Class 7 Notes:

Integers Chapter 1

Introduction to Integers
Introduction to Numbers
Natural Numbers : The collection of all the counting numbers is called set of natural numbers. It
is denoted by N = {1,2,3,4….}
Whole Numbers: The collection of natural numbers along with zero is called a set of whole
numbers. It is denoted by W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }

Properties of Addition and Subtraction of Integers

Closure under Addition and subtraction
For every integer a and b,  a+b and a–b are integers.
Commutativity Property for addition
for every integer a and b,  a+b=b+a
Associativity Property for addition
for every integer a,b and c, (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)

Additive Identity & Additive Inverse

Additive Identity
For every integer a, a+0=0+a=a here 0 is Additive Identity, since adding 0 to a number leaves it
unchanged.
Example : For an integer 2, 2+0 = 0+2 = 2.
Additive inverse
For every integer a, a+(−a)=0 Here, −a is additive inverse of a and a is the additive inverse of-a.
Example : For an integer 2, (– 2) is additive inverse  and for (– 2), additive inverse is 2. [Since +
2 – 2 = 0]

Properties of Multiplication of Integers

Properties of Multiplication of Integers
Closure under Multiplication
For every integer a and b, a×b=Integer
Commutative Property of Multiplication
For every integer a and b, a×b=b×a
Multiplication by Zero
For every integer a, a×0=0×a=0
Multiplicative Identity
For every integer a, a×1=1×a=a. Here 1 is the multiplicative identity for integers.
Associative property of Multiplication
For every integer a, b  and c,  (a×b)×c=a×(b×c)
Distributive Property of Integers
Under addition and multiplication,  integers show the distributive property.
i.e., For every integer a, b  and c,  a×(b+c)=a×b+a×c
These properties make calculations easier.

Division of Integers
Division of Integers
When a positive integer is divided by a positive integer, the quotient obtained is a positive
integer.
Example: +6+3=+2
When a negative integer is divided by a negative integer, the quotient obtained is a positive
integer.
Example: −6−3=+2
When a positive integer is divided by a negative integer or negative integer is divided by a
positive integer, the quotient obtained is a negative integer.
Example: −6+3=−2 and Example: +6−3=−2

The Number Line

Number Line
Representation of integers on a number line

On a number line when we

(i) add a positive integer for a given integer, we move to the right.
Example : When we add +2 to +3, move 2 places from +3 towards right to get +5
(ii) add a negative integer for a given integer, we move to the left.
Example : When we add -2 to +3, move 2 places from +3 towards left to get +1
(iii) subtract a positive integer from a given integer, we move to the left.
Example: When we subtract +2 from -3, move 2 places from -3 towards left to get -5
(iv) subtract a negative integer from a given integer, we move to the right
Example: When we subtract -2 from -3, move 2 places from -3 towards right to get 1

Addition and Subtraction of Integers

The absolute value of +7 (a positive integer) is 7
The absolute value of -7 (negative integer) is 7 (its corresponding positive integer)
Addition of two positive integers gives a positive integer.
Example : +3+4=+7
Addition of two negative integers gives a negative integer.
Example : (−3)+(−4)=−3−4=−7
When one positive and one negative integers are added, we take their difference and place
the sign of the bigger integer.
Example : (−7)+(2)=−5
For subtraction, we add the additive inverse of the integer that is being subtracted, to the other
integer.
Example : 56–(–73)=56+73=129

Introduction to Zero
Integers
Integers are the collection of numbers which is formed by whole numbers and their
negatives. 
The set of Integers is denoted by Z or I. I =  { …, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,… }

Properties of Division of Integers

For every integer a,
(a) a0 is not defined
(b) a1=a
Note:  Integers are not closed under division
Example :(– 9) ÷ (– 3) = 2. Result is an integer.
and (−3)÷(−9)=−3−9=13. Result is not an integer.

Multiplication of Integers
Product of two positive integers is a positive integer.
Example : (+2)×(+3)=+6
Product of two negative integers is a positive integer.
Example :(−2)×(−3)=+6
Product of a positive and a negative integer is a negative integer.
Example :(+2)×(−3)=−6 and (−2)×(+3)=−6
Product of even number of negative integers is positive and product of odd number of
negative integers is negative.
These properties make calculations easier.

Fractions and Decimals Class 7 Notes: Chapter 2

Introduction: Fractions
The word fraction derives from the Latin word “Fractus” meaning broken. It represents a part
of a whole, consisting of a number of equal parts out of a whole.
E.g : slices of a pizza.
 

Representation of Fractions
A fraction is represented by 2 numbers on top of each other, separated by a line. The number
on top is the numerator and the number below is the denominator. Example :34  which
basically means 3 parts out of 4 equal divisions.

Fractions on the Number Line

In order to represent a fraction on a number line, we divide the line segment between two whole
numbers into n equal parts, where n is the denominator.
Example: To represent 15or35 , we divide the line between 0 and 1 in 5 equal parts. Then the
numerator gives the number of divisions to mark.

Multiplication of Fractions
Multiplication of Fractions
Multiplication of a fraction by a whole number :
Example 1: 7×13=7×13=73
Example 2 : 5×745=3545, Dividing numerator and denominator by 5, we get79
Multiplication of a fraction by a fraction is basically product of numeratorsproduct of denominators
Example 1:  35×1213=3×125×13=3665
Example 2 : Multiplication of mixed fractions 423×117
First convert mixed fractions to improper fractions and then multiply
143×87=14×83×7=163

Fraction as an Operator ‘Of’

The ‘of’ operator basically implies multiplication.
Example :16 of 18=16×18=186=3
or,12 of 11=12×11=112=512
Division of Fractions
Reciprocal of a Fraction
Reciprocal of any number n is written as1n
Reciprocal of a fraction is obtained by interchanging the numerator and denominator.
Example : Reciprocal of 25 is 52
Although zero divided by any number means zero itself, we cannot find reciprocals for them, as a
number divided by 0 is undefined.
Example : Reciprocal of 07≠70

Division of Fractions
Division of a whole number by a fraction : we multiply the whole number with the reciprocal of
the fraction.
Example: 63÷75=63×57=9×5=45
Division of a fraction by a whole number: we multiply the fraction with the reciprocal of the
whole number.
Example : 811÷4=811×14=211
Division of a fraction by another fraction : We multiply the dividend with the reciprocal of the
divisor.
Example : 27÷521=27×215=65

Types of Fractions
Types of Fractions
Proper fractions represent a part of a whole. The numerator is smaller than the denominator.
Example: 14,79,5051. Proper fractions are greater than 0 and less than 1
Improper fractions have a numerator that is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Example : 456,65. Improper fractions are greater than 1 or equal to 1.
Mixed fractions are a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.
Example : 435 can be written as 835.
Conversion of fractions : An improper fraction can be represented as mixed fraction and  a
mixed fraction can represented as improper.
In the above case, if you multiply the denominator 5 with the whole number 8 add the numerator
3 to it, you get back 435
Like fractions : Fractions with the same denominator are called like fractions.
Example : 57,37. Here we can compare them as  57>37
Unlike fractions : Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
Example : 53,92. To compare them, we find the L.C.M of the denominator.
Here the L.C.M is 6 So, 5×23×2,9×32×3
⇒106,276
⇒276>106

Introduction: Decimal
Decimal numbers are used to represent numbers that are smaller than the unit 1. Decimal
number system is also known as base 10 system since each place value is denoted by a power
of 10.

A decimal number refers to a number consisting of the following two parts:

(i) Integral part (before the decimal point) (ii) Fractional Part (after the decimal point). These
both are separated by a decimal separator(.) called the decimal point.
A decimal number is written as follows : Example 564.8 or 23.97.
The numbers to the left of the decimal point increase with the order of 10, while the numbers to
the right of the point increase with the decrease order of 10.
The above example 564.8 can be read as ‘five hundred and sixty four and eight tenths’
⇒5×100+6×10+4×1+8×110
A fraction can be written as a decimal and vice-versa. Example32=1.5 or 1.5=1510=32

Multiplication of Decimals
Multiplication of decimal numbers with whole numbers :
Multiply them as whole numbers. The product will contain the same number of digits after the
decimal point as that of the decimal number.
E.g : 11.3×4=45.2
Multiplication of decimals with powers of 10 :
If a decimal is multiplied by a power of 10, then the decimal point shifts to the right by the
number of zeros in its power.
E.g : 45.678×10=456.78(decimal point shifts by 1 place to the right) or, 45.678×1000=45678
(decimal point shifts by 3 places to the right)
Multiplication of decimals with decimals :
Multiply the decimal numbers without decimal points and then give decimal point in the answer
as many places same as the total number of places right to the decimal points in both numbers.
E.g :
Division of Decimals
Dividing a decimal number by a whole number:
Example :  45.255
Step 1. Convert the Decimal number into Fraction: 45.25= 4525100
Step 2. Divide the fraction by the whole number: 4525100÷5=(4525100)×(15)=9.05
Dividing a decimal number by a decimal number:
Example1 : 45.250.5
Step 1.Convert both the decimal numbers into fractions: 45.25= 4525100 and 0.5=510
Step 2.Divide the fractions: 4525100÷510=4525100×105=90.5
Example 2:

Dividing a decimal number by powers of 10  :

If a decimal is divided by a power of 10, then the decimal point shifts to the left by the number
of zeros present in the power of 10.
Example: 98.765÷100=0.98765Infinity
When the denominator in a fraction is very very small (almost tending to 0), then the value of
the fraction tends towards infinity.
E.g : 9999990.000001=9999990000001≈ a very large number, which is considered to be ∞

Data Handling Class 7 Notes: Chapter 3

Double Bar Graphs

Double bar graphs are an effective tool to compare the values of two quantities for the same
observation. For example, consider the marks obtained by five students of a class in two tests.
Using a double bar graph, we can analyse which week students had better marks.

Averages
Arithmetic Mean and Range
The average or arithmetic mean or mean of a given data is defined as :

Mean=SumofallobservationsNumberofobservations
The difference between the highest and the lowest observations in a given data is called its
Range. Example: Ages of all 10 teachers in grade 7 are : 25, 43, 34, 55, 44, 60, 32, 29, 35, 40.
Mean = 43+34+55+44+60,+32+29+35+40 = 39.7 years Range = Higest Observation – Lowest
Observation = 60 – 25 = 35

Median
When a given data is arranged in ascending (or descending) order, then the middlemost
observation is called the median of the data. Example : Marks scored by seven students in a
class are: 21, 32, 18 ,93, 21, 36, 50. Observations in ascending order: 18, 21, 21, 32, 36, 50, 93.
Middle most value = 32 ∴ Median is 32.

Mode
The mode of a set of observations is the observation that occurs most often. Example: Given
set of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 4 Ascending Order = 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 ∴ Mode of
this data is 2 because it occurs more frequently. Note: A data can have more than 1 mode.

Chance and Probability

Probability is the measure or the chance of occurrence of a particular event. Experiments
which do not have a fixed result are known as random experiments.
Number of outcomes or Sample Space  The set of all the possible outcomes to occur in any
experiment is known as sample space.
Examples: Experiment : Tossing a coin, Sample Space (S) = {H,T} Experiment : Rolling a
die, Sample Space (S) = {1,2,3,4,5,6} Favourable outcome – It is one of the possible result(s) of
an experiment. Examples : In an experiment of Tossing a coin, getting a head. Favourable
outcome = {H} In an experiment of Rolling a die, getting an even number Favourable outcomes =
{2,4,6} Probability of occurrence of any event,

P(E)=NumberoffavourableoutcomesTotalNumberofOutcomes
Example: Find the probability of getting an even number when a die is rolled. Sample Space (S)
= {1,2,3,4,5,6} , Favourable outcomes = {2,4,6}
P(E)=NumberoffavourableoutcomesTotalNumberofOutcomes=36=12

The Scale
Large numbers cannot be represented in a bar graph, so the scaling factor is used to reduce or
scale down large numbers.

Bar graph
showing the population in some villages
Example: The scale on the y-axis is 1 unit = 200 people.

Basics: The Right Data in the Right Form

Introduction: Data
Data are individual pieces of information, information about a particular system. They can be
in the form of figures or numbers. Data is collected to analyse specific information for a specific
purpose.

Organization of Data
Data is organised and represented graphically so that it becomes easy to understand and
interpret. This is called an organisation of data.

Pictographs and Bar Graphs

A pictograph is a pictorial representation of data. Here data is represented using images of
the objects.

Pictograph
The graphical representation of data using bars of uniform width drawn vertically or
horizontally with different lengths is called as bar graphs/bar diagrams. Bar diagrams consist
of two axes: X-axis and Y-axis. The following is a bar graph showing the birthday of students in a
class. Graph showing the birthday of students in a class.
 Bar
graph
 
The Rubik’s Cube is not just a forgotten toy from the 80’s. The fact is that it’s even more popular
than ever before.

Simple Equations Class 7 Notes: Chapter 4

Introduction to Simple Equations

Variables and Expressions
Variable is a quantity that can take any value, its value is not fixed. It is a symbol for a number
whose value is unknown yet.
Expressions are formed by performing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division on the variables.
Example: 6x – 3 is an expression in variable x.

Algebraic Equation
An equation is a condition on a variable such that two expressions in the variable should have
equal value.
Example: 8x−8=16 is an equation.
The value of the variable in an equation for which the equation is satisfied is called the
solution of the equation.
Example: The solution for the equation 2x−3=5 is x=4.

More about Equations

Mathematical Operations on Expressions
 Addition of variables: (3x+4z)+(5y+6)
 Subtraction of variables: (4x−7y)−(6y+5)
 Multiplication of variables: (5xy+6)×7x
 Division of variables: 8xz+5z15x−6y

Solving an Equation
Solving an equation involves performing the same operations on the expressions on either
side of the “=” sign so that the value of the variable is found without disturbing the balance.
Example : Solve 2x+4=10
Consider 2x+4=10
⇒2x+4−4=10−4  [Subtracting 4 from both LHS and RHS] ⇒2x=6
⇒2x2=62  [Dividing both LHS and RHS by 2] ⇒x=3

Methods of Solving an Equation

Method 1: performing the same operations on the expressions on either side of the “=” sign so
that the value of the variable is found without disturbing the balance.
Opertions involve Adding, subtracting, multipling or dividing on both sides.
Example: x+2=6
Subtract 2 from LHS and RHS
⇒ LHS: x+2−2=x
⇒ RHS: 6−2=4
But LHS = RHS
⇒x=4
Method 2: Transposing
It involves moving the terms to one side of the equation to find out the value of the variable.
When terms move from one side to another they change their sign.
Example: x+2=6
Transpose (+2) from LHS to RHS
⇒x=6−2
⇒x=4

Applying Equations
Forming Equation from Solution
Given a solution, many equations can be constructed.
Example:  Given solution: x = 3
Multiply both sides by 4,
⇒ 4x=4×3
Add -5 to both sides,
⇒ 4x−5=12−5
⇒ 4x−5=7
Similarly, more equations can be constructed.
 

Applications (Word problem)

Example: Ram’s father is 3 times as old as his son Ram. After 15 years, he will be twice the age
of his son. Form an equation and solve it.
Solution: Let Ram’s age be x.
⇒ His father’s age is 3x.
After 15 years:
3x+15=2(x+15)
On solving,
3x+15=2x+30
3x−2x=30−15
x=15
∴ Ram’s age is 15 and his dad’s age is 45.

Lines and Angles Class 7 Notes: Chapter 5

Introduction to Geometry

Line, line segment and ray

 If we take a point and draw a straight path that extends endlessly on both the sides, then the
straight path is called as a line.
 A ray is a part of a line with one endpoint.
 A line segment is a part of a line with two endpoints.

Angles

 An angle is formed when two rays originate from the same end point.
 The rays making an angle are called the arms of the angle.
 The end point is called the vertex of the angle.
 

Complementary Angles

 Two angles whose sum is 90∘ are called complementary angles.

Example: 50∘+40∘=90∘
∴ 50∘ and 40∘ angles are complementary angles.

Parallel Lines and a Transversal

Transversal intersecting two lines

 Transversal is a line that intersects two or more lines at different points.

 Corresponding Angles:
(i) ∠1 and ∠5 (ii) ∠2 and ∠6
(iii) ∠3 and ∠7 (iv) ∠4 and ∠8
 Alternate Interior Angles:
(i) ∠3 and ∠6 (ii) ∠4 and ∠5
 Alternate Exterior Angles:
(i) ∠1 and ∠8 (ii) ∠2 and ∠7
 Interior angles on the same side of the transversal:
(i) ∠3 and ∠5 (ii) ∠4 and ∠6
Transversal of Parallel Lines

 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding angles is equal.
(i) ∠1=∠5 (ii) ∠2=∠6
(iii) ∠3=∠7 (iv) ∠4=∠8
 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior angles is
equal.
(i) ∠3=∠6 (ii) ∠4=∠5
 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of interior angles on the same
side of the transversal is supplementary.
(i) ∠3+∠5=180∘ (ii) ∠4+∠6=180∘

Checking if two or more lines are parallel

 There are three conditions to check whether the two lines are parallel. They are:
(i) If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then
the two lines are parallel to each other.
(ii) If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of alternate interior angles is equal,
then the two lines are parallel.
(iii) If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of interior angles on the same side of
the transversal is supplementary, then the two lines are parallel.

Intersecting Lines and Pairs of Angles

Supplementary angles

 Two angles whose sum is 180∘ are called supplementary angles.

Example: 110∘+70∘=90∘
∴ 110∘ and 70∘ angles are supplementary angles.

Adjacent Angles
  Two angles are adjacent, if they have
(i) A common vertex
(ii) A common arm
(iii) Their non-common arms on different sides of the common arm.

Here ∠ABD and ∠DBC are adjacent angles.

Linear Pair

 Linear pair of angles are adjacent angles whose sum is equal to 180∘.

Here, 1 and 2 are linear pair of angles.

Vertically Opposite Angles

 Vertically opposite angles are formed when two straight lines intersect each other at a
common point.
 Vertically opposite angles are equal.

Here, the following pairs of angles are vertically opposite angles.

(i) a and c
(ii) b and d

Intersecting and Non-Intersecting lines

  Intersecting lines are lines which intersect at a common point called the point of
intersection.

 Parallel lines are lines which do not intersect at any point. Parallel lines are also known as
non- intersecting lines.

Basic Properties of a Triangle

Sum of Interior Angles in a Triangle

 Angle sum property of a triangle: Sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180∘.

In △ABC, ∠1+∠2+∠3=180∘

The exterior angle of a triangle = Sum of opposite internal angles

 If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of
the two interior opposite angles.

In △ABC, ∠CAB+∠ABC=∠ACD.
Triangles and Its Properties Class 7 Notes: Chapter 6

Introduction

Triangle

 A triangle is a closed curve made of three line segments.

 It has three:Sides:
(i) Sides: ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯AB, ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯BC and ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯CA
(ii) Angles: ∠BAC, ∠ACB and ∠CBA
(iii) Vertices: A, B and C

Important Lines in a Triangle

Median

 Median is the line that connects a vertex of a triangle to the mid-point of the opposite side.
 In the given figure, ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯AD is the median, joining the vertex A to the midpoint of
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯BC.

Altitude
  An altitude is a line segment through a vertex of the triangle and perpendicular to a line
containing the opposite side.

Sides Also Have Constraints

Sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle

 The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

In the above triangle,

9+11=20 >14
11+14=25 >9
9+14=23 >11

Difference between lengths of two sides of a triangle

  The difference between lengths of any two sides is smaller than the length of the third side.

 In the above triangle,

11 – 9 = 2 < 14
14 – 11 = 3 < 9
14 – 9 = 5 < 11
 Using the concept of sum of two sides and difference of two sides, it is possible to determine
the range of lengths that the third side can take.

Triangle Properties

Angle sum property of a triangle

 The total measure of the three angles of a triangle is 180∘.

 In △PQR,
∠RPQ+∠PQR+∠QRP
=70∘+60∘+50∘=180∘

Exterior angle of a triangle and its property

  An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.

In the given figure, ∠1+∠2=∠3.

Pythagoras Theorem

 The side opposite to the right angle in a right-angled triangle is called the hypotenuse.
 The other two sides are known as legs of the right-angled triangle.
 In a right-angled triangle, square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of legs.

AC2=AB2+BC2
⇒52=42+32
 If a triangle holds pythagoras property, then it is a right-angled triangle.

Properties of isosceles and equilateral triangles

Properties of Isosceles Triangle 

 Two sides are equal in length.

 Base angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.
Properties of Equilateral Triangle

 All three sides are equal in length.

 Each angle equals to 60∘.

Classification of Triangles

Classification of triangles based on sides

  Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all the three sides are of equal lengths.
 Isosceles triangle: A triangle in which two sides are of equal lengths.
 Scalene Triangle: A triangle in which all three sides are of different length.

Classification of triangles based on angles

 Acute-angled: A triangle with three acute angles.

 Right-angled: A triangle with one right angle.
 Obtuse-angled: A triangle with one obtuse angle.
Congruence of Triangles Class 7 Notes: Chapter 7

Introduction to Congruent Triangles

Congruent Figures

 Congruent figures are exactly equal in size and shape.

Congruent Triangles

 If all the sides and angles of a triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of
another triangle, then both the triangles are said to be congruent.

Here, △ABC≅△DEF

Criteria for Congruency

SSS Criteria for Congruency

  If under a given correspondence, the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three
corresponding sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

SAS Criteria for Congruency

 If under a correspondence, two sides and the angle included between them of a triangle are
equal to two corresponding sides and the angle included between them of another triangle,
then the triangles are congruent.

ASA Criteria for Congruency

 If under a correspondence, two angles and the included side of a triangle are equal to two
corresponding angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.

AAS Criteria for Congruency

AAS Rule: Triangles are congruent if two pairs of corresponding angles and a pair of
opposite sides are equal in both triangles.

Why SSA and AAA congruency rules are not valid?

 Two triangles with equal corresponding angles need not be congruent. In such a
correspondence, one of them can be an enlarged copy of the other. Therefore AAA
congruency is not valid.

  If two triangles have two congruent sides and a congruent non included angle, then
triangles are not necessarily congruent. Therefore, SSA congruency is not valid.

RHS Criteria for Congruency

 If under a correspondence, the hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled triangle are
respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of another right-angled triangle, then the
 triangles are congruent.

Criteria for Congruency

Criteria for Congruency of two triangles are:
(i) SSS Rule
(ii) SAS Rule
(iii) ASA Rule
(iv) RHS Rule

Comparing Quantities Class 7 Notes: Chapter 8

Prices Related to Buying and Selling

Prices related to an item
 Prices related to an item are: (i) Selling price
(ii) Cost price
 Selling price(SP) is the price at which a product is sold out.
 Cost price(CP) is the buying price of an item.
 Profit = Selling price – Cost price
 Loss = Cost price – Selling price
 If SP > CP , then it is profit.
 If SP = CP , then it is neither profit nor loss.
 If CP > SP , then it is loss.

Finding the profit or loss percentage

 ProfitPercentage=ProfitCostPrice×100
 LossPercentage=LossCostPrice×100
Percentages and Why Percentages
Percentages
 Percentages are ratios expressed as a fraction of 100.
 Percentages are represented by the symbol ‘%’.
 Example: 20100=20% and 50100=50% .

Comparing percentages when denominator is not 100

 When a ratio is not expressed in fraction of 100, then convert the fraction to an equivalent
fraction with denominator 100.
 Example: Consider a fraction 35 .

Multiply the numerator and denominator by 20.

⇒3×205×20=60100=60%

Converting fractions/decimals to percentages

 Converting Decimals to Percentages
Given decimal: 0.44
0.44=44100=44100×100%=44%
 Converting Fractions to Percentages
Given fraction: 35 35×100%=3×20%=60

Converting percentages to fractions/decimals

 0.25=25100=14
 0.225=2251000=940

Estimation using percentages

 Estimation can be done using percentages.

 Example: What percentage of the given circle is shaded?

Solution: The given triangle consists of 8 regions, out of which 6 regions are shaded.
So, the percentage of shaded regions will be 68×100=34×100=75% .

Interpreting percentage into usable data

 Percentages can be interpreted into useful data.
 Examples:
(i) 40% of Raghav’s clothes are not washed.
⇒ Raghav’s 40 clothes out of 100 clothes are not washed.
(ii) 30 % of students in class are infected by fever.
⇒ Out of 100 students in a class, 30 students are infected by fever.

Converting percentage to the form “how many”

 Example: 200 chocolates were distributed among two children: Joe and Tom. Joe got
60% and Tom got 40% of the chocolates. How many chocolates will each get?
Solution: Total number of chocolates = 200
Joe got 60% of the chocolates = 60100×200=120

Tom got 40% of the chocolates = 40100×200=80 ∴ Joe and Tom will get 120 and 80
chocolates, respectively.

Converting Ratios to percentages

 Ratios can be expressed as percentages to understand certain situations much better.
 Example: 200 chocolates were distributed among two children: James and Jacob. James
got35 and Jacob got 25 of the chocolates. What is the percentage of chocolate that each
got?
Solution: Total number of chocolates = 200
James got 35 of the chocolates = 35×100=60% of the total chocolates.
Jacob got 25 of the chocolates = 25×100=40% of the total chocolates.

Introduction to Fractions and Ratios

Comparing Quantities : Introduction
 To compare two quantities, the units must be the same.
 Examples:
(i) Joe’s height is 150 cm and Tom’s is 100 cm.
Ratio of Joe’s height to Tom’s height would be Joe’s height : Tom’s height.
= 150 : 100 = 3: 2
(ii) Ratio of 3 km to 30 m is 3 km : 30 m.
= 3000 m : 30 m
= 300 : 1

Ratios
 Ratio is a relation between two quantities showing the number of times one value
contains or is contained within the other.
 Example: If there are four girls and seven boys in a class, then the ratio of number of girls
to number of boys is 4:7.

Equivalent Ratios
  By multiplying numerator and denominator of a rational number by a non zero integer, we
obtain another rational number equivalent to the given rational number.These are called
equivalent fractions.
 Example:13=13×22=26 and 13 are equivalent fractions.

Proportions
 If two ratios are equal, then they are said to be in proportion.
 Symbol “::” or “=” is used to equate the two ratios.
 Example: (i) Ratios 2:3 and 6:9 are equal. They can be represented as 2:3 :: 6:9 or 2:3 =
6:9.
(ii) Ratios 1:2 and x:4 are in proportion.
⇒12=x4
⇒1×4=x×2
⇒2x=4
⇒x=2

Finding the Increase or Decrease in Percent

Finding the percentage increase or decrease
 Example: Price of a book was changed from ₹20 to ₹25 in a week. Calculate the
percentage increased.
Solution: Change in price = ₹25 – ₹20 = ₹5
PercentageIncreased=ChangeinPriceOriginalPrice =520×100=25%

Simple and Compound Interest

Sum / principal
 The money which has been borrowed is called sum or principal.
 This money can be used by the borrower for a particular time period before returning to
the lender.
 Example: Loan that you take from a bank is the principal.

Interest
 Interest is the extra payment that a borrower should pay to the lender along with the
principal.

Amount
 A borrower should return the principal amount (he/she has borrowed) and the interest to
the lender. This money is called amount.
⇒ Amount = Principal + Interest.

Simple Interest
 Simple interest(SI) is the interest charged on a borrowed money where the principal
amount will be fixed for a particular time period.
 SimpleInterest=P×R×N100

P = Principal Amount, R = Interest rate

N = Number of years

 Example: Calculate the simple interest for 3 years when the principal amount is 200 and
interest rate is 10% for 1 year.

Solution: Given: P = 200; R = 10%; T = 3 yrs

Simple Interest = 200×10××3100=60

Amount = P + SI = Rs. (200 + 60) = Rs. 260

Rational Numbers Class 7 Notes: Chapter 9

Introduction to Rational Numbers

Introduction: Rational Numbers
 A rational number is defined as a number that can be expressed in the form pq , where p
and q are integers and q≠0.
 In our daily lives, we use some quantities which are not whole numbers but can be
expressed in the form of pq . Hence we need rational numbers.

Equivalent Rational Numbers

 By multiplying or dividing the numerator and denominator of a rational number by a
same non zero integer, we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given rational
number.These are called equivalent fractions.
 13=13×22=26
∴26 and 13 are equivalent fractions.
 1525=15÷525÷5=35 ∴1525 and 35 are equivalent fractions.

Rational Numbers in Standard Form

  A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive
integer and the numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
 Example: Reduce −416 .

Here, the H.C.F. of 4 and 16 is 4.

⇒−416=−44164=−416 −14 is the standard form of −416 .

LCM
 The least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the smallest number (≠0) that is a
multiple of both.
 Example: LCM of 3 and 4 can be calculated as shown below:
Multiples of 3: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12,15
Multiples of 4: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16
LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.

Rational Numbers Between 2 Rational Numbers

Rational Numbers between Two Rational Numbers
 There are unlimited number(infinite number) of rational numbers between any two
rational numbers.
 Example: List some of the rational numbers between −35 and −13.
Solution: L.C.M. of 5 and 3 is 15.
⇒ The given equations can be written as −915 and −515 .
⇒−615,−715,−815 are the rational numbers between −35
and −13.

Note : These are only few of the rational numbers between −35 and −13. There are infinte
number of 
rational numbers between them. Following the same procedure, many more rational numbers
can be inserted between them.

Properties of Rational Numbers

Properties of Rational Numbers
Addition of Rational Numbers

<
Subtraction of Rational Numbers

Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers

Multiplication of Rational Numbers
Negatives and Reciprocals
Negatives and Reciprocals

Additive Inverse of a Rational Number

Representing on a Number Line

Rational Numbers on a Number Line
Comparison of Rational Numbers
Perimeter and Area Class 7 Notes: Chapter 11
Perimeter
 Perimeter is the total length or total distance covered along the boundary of a closed
shape.

The perimeter of a Quadrilateral    

Area
 The area is the total amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure.

Areas of a closed figure

The perimeter of Square and Rectangle

 Perimeter of a square = a + a + a + a = 4a, where a is the length of each side.

Square with side length ‘a’ units

 Perimeter of a rectangle = l + l + b + b = 2(l + b), where l and b are length and breadth,

respectively.
Rectangle with length ‘l’ units and breadth ‘b’ units

Area of Square & Rectangle

Area of square = 4a2
Here a is the length of each side

Square with the length of each side ‘a’ units

 

Area of rectangle = Length(l) × Breadth(b) = l×b

 

Rectangle with length ‘a’ units and breadth ‘b’ units

Area of a Parallelogram

 Area of parallelogram ABCD = (base×height)

Area of parallelogram ABCD  = (b×h)

Triangle as Part of Rectangle
 The rectangle can be considered as a combination of two congruent triangles.
 Consider a rectangle ABCD, it is divided into 2 triangles ACD and ABD.

Triangles as parts of Rectangle

 Area of each triangle = 12 (Area of the rectangle).
=  12(length×breadth)
=  12(10cm×5cm)
=  25cm2

Area of a Triangle
 Consider a parallelogram ABCD.
 Draw a diagonal BD to divide the parallelogram into two congruent trinagles.

Area of Triangle
 

 Area of triangle ABD = 12 (Area of parallelogram ABCD)

=  12(base×height)

Area of triangle ABD  =  12(b×h)

Conversion of Units
 Kilometres, metres, centimetres, millimetres are units of length.
 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre
 100 centimetres = 1 metre
 1000 metres = 1 kilometre

Life of Pi
Terms Related to Circle
 A circle is a simple closed curve which is not a polygon.
 A circle is a collection of points which are equidistant from a fixed point.

 The fixed point in the middle is called the centre.

 The fixed distance is known as radius.
 The perimeter of a circle is also called as the circumference of the circle.

Circumference of a Circle
 The circumference of a circle ( C )  is the total path or total distance covered by the
circle. It is also called a perimeter of the circle.

Circumference of a circle = 2×π×r,

where r is the radius of the circle.

Visualizing Area of a Circle

Area of Circle
 Area of a circle is the total region enclosed by the circle.

Area of a circle = π×r2, where r is the radius of the circle.

Introduction and Value of Pi

 Pi (π)  is the constant which is defined as the ratio of a circle’s circumference (2πr) to
its diameter(2r).

π=Circumference(2πr)Diameter(2r)

 The value of pi is approximately equal to 3.14159 or 227.

Problem Solving
Cost of Framing, Fencing
 Cost of framing or fencing a land is calculated by finding its perimeter.
 Example: A square-shaped land has length of its side 10m.
Perimeter of the land = 4 × 10 = 40m
Cost of fencing 1m = Rs10
Cost of fencing the land = 40m × Rs10 = Rs 400

Cost of Painting, Laminating

 Cost of painting a surface depends on the area of the surface.
 Example: A wall has dimensions 5m×4m.
Area of the wall = 5m×4m=20m2
Cost of painting 1m2 of area is Rs 20.
Cost of painting the wall =20m2×Rs 20=Rs 400

Area of Mixed Shapes

 Find the area of  the shaded portion using the given information.

Area of the shaded portion

Solution: Diameter of the semicircle = 10cm
Radius of semicircle = 5cm
Area of the shaded portion = Area of rectangle ABCD – Area of semicircle
Area of the shaded portion  = l×b−πr22
= 300−π×522
= 300−π×252
= 600−25π2
= 600−78.52
= 260.7 cm2
Algebraic Expressions Class 7 Notes: Chapter 12

Introduction to Algebraic Expressions

Constant
Constant is a quantity which has a fixed value.

Terms of Expression
Parts of an expression which are formed separately first and then added are known as terms.
They are added to form expressions.
Example: Terms 4x and 5 are added to form the expression (4x +5).

Coefficient of a term
The numerical factor of a term is called coefficient of the term.
Example: 10 is the coefficient of the term 10xy in the expression 10xy+4y.

Algebra as Patterns

Writing Number patterns and rules related to them

 If a natural number is denoted by n, its successor is (n + 1).

Example: Successor of n=10 is n+1 =11.
 If a natural number is denoted by n, 2n is an even number and (2n+1) an odd number.
Example: If n=10, then 2n = 20 is an even number and 2n+1 = 21 is an odd number.

Writing Patterns in Geometry

 Algebraic expressions are used in writing patterns followed by geometrical figures.

Example: Number of diagonals we can draw from one vertex of a polygon of n sides is (n –
3).
Definition of Variables
 Any algebraic expression can have any number of variables and constants.

o Variable

 A variable is a quantity that is prone to change with the context of the

situation.
 a,x,p,… are used to denote variables.

 Constant
 It is a quantity which has a fixed value.
 In the expression 5x+4, the variable here is x and the constant is 4.
 The value 5x and 4 are also called terms of expression.
 In the term 5x, 5 is called the coefficient of x. Coefficients are any numerical factor of
a term.

Factors of a term
Factors of a term are quantities which can not be further factorised. A term is a product of its
factors.
Example: The term –3xy is a product of the factors –3, x and y.

Formation of Algebraic Expressions

 Variables and numbers are used to construct terms.
 These terms along with a combination of operators constitute an algebraic expression.
 The algebraic expression has a value that depends on the values of the variables.
 For example, let 6p2−3p+5) be an algebraic expression with variable p
The value of the expression when p=2 is,
6(2)2−3(2)+5→6(4)−6+5=23
The value of the expression when p=1 is,
6(1)2−3(1)+5→6−3+5=8

Like and Unlike Terms

Like terms

 Terms having same algebraic factors are like terms.

Example: 8xy and 3xy are like terms.

Unlike terms

 Terms having different algebraic factors are unlike terms.

Example: 7xy and −3x are unlike terms.
Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial and Polynomial Terms

Types of expressions based on the number of terms

Based on the number of terms present, algebraic expressions are classified as:

 Monomial: An expression with only one term.

Example: 7xy, −5m, etc.
 Binomial: An expression which contains two, unlike terms.
Example: 5mn+4, x+y, etc
 Trinomial: An expression which contains three terms.
Example: x+y+5, a+b+ab, etc.

Polynomials

 An expression with one or more terms.

Example:x+y,3xy+6+y, etc.

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Equations

 Mathematical operations like addition and subtraction can be applied to algebraic terms.
 For adding or subtracting two or more algebraic expression, like terms of both the
expressions are grouped together and unlike terms are retained as it is.
 Sum of two or more like terms is a like term with a numerical coefficient equal to the sum of
the numerical coefficients of all like terms.
 Difference between two like terms is a like term with a numerical coefficient equal to the
difference between the numerical coefficients of the two like terms.
 For example, 2y+3x−2x+4y→x(3−2)+y(2+4)→x+6y
 Summation of algebraic expressions can be done in two ways:
Consider the summation of the algebraic expressions 5a2+7a+2aband7a2+9a+11b

 Horizontal method
5a2+7a+2ab+7a2+9a+11b
= (5+7)a2+(7+9)a+2ab+11b
= 12a2+16a+2ab+11b
 Vertical method
5a2+7a+2ab
7a2+9a+11b
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
12a2+16a+2ab+11b
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

Solving an Equation

Use of algebraic expressions in the formula of the perimeter of figures

Algebraic expressions can be used in formulating perimeter of figures.
Example: Let l be the length of one side then the perimeter of:
Equilateral triangle = 3l
Square = 4l
Regular pentagon = 5l
Use of algebraic expressions in formula of area of figures
Algebraic expressions can be used in formulation area of figures. \
Example: Let lbe the length and bbe the breadth then the area of:
Square = l2
Rectangle = l×b=lb
Triangle = b×h2, where b and h are base and height, respectively.
Exponents and Powers Class 7 Notes: Chapter 13

Introduction

Powers and Exponents

Powers with negative exponents

Visualising Exponents

Visualising powers and exponents

Laws of Exponents

Powers with like bases

Power of a Power

Exponent Zero

Powers with unlike bases and same exponent

Uses of Exponents

Expanding a rational number using powers

Inter conversion between standard and normal forms

Comparision of quantities using exponents

Symmetry Class 7 Notes: Chapter 14

Basics of Symmetry
 Symmetry is a geometrical concept that is found in most cases including nature.
 Any geometric shape can be said to be symmetric or asymmetric
 A shape is said to be symmetric if there exists an imaginary line passing through that divides
the shape into halves and that these halves overlap each other completely.
 In other words, fold the shape about the imaginary line to check if the two halves completely
overlap each other or not. If they overlap each other completely the shape is symmetric, if
not, then it is asymmetric.
 The imaginary line is called as the line of symmetry.
  The symmetry observed in the above example is called as a line or bilateral symmetry.

Reflection Symmetry

 There exists at least one line that divides a figure into two halves such that one-half is the
mirror image of the other half.
 Reflection symmetry is a unique case of line symmetry as there exists lateral inversion in the
two halves.
 Lateral inversion signifies that left side of one half is the right side of its mirror half.

Point Symmetry

 If a shape has point symmetry, then any point on the shape has a matching point which is
exactly at the same distance from the point of symmetry but in the opposite direction.

Lines of Symmetry for Regular Polygons

Lines of symmetry for regular polygons

  Regular polygons are closed shapes that have equal sides and equal angles.
 Such polygons have multiple lines of symmetry.
Some regular polygons with their line of symmetry are shown below:

Rotational Symmetry
 There exists another concept of symmetry that does not involve folding the figure to check if
they coincide.
 Rotational symmetry is one where when a figure is rotated about a centre point, the figure
looks exactly the same before rotation.
 The particular centre for which rotational symmetry is observed is called the centre of
rotation.
 The angle of turning during rotation is called angle of rotation.
 The number of positions in which a figure can be rotated and still appears exactly like it did
before the rotation is called order of symmetry.
Rotational symmetry: A figure is rotated around a center point and it still appears exactly like
it did before the rotation
Centre of rotation: Fixed point around which the rotation occurs
Angle of rotation: Angle of turning during rotation
Order of Symmetry: Number of positions in which a figure can be rotated and still appears
exactly like it did before the rotation
Example: A star can be rotated 5 times along its tip and looks same every time. Hence, its
order of symmetry is 5.

Geometry in rotational symmetry

Rotational symmetry in triangle and square:
Summary of Symmetry

Figures with both line symmetry and rotational symmetry

Figures having both line symmetry and rotational symmetry:

Most regular polygons have both line and rotational symmetry.