshahi University
of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi,
Bangladesh, in 2000, and the M.Sc. Eng. and Dr.
Eng. degrees from Kitami Institute of Technology,
Kitami, Japan, in 2005 and 2008, respectively, all in
electrical and electronic engineering.
He is currently the Japan Society for the Promotion
of Science Postdoctoral Fellow at Kitami Institute
of Technology. His current research interests include
power system, electrical machine, flexible ac transmission system, energy stor-
age system, wind generator stabilization, and multimass drive train of wind
turbine.
Rion Takahashi (M’07) received the B.Sc. Eng. and
Dr. Eng. degrees in electrical and electronic engi-
neering from Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami,
Japan, in 1998 and 2006, respectively.
He is currently a Research Assistant with the De-
partment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Kitami Institute of Technology. His current research
interests include analysis of power system transient,
flexible ac transmission system, and wind energy con-
version system.
749
Toshiaki Murata completed the Electrical Engi-
neering Curriculum of the Teacher Training School
from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and re-
ceived the Dr. Eng. degree from Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Japan, in 1991.
Since 1969, he has been a Research Assistant at
Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, where
he is currently an Associate Professor.
Junji Tamura (M’87–SM’92) received the B.Sc.
Eng. degree from Muroran Institute of Technology,
Muroran, Japan, in 1979, and the M.Sc. Eng. and
Dr. Eng. degrees from Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan, in 1981 and 1984, respectively, all in electrical
engineering.
In 1984, he became a Lecturer at Kitami Insti-
tute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, where he became
an Associate Professor in 1986, and is currently a
Professor.