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Whole numbers
 The position of a digit within a number indicates the
value of the digit. The further the digit is to the left in a
number, the larger the place value.

Each place to the left of another has a value which is 10 times

larger. Each place to the right has a value which is 1/10 of
the previous position.
 Decimal parts
Whole numbers have units as their smallest place value. It is
possible to keep going to smaller values than units. To show
values smaller than units, a decimal point, or dot, is placed
after the units.

We now want to extend this idea to the right of the units

place. Write a period to the right of the units place. This is
called the decimal point. Each digit to the right of that
decimal point will represent a fraction whose denominator
is a power of 10. The first place to the right of the
decimal point is the tenths place.
 Decimal parts
 The value of the positions to the left and right of the
decimal point are shown in the table below.
Definition
 A decimal fraction is a fraction whose
denominator is 10, 100, 1000, or some
other power of 10.
Reading or Writing Decimals in Words

 Step 1 Read the digits to the left of the

decimal point as a whole number.
 Step 2 Read the decimal point as the word
“and.”
 Step 3 Read the digits to the right of the
decimal point as a whole number followed
by the place value of the rightmost digit.
 Representing Decimals on the Number
Line

 We can represent decimals on a number

line as rational numbers. We divide each
unit of the number line into tenths,
hundredths, or thousandths, and then
we find the image point of the decimal.
Comparing and Ordering Decimals

 1. Make the number of decimal places

the same for each number, by adding
zeros.
 2. Ignore the decimal point.
 3. The greatest number is the greatest
decimal.
ADDITION OF DECIMALS

 1. Arrange the decimals vertically with the decimal

points lined up.
 2. Add extra zeros if necessary so that each addend
has the same number of decimal places.
 3. Add the digits with the same place value from
right to left, like natural numbers.
 4. Insert the decimal point directly below the
decimal points of the addends.
 SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS
 1. Write the decimals vertically and line up the
decimal points.
 2. Add extra zeros if necessary, so that each number
has the same number of decimal places.
 3. Subtract the digits with the same place value from
right to left, as for natural numbers. Borrow if
necessary.
 4. Insert the decimal point directly below the
decimal points of the numbers.
 MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS
 1. Ignore the decimal points and multiply the decimals as
whole numbers.
 2. Add the number of decimal places in the two decimals.
The result is the number of decimal places in the
product.
 3. Insert the decimal point in the product so that it has
the correct number of decimal places.
DIVISION OF DECIMALS
 Dividing a Whole Number by a Whole Number

 To divide a whole number by another whole number,

where the quotient is not a natural number, divide as in
division of whole numbers and then place the decimal
point and the required zeros to dividend.
DIVISION OF DECIMALS
 Dividing a Decimal by a Whole Number

 1. Ignore the decimal point and divide the decimal like a

whole number.
 2. Add zeros to the dividend as necessary.
 3. Insert the decimal point in the quotient so that it has
the correct number of decimal places.
DIVISION OF DECIMALS
 Dividing a Decimal by a Decimal Number

 1. Make the divisor into a whole number by moving the

decimal point to the right. Count how many places the
decimal point moves.
 2. Move the decimal point in the dividend the same
number of places to the right. Add zeros to the right of the
dividend if necessary, before moving the decimal point.
 3. Follow the steps for dividing a decimal by a whole
number.
DIVISION OF DECIMALS
 Dividing a Whole Number by a Decimal Number

 1. Make the divisor into a whole number by moving the

decimal point to the right. Count how many places the
decimal point moves.
 2. Perform the division. Add zeros to the right of the
dividend if necessary.
 3. Move the decimal point in the quotient the same
number of places to the right.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRACTIONS AND
DECIMAL NUMBERS

 Terminating Decimals

When we divide the numerator of a fraction by the

denominator, we obtain a decimal. If the decimal has
a finite number of decimal places, we call it a
terminating decimal.
To convert a terminating decimal to
a fraction, follow the steps.

 1. Ignore the decimal point and write the

number.
 2. Draw the fraction bar.
 3. Write power of 10 to the denominator.
The number of 0’s is as many as the
decimal digits.
 4. Simplify the fraction.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRACTIONS AND
DECIMAL NUMBERS

 Repeating Decimals

If a decimal has a fractional part whose digits repeat

endlessly, we call it a repeating decimal.
To convert a repeating decimal to a
fraction, follow the steps.

 1. Write the number without the decimal point.

 2. Subtract the non-repeating part from this
number.
 3. Write the difference as the numerator of the
fraction.
 4. Write the denominator as a sequence of 9’s and
zeros. The number of 9’s is as many as the number
of repeating digits of the fraction part. The
number of zeros is as many as the number of non-
repeating digits of the fraction part.
 5. Simplify the fraction.