REAL NUMBERS

AND ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION
TOPIC 1
 SETS THEORY
• A set is a collection of objects, and the objects are
called elements or members of the set. In arithmetic
and Algebra the elements of a set are usually
numbers
• The use of set braces, { }, to enclose the elements
(or a description of the elements) and the use of
capital letters to name sets provide a convenient
way to communicate about sets.
 SETS THEORY
• We can modify the listing approach if the number
of elements is quite large. For example, all of the
letters of the alphabet can be listed as
{a, b, c,..., z }
• We simply begin by writing enough elements to
establish a pattern; then the three dots indicate that
the set continues in that pattern.
{1, 2, 3, . . . }
 SETS THEORY
• Set builder notation combines the use of braces and the concept of a variable. For
example, x|x is a vowel is read “the set of all x such that x is a vowel.”
Note that the vertical line is read “such that.”
 SETS THEORY
• Null set or Empty Set - A s e t t h a t c o n t a i n s
n o e l e m e n t , s y m b o l i z e d b y { } o r Ø.
• Example:

{x|x is a month with 32 days}

Answer: It is an empty set because no
month has 32 days. The set has no
elements.
 THE REAL NUMBERS
• Real number is any number that has a decimal
representation.
• The set of real numbers, denoted by R, is the
collection of all real numbers.
• Real numbers are simply the combination of
rational and irrational numbers, in the number
system. In general, all the arithmetic operations can
be performed on these numbers, and they can be
represented in the number line.
THE IRRATIONAL NUMBER
Number that cannot be expressed in form, where a and b are integers, and b
is not zero. Furthermore, an irrational number has a nonrepeating and
nonterminating decimal representation. Some examples of irrational
numbers and a partial decimal representation for each follow.
• A set A is a subset of a set B
if and only if every element
of A is also an element of B.
 OPERATIONS
• Absolute value of any number is the distance between
the number and zero on the number line. For example,
the absolute value of 2 is 2. The absolute value of 3 is 3.
The absolute value of 0 is 0 .
 ADDING REAL NUMBERS
Addition of Real Numbers
Two Positive Numbers
The sum of two positive real numbers is the sum of their
absolute values.
Two Negative Numbers
The sum of two negative real numbers is the opposite of the
sum of their absolute values.
One Positive and One Negative Number The sum of a
positive real number and a neg
active real number can be found by subtracting the smaller
absolute value from the larger
absolute value and giving the result the sign of the original
number that has the larger
absolute value. If the two numbers have the same absolute
value, then their sum is 0.
Zero and Another Number The sum of 0 and any real number
is the real number itself
 SUBTRACTING REAL
NUMBERS
Subtraction of Real Numbers
If a and b are real numbers, then
a b a ( b)
 MULTIPLYING REAL
NUMBERS
Multiplication of Real Numbers
1. The product of two positive or two negative real numbers is the
product of their absolute values.
2. The product of a positive real number and a negative real number
(either order) is
the opposite of the product of their absolute values.
3. The product of zero and any real number is zero.
 DIVIDING REAL NUMBERS
Division of Real Numbers
1. The quotient of two positive or two negative real numbers is
the quotient of their absolute values.
2. The quotient of a positive real number and a negative real
number or of a negative
real number and a positive real number is the opposite of the
quotient of their absolute values.
3. The quotient of zero and any nonzero real number is zero.
4. The quotient of any nonzero real number and zero is
undefined.