L2: FRACTION

By: Dr. Noreen Ang

 INTRODUCTION
• The word ‘fraction’ has been derived from the Latin ‘fractus’ which
means “broken”.
• Fraction has been into existence from the Egyptian era which is
known to be one of the oldest civilizations in the world.
• However, fractions were not regarded as numbers, in fact, they were
used to compare the whole numbers with one another.
• Fractions represent
equal parts of a
whole or a
collection.

• Fraction of a
whole: When we
divide a whole into
equal parts, each
part is a fraction of
the whole.
• Fraction of a collection: Fractions also represent parts of a set or
collection.
• For example,
• There are total of 5 children.
• 3 out of 5 are girls. So, the fraction of girls is three-fifths ( 3⁄5 ).
• 2 out of 5 are boys. So, the fraction of boys is two-fifths ( 2⁄5 ).
For examples,
 REAL LIFE EXAMPLES
• The most common examples of fractions from real life are equal slices
of pizza, fruit, cake, a bar of chocolate, etc.
REAL LIFE EXAMPLES
• When the parts of the whole are unevenly divided, they don’t form
fractions.
TYPES OF FRACTIONS
FRACTION NOTATION
• A fraction has two parts.
• The number on the top of the line is called the numerator. It tells how
many equal parts of the whole or collection are taken.
• The number below the line is called the denominator. It shows the
total divisible number of equal parts the whole into or the total
number of equal parts which are there in a collection.
Fractions on a number line: Fractions can be
represented on a number line, as shown below.
 WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
FRACTIONS IN REAL LIFE?
• Splitting a bill while eating at a restaurant
• Calculating the discounted price of an object on sale.
• Following a recipe
• Fractions are frequently used to analyze the
performance of a particular player and team.
• We use fractions to understand our body mass index
(BMI) to determine whether we are in a healthy
range of body mass or not.
 WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
FRACTIONS IN REAL LIFE?
• Different fractions of liquids are mixed in the right amounts to make
mocktails.
• Dividing pizza slices equally amongst everyone requires fractions.
• The shutter speed of a camera is calculated using fractions.
• Scores of tests and exams are generally expressed as fractions, like
18
20
• The doctor prescribes different dosages, for people of different sizes
based on fractions.
 HOW TO MULTIPLY
FRACTIONS?
• To multiply fractions, we multiply the two numerators and the two
denominators with one another.
• Example
DECIMAL
 INTRODUCTION
• In algebra, a decimal number
can be defined as a number
whose whole number part and
the fractional part is separated
by a decimal point. The dot in
a decimal number is called
a decimal point. The digits
following the decimal point
show a value smaller than
one.
• Decimals are based on the preceding powers of 10. Thus, as we move
from left to right, the place value of digits gets divided by 10,
meaning the decimal place value determines the tenths, hundredths
and thousandths. A tenth means one tenth or 1/10. In decimal form,
it is 0.1. Hundredth means 1/100. In decimal form, it is 0.01.
EXAMPLE OF HOW THE FRACTIONAL
PART CAN BE CONVERTED INTO
DECIMALS.
• Decimals can be written both in expanded form and in words.
• Tenths, hundredths, and thousandths can be represented on
a number line. To represent tenths, the distance between each whole
number on a number line is partitioned into 10 equal parts where
each part represents a tenth.
INTEGER
 INTRODUCTION
• An integer is a number with no decimal or fractional part, from the set of
negative and positive numbers, including zero. Examples of integers are: -5,
0, 1, 5, 8, 97, and 3,043.
A set of integers, which is represented as Z, includes:
• Positive Integers: An integer is positive if it is greater than zero. Example: 1,
2, 3 . . .
• Negative Integers: An integer is negative if it is less than zero. Example: -1,
-2, -3 . . .
• Zero is defined as neither negative nor positive integer. It is a whole
number.
• Z = {... -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
CLASSIFICATION
 INTEGERS ON A
NUMBER LINE
• A number line is a visual representation of numbers on
a straight line. This line is used for the comparison of
numbers that are placed at equal intervals on an
infinite line that extends on both sides, horizontally.
• Just like other numbers, the set of integers can also be
represented on a number line.
INTEGER OPERATIONS
The FOUR basic arithmetic operations associated with
integers are:
• Addition of Integers
• Subtraction of Integer
• Multiplication of Integers
• Division of Integers
INTEGER OPERATIONS
• There are some rules for doing these operations.
Before we start learning these methods of integer
operations, we need to remember a few things.
If there is no sign in front of a number, it means that
the number is positive. For example, 5 means +5.
ADDITION OF INTEGERS
While adding two integers, we come across the following cases:
• Both integers have the same signs: Add the absolute values of
integers, and give the same sign as that of the given integers to the
result.
• One integer is positive and the other is negative: Find the
difference of the absolute values of the numbers and then give the
original sign of the larger of these numbers to the result.
 EXAMPLE 1
• Adding two integers: Calculate the value of 2 + (-5).
Solution:
• Here, the absolute values of 2 and (-5) are 2 and 5
respectively.
• Their difference (larger number - smaller number) is 5 - 2 = 3
• Now, among 2 and 5, 5 is the larger number and its original
sign “-”.
• Hence, the result gets a negative sign, "-”.
• Therefore, 2 + (-5) = -3
 SUBTRACTION OF
INTEGERS
To carry out the subtraction of two integers:
• Convert the operation into an addition problem by changing
the sign of the subtrahend.
• Apply the same rules of addition of integers and solve the
problem thus obtained in the above step.
 EXAMPLE 2
• Subtracting two integers: Calculate the value of 7 - 10.
Solution:
• Converting the given expression into an addition problem, we get: 7 + (-10)
• Now, the rules for this operation will be the same as for the addition of two
integers.
• Here, the absolute values of 7 and (-10) are 7 and 10 respectively.
• Their difference (larger number - smaller number) is 10 - 7 = 3
• Now, among 7 and 10, 10 is the larger number and its original sign “-”.
• Hence, the result gets a negative sign, "-”.
• Therefore, 7 - 10 = -3
 MULTIPLICATION OF
INTEGERS
• To carry out the multiplication of two integers:
• Multiply their signs and get the resultant sign.
• Multiply the numbers and add the resultant sign to the
answer.
• The different possible cases for the multiplication of two
signs can be observed in the following table:
DIVISION OF INTEGERS
To carry out the division operation between two
integers:
• Divide the signs of the two operands and get the
resultant sign.
• Divide the numbers and add the resultant sign to the
quotient.
• The different possible cases for the division of two
signs can be observed in the following table:
RULES OF INTEGERS
• Sum of two positive integers is an integer.
• Sum of two negative integers is an integer.
• Product of two positive integers is an integer.
• Product of two negative integers is an integer.
• Addition operation between any integer and its negative
value will give the result as zero
• Multiplication operation between any integer and its
reciprocal will give the result as one.
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
According to the commutative property, swapping the
positions of operands in an operation does not affect
the result. The addition and multiplication of integers
follow the commutative property.

For any two integers, a and b:

•a + b = b + a
•a × b = b × a
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
Distributive property states that for any
expression of the form a (b + c), which means a ×
(b + c), operand a can be distributed among
operands b and c as: (a × b + a × c) i.e.,
• a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
 ADDITIVE INVERSE
PROPERTY
The additive inverse property states that the addition
operation between any integer and its negative value
will give the result as zero.

For any integer, a:

• a + (-a) = 0
 MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
PROPERTY
The multiplicative inverse property states that the
multiplication operation between any integer and it's
reciprocal will give the result as one.

For any integer, a: a × 1/a = 1

IDENTITY PROPERTY
Integers follow the Identity property for addition and
multiplication operations.

Additive identity property states that: a × 0 =0

Similarly, multiplicative identity states that:
a×3 =3
a