MATH REVIEWER

Chapter 1: NUMBER THEORY

➢ Factors: when we express a number as a product of two or more
natural numbers
• The number 1 has only one factor, itself.
• Every other natural number has at least 2 factors, one and itself
while some can be written as the product of two or more factors.
• When a number is divided by its factors, there is no remainder.
➢ Multiples: always greater than or equal to the number
• The multiples of a number can be divided exactly by the number.
➢ Even Numbers: all multiples of 2
➢ Odd Numbers: not multiples of 2
➢ Prime Numbers: only has 2 factors, 1 and itself.
➢ Composite Numbers: has more than 2 factors
➢ Prime Triplet: a set of three consecutive prime numbers, differing
by 2.
➢ Twin primes: two consecutive odd prime numbers
➢ Relatively Prime: They are said to be relatively prime if they do
not have a common factor besides 1 (their GCF is 1)
➢ Deficient Numbers: if the sum of all its possible factors is less
than twice the number.
➢ Perfect Numbers: if the sum of all possible factors is equal to
twice the number.
➢ Abundant Numbers: if the sum of all its possible factors is greater
than twice the number.
➢ Divisibility Rules:
• 2: if the last digit ends with 0,2,4,6, or 8
• 3: if the sum of all digits in the number is divisible by 3
 • 4: if the number formed by the last 2 digits are zeroes or
divisible by 4.
• 5: if the last digit is 0 or 5
• 6: if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3
• 7: if the difference between twice the last digit and the
remaining digits is either 0 or a multiple of 7
• 8: if the last 3 digits are zeroes or divisible by 8
• 9: if the sum of all digits is divisible by 9
• 10: if the last digit is 0
• 11: if the sum of one set of alternate digits and the sum of the
other sets of digits differ by 0 or a multiple of 11.
• 12: if the number is divisible by both 3 and 4
• 25: if the last to digits of the number is divisible by 25
➢ GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DIVISIBILITY
• If a number is divisible by another number, it must be divisible
by each of the factors of that number.
• If a number is divisible by each of two or more relatively prime
numbers, it must be divisible by their product.
• If a number is a factor of each of two given numbers, it must be
a factor of their sum.
• If a number is a factor of two given numbers, it must be a factor
of their difference.
➢ Greatest Common Factor:
• It is the greatest number that divides exactly all the given
numbers
• Ways: continuous division, prime factorization, ang listing out
factors.
 ➢ Least Common Multiple
• The least number which is a common multiple of two or more
given numbers
• The GCF of given numbers is always a factor of their LCM
• Ways: continuous division, prime factorization, and listing out
multiples.

Chapter 2: FRACTIONS
➢ Numerator: number on top
➢ Denominator: number at the bottom
➢ Fraction Bar: a bar that is in between the numerator and
denominator
➢ Proper Fraction: the numerator is less than the denominator
➢ Improper Fraction: the numerator is equal or greater than the
denominator
➢ Mixed Fractions: has a whole number and a fraction
➢ Equivalent Fractions: fractions that have different numerators and
denominators but are equal to the same value.
• Either divide or multiply.

➢ Like and Unlike Fractions:

➢ Adding Fractions:
• Adding like fractions: To add like fractions, simply add the
numerators and copy the denominator.
• Change the number into mixed number if the fraction is
improper.
• Don’t forget to simplify.
 • Adding unlike fractions: To add unlike fractions, find the LCM
of denominators, and change it with it. Then, multiply the same
amount to the numerator for each number.
• After that, they will become like fractions, then add.

➢ Subtracting Fractions
• To subtract like fractions: The first step in subtracting like
fractions is to check if the 1st number is greater than the other.
If yes, subtract the numerator and simply copy the denominator.
• If the 1st fraction is less than the other, it is considered as
cannot be. Unless, it is a mixed number.
• To subtract unlike fractions: find the LCM of the denominators
and multiply it with the same number for each number.
• When done, it will become like fractions. Simply subtract
normally.

➢ Multiplying fractions:
 • To multiply fractions, simply multiply the numerator and the
denominator.
• If there is a number in mixed number form, turn it into improper
fraction by multiplying the whole number and the denominator
and add the numerator. That will be your numerator then just
copy the denominator.
• To make multiplying faster, cancel numbers.

➢ Dividing Fractions
• To divide fractions, make sure all are proper or improper
fractions.
• If it is in a mixed number form, make it improper by multiplying
the whole number and denominator then adding the numerator.
Then, that will be your numerator while you just copy the
denominator.
• In dividing, turn the second number upside down or what we call
reciprocate.
• Then, multiply.

Chapter 3: DECIMALS
➢ Changing Fractions into Decimals:
• Divide the numerator to the denominator.
➢ Changing Decimals into Fractions:
• Multiply by the value of decimal placed after the decimal
point. (tenths, hundredths, thousandth)

➢ Place Value of Decimals:

➢ Adding and Subtracting Decimals:

• Line up the decimal points vertically. Fill in any 0's where
necessary. Add or subtract the numbers as if they were whole
numbers. Place the decimal point in the sum or difference so
that it lines up vertically with the numbers being added or
subtracted.
 • Multiplication of Decimals:
• When we multiply a decimal by a power of 10, we basically
move the decimal point to the right to as many places as the
number of zeroes in the power of 10. Annex zeroes if needed.
• To multiply decimals by 0.1,0.001,0.0001…., just move the
decimal point 1, 2, 3…., places to the left. Annex zeroes if
needed.
• Multiplying decimals is just like multiplying whole numbers.
Place the decimal point in the product such that the number of
decimal places in the product is the same as the total number of
decimal places in the factors.

➢ Division of Decimals
• Dividing a decimal by another decimal is easy if the divisor is
changed into a whole number. We can move the decimal points
of the divisor and the dividend by the same number of places.
Then, divide as whole numbers.
• To divide decimals 0.1, 0.001, 0.0001…..., move the decimal
point 1, 2, 3…..., to the right.
• To divide decimals by powers of 10, simply move the decimal
point 1,2,3……., places to the left.
 • The word “terminate” means that something reaches an end. A
terminating decimal with finite number of digits.
• A repeating is also called “recurring” decimals. It is a decimal
whose digits repeat without stopping.
• The vinculum is a bar notation that indicates a number or
numbers is infinitely repeating.

Chapter 4: Finding the Percent, Rate, and Base:

➢ Formulas
• Percent: B x R
• Rate: P/B (numerator inside)
• Base: P/R (numerator inside)
Chapter 5: Ratio and Proportion:
• The terms of a ratio are important. The number before the word
“to” is the numerator and the number that is after the word “to”
is the denominator.
• Rate: a ratio of two measurements having different units.
• Ratio: the quantitative relation between two amounts showing
the number of times one value contains or is contained within
the other
• Proportion: the equality between two ratios
• Extremes: outer terms
• Means: middle terms
➢ Direct Proportion:
• Two quantities are directly proportional if a change in one
produces a change in the other in the same direction.
• When a quantity increases, the other quantity also increases
(vice versa)
• To solve, I prefer using the means and extremes method. You
multiply the extremes then divide it with the means.
➢ Indirect Proportion
• It is said to be indirectly proportional if an increase in value of a
quantity produces a decrease in the other quantity or vice
versa.
• To solve, first we have to group them. An example is separate
the men from days. After that, make them a fraction. Ten, cross
multiply and divide.
Ex: If 12 men can do a work in 20 days, in how many days
will 8 men complete the same work?

Number of Men Number of days

12 20

8 N
12/8 x 20/N
8 x N = 12 x 20
8 x N = 240
N = 240 / 8
N = 30

➢ Partitive Proportion:
• When the number is partitioned into different parts, we may use
the partitive solutions to solve the given problem.
• To solve, first get the sum of the terms of the ratios. Then, get
the amount of each share.\
Ex: Ronie, Ralph, and Joseph divide Php936 in the ratio
2:3:7. How much will each one receive?
Solution:
2 + 3 + 7 = 12
2/12 x Php936 = Php156Chapter
3/12 x Php936 = Php234
7/12 x Php936 = Php546
• Therefore, Ronie will receive Php156, Ralph will receive Php234,
and Joseph will receive Php546.
Chapter 6: Points, Lines, and Planes:
➢ Geometry: the study of the position, shape, and size of objects
➢ The language of Geometry:
• Point: A location in space. Has no length, width, and height.
• Line: A set of points that extends in two directions without end.
A line can be named with a lower-case letter. Lines are
important in geometry.
• Line segment or segment: A part of a line. It has two
endpoints.
• Ray: A part of a line with start point but no end point.
 • Plane: A two-dimensional flat surface. It is made up of a
continuous collection of points.
: If one and the same straight line goes through 3 or more distinct points,
the points are said to be collinear.
➢ Classification of Lines:
• Intersecting Lines: lines cross at a common end point
• Perpendicular Lines: intersect forming right angles at the point
of intersection
• Parallel Lines: lie on the same plane but never intersect
• Skew Lines: lines that do not lie on the same plane.
: they are not parallel and do not intersect
: Skew segments are parts of skew lines.

Chapter 7: Drawing and measuring Angles:

➢ Angle: formed when two rays meet at a common endpoint called
vertex
: the rays are sides of the angle
➢ Protractor: a tool or instrument used to measure angles in
degrees
➢ Kinds of Angles:
• Acute angle: an angle that measures greater than 0 degrees
but less than 90 degrees
• Right angle: an angle that measures 90 degrees
 • Obtuse angle: an angle that measure greater than 90 degrees
but less than 180 degrees
• Straight angle: an angle that measures 180 degrees
• Reflex angle: an angle that measures greater than 180
degrees but less than 360 degrees
• Zero angle: an angle that measures 0 degrees
: All angles at a point add up to 360 degrees. A 360-degree angle is an
angle that forms a full circle. It looks like a zero angle, but instead of
having no angle or 0 degrees, it has 360 degrees.
➢ Pairs of Angles:
• Adjacent angles: two angles that have a common side and
vertex
• Vertical angles: two angles formed by two intersecting lines
• Complementary angles: two angles whose sum of measures
is 90 degrees
• Supplementary angles: two angles whose sum of measures is
180 degrees.
: Note: two angles need not be adjacent to be either
complementary or supplementary
Chapter 8: Polygons:
➢ Triangle: closed plane geometric figure bounded by exactly three-
line segments
: TRIANGLES HAVE 3 LINES AND 3 ANGLES
➢ Kinds/Types of Triangles according to the length of their
sides:
• Scalene Triangle: no sides are equal, no angles are equal
• Isosceles Triangle: two sides are equal, angles opposite equal
sides are equal\
• Equilateral Triangle: all three sides are equal, all three angles
are 60 degrees each
➢ Kinds/Types of Triangles according to the size of their
angles:
• Acute Triangle: all angles are acute
• Right Triangle: one angle is a right angle
 • Obtuse Triangle: one angle is obtuse
➢ Exterior and Interior Angles:
• The three interior angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees
• If one side of a triangle is extended to D (example), an exterior
angle, are called the remote interior angle

➢ Properties of Quadrilaterals:
• Quadrilateral: a closed plane geometric figure bounded by
four-line segments
• The square, rectangle, parallelogram, and rhombus are
special types of quadrilaterals. These plane figures have
special properties that are related to their sides, angles, and
diagonals.
: Quadrilateral – four sides, four angles
: Rectangle – opposite sides are equal, four right angles
: Square – four equal sides, four right angles
: Parallelogram – opposite sides equal and parallel, opposite
angles equal
: Rhombus – four equal sides, opposite sides parallel and
opposite angles equal
: Trapezoid – one pair of parallel sides
• A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment, other than a side,
that joins two opposite vertices of a polygon.
• A polygon with more than 3 sides can be subdivided into
triangles by drawing all the diagonals from one vertex
: Formula – (n – 2) x 180 degrees
 POLYGON NUMBER OF NUMBER OF SUM OF THE
SIDES TRIANGLES MEASURES OF
FORMED FROM THE INTERIOR
ONE VERTEX ANGLES OF
THE POLYGON
Triangle 3 1 180 degrees

Quadrilateral 4 2 360 degrees

Pentagon 5 3 540 degrees

Hexagon 6 4 720 degrees

Octagon 8 6 1080 degrees

n-gon n n-2 (n – 2) x 180

degrees

Chapter 9: Congruence:
➢ Congruent Figures: two or more figures that have the same size
and shape
➢ Symbol for Congruent Figures:

: Two triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides and angles have
equal length and size
Ex: solution
<NNN= 180 degrees – N – N
= side of all (because pantay lahat)

Chapter 10: Perimeter and Circumference:

➢ Perimeter
• Means the distance around a figure
• To find the perimeter, we add the lengths of all its sides.
 Name of Illustration Formula
Polygon
A triangle is a polygon with P=a+b+c
3 sides

A square is a rectangle with P=4xs

all sides equal

A parallelogram is a P=2xa+2xb
quadrilateral whose opposite
sides are parallel and equal
A rectangle is a P=2xl+2xw
parallelogram with four right
angles
A regular pentagon is a P=5xs
polygon with five equal
sides

Another Example :

➢ Circumference
: Circle – a set of points of equal
Distances from a point called “center”
 • pi = 3.14 or 22/7
• pronounced as “pie”

: Circumference – the distance around a circle

• An important property of circles is that if the
circumference is divided by the diameter, the quotient is
the same for all circles.
• To solve for the circumference of a circle:

Chapter 11: Area

• Always measured in squared units
• Amount of space covered by the surface of a plane geometric
figure

Plane Figure Formula

Rectangle Length x Width

Square sxs

Parallelogram Base x Height

Triangle ½ x Base x Height

Trapezoid ½ (b1 +b2) x Height

Circle

Other Examples:
Chapter 12: Solid Figures:

Solid Figure Faces Edges Vertices

Cube 6 12 8
Cuboid 6 12 8
Cone 1 1 1
Square 5 8 5
Pyramid
Cylinder 3 2 0
Triangular 4 6 4
Pyramid
Triangular 5 9 6
Prism
Pentagonal 7 15 10
Prism
Hexagonal 8 18 12
Prism
Octagonal 10 24 16
Prism

➢ Solid Figure: Also called “space figure”, is a three-dimensional

object. It has length, width, and height
➢ Face: a flat surface of a geometric solid figure
➢ Edge: a line where two faces meet on a solid figure
➢ Vertex: a point where three or more edges meet on a solid figure

Chapter 13: SURFACE AREA

• Cylinder:
• Formula:
2 x pi x r squared +
height x circumference
of the circle (2 x pi x r)
 • Square Pyramid:
• Formula:
A1 – A4 = Triangle (same lahat)
A5 = s x s (square)
A1 – A4 (or A1 x 4) + A5 = Surface Area

Chapter 14: VOLUME

Solid Figure Formula

Cuboid (Rectangular Prism) LxWxH

Triangular Prism 1/3 x Base x Height

Cube S x S x S (or S cube)

Pyramid 1/3 x L x W x H

Cylinder Pi x r (squared) x Height

Cone Pi x r (squared) x h/3

Chapter 15 INTEGERS:
➢ Integers: An integer (pronounced IN-tuh-jer) is a whole number
(not a fractional number) that can be positive, negative, or zero.
• The integers on the left are negative integers, while the integers
on the right are positive integers.
• 0 is neither positive nor negative
➢ Addition of Integers:

➢ Subtraction of Integers:

➢ Multiplication of Integers:
➢ Division of Integers:

Chapter 16: STATISTICS:

➢ Statistics: The collection, organization, and analysis of information
in the form of numbers.
• These numbers are called data.
• The information collected is called statistical data.
➢ Five-stroke method: “tally”, also used in organizing statistical
data
• The tallies are drawn in bundles of five to make them easier to
count
• For example; The number of students who vote for a particular
candidate can be counted easily – Frequency
➢ Pictographs: a graph where symbols and pictures represent a
basic number of units of data
➢ Bar graph: vertical or horizontal (may be compound or not) bars
used to illustrate frequencies
• Statistical data can be represented more accurately with the use
of bar graphs.

• Pie graph: or “circle graph”, is a circle divided into sectors

which illustrate the parts of a whole
- Angle of a sector = fraction/whole x 360 degrees

➢ Line graph: statistical diagram consisting of line segments joined

end to end
- The line graph is usually used to show the change of data
over a period of time.
Chapter 17: SIMPLE PROBABILITY:
➢ Probability: is the chance some event will happen
- We describe the chance of something happening using
either words or numbers
- An event having a probability of 0 is impossible or has no
chance of success
- The probability of something happening that is certain to
occur is 1
Ex: Suppose you select a letter at random from the letters
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Find the probability that you
select a vowel. Express the probability as a fraction or
percent.
- There are 2 vowels out of 8. So, the fraction would be 2/8,
¼ when simplified. ¼ in fraction is 25%
- Therefore, there is a 25% chance you will get a vowel.
➢ Calculation of Probability
- Formula: Theoretical Probability = number of favorable
outcomes/total number of possible outcomes
- The outcomes of a probability are the possible results
- The set of all possible outcomes is called the sample space
Ex: Probability of getting a head = one way to get a
head/two possibilities
- The fraction to get a head in flipping a coin is ½. ½ in
percent is 50%
- Therefore, there is a 50% chance of you getting a head
when you flip a coin.
Chapter 18: SIMPLE INTEREST:
 - When we deposit money in a bank, we receive some
interest for allowing the bank to use our money
- When we borrow money from the bank, we have to pay a
certain interest for using its money.
➢ Principal: the amount of money borrowed or capital
➢ Interest: the additional money paid for the privilege of using the
principal
➢ Rate per annum: the interest is usually calculated at a fixed yearly
rate
- The amount of interest depends on the commission rate
and the length of time the money is deposited or
borrowed.
- Simple Interest: I = P x R (rate of interest) x T (time)
- Amount: P + I
➢ Simple Interest: if the interest is always calculated on the original
principal
Chapter 19: COMMISION:
- Commission is earnings from a sale. Typically, companies
pay out a percentage based on total sales revenue.
Commission can be calculated with this
formula: commission = total sales revenue *
commission rate. Base pay can also be incorporated into
this equation by simply adding it to the commission
earned.
 Chapter 20: SALES TAX:
➢ We are not only paying for their actual worth but also the tax
imposed on them.
➢ Tax: a compulsory financial contribution imposed by the
government on income, property, prices of goods, and services
➢ Value-Added Tax (VAT) – 12% of the price of the goods or
properties
➢ Sales Tax: an amount added to the original price of the goods or
properties to get the total amount or amount after tax.
➢ Formulas:
- Sales Tax: Sales Tax Rate x original price
- Sales Tax Rate: Price after tax – price before tax / price
before tax x 100
- Sales Tax Rate: amount of increase / original price x 100
- Original price: Sales Tax / Sales Tax Rate
- Original Price: Total price / 100% + Sales Tax Rate

Chapter 21: EXTRA INFOS: