Lesson 1

The Set of Real Numbers

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

• Represent the absolute value of a number on a number

line;
• Express rational numbers from fraction form to decimal
form and vice versa;
• Define the square root of a number;
• Estimate the square root of a whole number to the
nearest hundredth; and
• Arrange real numbers in increasing or decreasing order.
ACTIVITY
REAL NUMBER
REAL NUMBER

198
NOT REAL NUMBER

−1
REAL NUMBER

12.38
REAL NUMBER

-0.8625
NOT REAL NUMBER
REAL NUMBER

3
4
REAL NUMBER
REAL NUMBER CHART
NATURAL NUMBERS

• Set of counting numbers that do not start with 0.

• The set of natural numbers is

{𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, … }
WHOLE NUMBERS

• Set of numbers where the number zero (0) is included in

the number system.
• The set of whole numbers is

{𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, … }
INTEGERS

• The set consisting of the negative of counting numbers,

zero, and counting numbers.
• In set notation, the set of integers is

{… , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … }

NOTE

The real numbers are ordered, that is, for any two real numbers p
and q, one and only of the following statements are true:
• Number p is less than q, (written as 𝑝 < 𝑞)
• Number p is equal to q, (written as 𝑝 = 𝑞)
• Number p is greater than q, (written as 𝑝 > 𝑞)
This ordered nature of the real numbers allow us to arrange them
along a number line. Every real number corresponds to one and only
one point on the number line. The positive numbers are located to
the right of 0, while the negative numbers are to its left.
GRAPH OF INTEGER USING THE NUMBER LINE

Note:
As you go toward the right, the values of the numbers
increase. If you go toward the left, the values of the numbers
decrease.
EXAMPLE

3
Locate 2, − 2 , 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 on the number line.
ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A NUMBER

• The absolute value of a number is the distance from 0 to

the given number on the number line.
• Enclose the number or numerical expression within two
bars to denote absolute value.
• For example, |x| is read as “the absolute value of x.”
• When evaluating the absolute value of a number, we
expect a nonnegative result because we are talking
about the distance of that number from 0.
EXAMPLE 1

Evaluate:
• 0

• 17 + 3

• −26 + (−41)
EXAMPLE 1

Evaluate:
• 145 − 3(8)

• −9 −10

• −93 − −58

• 25 ∗ −8
RATIONAL NUMBERS

• A rational number is a number that can be expressed as

𝑎
quotient (or ratio) of two integers , where 𝑏 ≠ 0.
𝑏

Note:

This is not to say that rational numbers are fractions;

rather, a number is rational if it can be written in
fraction form in which the numerator and denominator
are integers (but the denominator cannot be zero).
CONVERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS FROM
FRACTION FORM TO DECIMAL FORM

• To write numbers given in fraction form as decimals,

perform the indicated division.

Note:

If a decimal number is terminating or repeating, then it is

a rational number.
EXAMPLE 2

Write the following rational numbers in decimal form:

9
• 36

1
•3

5
•7
EXAMPLE 2

Write the following rational numbers in decimal form:

94
• 50

45
• 192

152
• 198
CONVERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS FROM DECIMAL
FORM TO FRACTION FORM

• CASE 1: TERMINATING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS

• Write the given number without the decimal point
(ignore any leading zero) as the numerator.
• The denominator is 10 raised to the number of digits
in the decimal place values of the given number.
• Simplify or reduce the resulting fraction in lowest
terms.
EXAMPLE 3

Write each number in fraction form:

• 0.25

• 1.88
EXAMPLE 3

Write each number in fraction form:

• 0.234375

• 3.862
CONVERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS FROM DECIMAL
FORM TO FRACTION FORM

• CASE 2: REPEATING DECIMALS TO FRACTION

• Examine the repeating digit or digits in the decimal.
• Let x be the given decimal number.
• Let a be equal to the number of places by which the decimal
point should be moved so that it will be positioned right before
the first occurrence of the repeating digit(s).
• Let b be equal to the number of places by which the decimal
point should be moved so that it will be positioned right after the
first occurrence of the repeating digit(s).
• The numerator of the equivalent fraction will be 10𝑏 𝑥 − 10𝑎 (𝑥)
• Its denominator will be 10𝑏 − 10𝑎 .
• Simplify the resulting fraction.
EXAMPLE 4

Write the following rational numbers in fraction

form.
• 0. 3ത
EXAMPLE 4

Write the following rational numbers in fraction form.

• 0. 714285
EXAMPLE 4

Write the following rational numbers in fraction form.

• 82.043
PLOTTING RATIONAL NUMBERS IN NUMBER LINE

To compare rational numbers in decimal form, compare them digit by digit starting
from the leftmost digit or the digit with the highest place value.

To compare rational numbers in fraction form, you can first express them in
decimal form and then compare the resulting decimals.

Another way is rename the fractions in such a way that they will have a common
denominator, then simply compare the numerators.
EXAMPLE 5

4 1 5
• Arrange , , in descending order. Graph them on the
5 3 7
number line.
PRINCIPAL ROOT

• Given a positive number b, the square root of b is a

number a such that 𝑎2 = 𝑏.
• The equation 𝑎2 = 𝑏 can be written as the equation
2
𝑏 = 𝑎, which is read as “the square root of b is a”.
• The symbol √ is called the radical. The number on its
upper left (in this case it is 2) is called index. The
number or expression within the radical sign is the
radicand.
PRINCIPAL SQUARE ROOT

• The principal square root of b is the positive root of b.

• By convention, for any positive number b, 𝑏 is the
principal square root and − 𝑏 is the negative square
root. Henceforth, when we say square root, we mean the
principal root.
PERFECT SQUARES

• Perfect Squares are numbers with square roots that are

rational numbers.
• For example:
• The square roots of 1 are 1 and -1. The square roots of 9 are 3
and -3. The square roots of 25 are 5 and -5.
1 1 1 4
• The square roots of are 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2. The square roots of are
4 2 9
2 2 49 7 7
3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3. The square roots of 81
are 9
𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 9.
IRRATIONAL NUMBER

• An irrational number is a real number that cannot be

written as a ratio of two integers.
• Recall that in contrast to irrational numbers, rational
numbers can be written as a ratio of two integers. When
irrational numbers are written in decimal form, the
decimals are nonrepeating and nonterminating – exactly
the opposite of those for rational numbers (i.e.,
repeating or terminating decimals.
EXAMPLE 6

Determine whether each number is rational or irrational.

Explain.
16
• 6
3
• 9
• 893.79233478364113832965723…

• 893.79233485432485432485432…
PLOTTING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS IN NUMBER LINE

Note:

We cannot perform arithmetic operations with irrational numbers and

expect an exact answer, thus, we can just estimate the values.
ESTIMATING THE SQUARE ROOT OF A
NUMBER
• Being familiar with perfect square integers can help you
when estimating square roots.
• For example:
• Take 2. The radicand 2 is between the perfect squares 1 and 4.
Note that 1 is the largest perfect square integer that is less
than 2, and 4 is the smallest perfect square integer that is
greater than 2. The square root of 1 is 1; the square root of 4 is
2. So the square root of 2 must be between 1 and 2; that is
1<2<4
⇒ 1< 2< 4
⇒1< 2<2
EXAMPLE 7

Determine the largest integer less than and the smallest integer
greater than each given irrational number.
• 14

• 11

• 91
EXAMPLE

Let’s estimate the square root of 135 to the nearest hundredth.

We know that 121 < 135 < 144.

Let a be the difference between the given number and the lesser
perfect square.

In this case, a = 135 – 121 = 14

EXAMPLE

Let b be the difference between the greater perfect square and the lesser
perfect square.

In this case, b = 144 – 121 = 23.

𝑎 14
= ≈ 0.61, rounded to the nearest hundredth.
𝑏 23

𝑎
A candidate solution is the square root of the lesser perfect square plus 𝑏.
In this case, we try 11 + 0.61 = 11.61.
EXAMPLE

Squaring 11.61, we get 11.612 = 134.7921. Since this is less than

135, we can try another candidate solution by adding 0.01 (since we
are estimating to the nearest hundredth) to 11.61. Squaring 11.62
we get 11.622 = 135.0244 which is greater than 135. So we compare
which is closer to 135 – 134.7921 or 135.0244?

The answer is 135.0244. so 11.62 is the best estimate) to the

nearest hundredth) for 135.
EXAMPLE

269
• Arrange 31, 50 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5.9 in ascending order and plot them on the
number line.
The Set of Integers
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To illustrate that the set of integers is a subset of the set

of real numbers;
• To illustrate the different ways to obtain the sum of two
integers;
• To demonstrate subtraction of integers and translate it
into its equivalent addition pattern; and
• To discuss multiplication and division integers.
INTEGERS

The set of integers is the set

𝑰 = {… , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … }
The numbers 123,… are positive integers and the numbers -1, -2, -3,…
are negative integers. Zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer.

To graph an integer on the number line, locate the number and place a
dot on the line above that number. Name the point by using a capital
letter. The integer that corresponds to the letter is called the
coordinate of the point.
INTEGERS

Two integers that are of the same distance from zero or the
origin are called opposites or additive inverse. The opposite of
zero is zero itself.
ADDITION OF INTEGERS

• To add integers with the same sign, add their

absolute values. The sum of two positive
integers is a positive integer. The sum of the
negative integers is a negative integer. NOTE
• To add integers with different signs, subtract
their absolute values. The result takes the
Addition of
sign of the integer with the greater absolute
value. integers can also
be done with the
• The sum of any integer and its opposite is
aid of a number
equal to zero.
line.
EXAMPLES

• 15 + 17 = • −16 + 6 =

• −4 + −21 =
• 20 + −2 =
• −8 + 16 =

• 10 + −15 =
SOLUTION USING THE NUMBER LINE:

• 15 + 17 =

• −4 + −21 =

• −8 + 16 =

• 10 + −15 =
SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

• To subtract two integers, add the opposite or additive inverse

of the subtrahend to the minuend. That is, if a and b are any
two integers, then 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + (−𝑏). Then, follow the rules for
addition of integers.

COMPARISON
SUBTRACTION ADDITION
15 − 8 = 7 15 + (−8) = 7
9 − 15 = −6 9 + (−15) = −6
−7 − (−10) = 3 −7 + 10 = 3
−15 − 14 = −29 −15 + (−14) = −29
EXAMPLES

• 20 − 11 = • −29 − −27 =

• 35 − −19 =
• 16 − 53 − −18 =
• 4 − 13 =

• −8 − 31 = • −21 − −49 − 36 =
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF INTEGERS

• To multiply two integers, find the DIVIDEND/

÷/×
DIVISOR/ QUOTIENT
product of the absolute values of the MULTIPLICAND MULTIPLIER /PRODUCT
integers.
+ ÷/× + +
• To divide integers, find the quotient
of the absolute values of the integers. + ÷/× − −
• The product/quotient of two integers
with the same sign is positive. The − ÷/× − +
product/quotient of two integers with
unlike signs is negative. − ÷/× + −
EXAMPLES

• −6 −4 = • 48 ÷ 3 =

3684
• −11 20 = • =
−12

• (7)(−20)(5) = • −56 24 ÷ −24 =

• −3 −12 −2 = • 5500 ÷ 5 ÷ 11 =
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS!