Numbers and Number Sense

•Sets
•Subsets
 Sets
 A set is a collection or group of well-defined and well-distinguished objects
that follow a certain common rule.
This rule helps in identifying whether a particular object
belongs to the group or not.

For example,
a. a set of Geometry books found in PSHS-BRC library
b. a set of students who scored more than 95% mark in the Math Diagnostic Test.
c. A set of Pisay-BRC scholars enrolled in Pisay EDGE 2021

 Each member or object is called an element of that set which belongs to.
For example: X={ set of all consonants of English alphabet }, then b belongs to X
or c belongs to X.
 Subsets
 Set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is an element of B; that
is, if x belongs to A, then x belongs to B.
 Every set is a subset of itself.
For example,
Let X = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
Y = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
Z = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }

Then, we say that X is a subset of Y because every element of X is an

element of Y. However, X is not a subset of Z because 0 is an element of
X but not an element of Z. We could have also used the fact that 6 and 8
are elements of X but not elements of set Z.
Real Number Line
The Real Number Line
• Real numbers can be represented by points on a line.

• The positive direction (toward the right) and negative direction (toward the
left) are indicated by arrows.
• An arbitrary reference point O, called the origin.
• Every real number is represented by a point on the line, and every point P
on the line corresponds to exactly one real number.
• The number associated with the point P is called the coordinate of P, and the
line is then called a coordinate line, or a real number line, or simply a real
line.
 Order on the Real Number Line
• The real numbers are ordered.
• We say that a is less than b, if b-a is a positive
number.This means that a lies to the left of b on
the number line.
Subsets of Real Numbers
 Subsets of Real Numbers
The illustration shows the relationships among the subsets of the
real numbers. As shown, the natural numbers are a subset of the
whole numbers, which are a subset of the integers, which are a
subset of the rational numbers. The union of the rational numbers
and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers.
Types of Real Numbers
Real Numbers
• Real numbers are the numbers consist of rational and
irrational numbers.
Rational Numbers
• Rational number is a number can be written as p/q,
where p and q are integers and q≠0.
• 1/2, 2/3, -11/4, 0, -3, 4, 100, -16

Irrational Numbers
• Irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed
as a quotient of two integers.
Natural Numbers
• Natural numbers are all positive numbers we use in
counting.
• These are: 1,2,3,4,5,...
Whole Numbers
• Whole numbers are all natural numbers and 0.
• These are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,...
Integers
• Integers consist of the natural numbers with their
negatives(additive inverses) and 0.
• These are:... -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...
Even and Odd Numbers
Prime and Composite
Numbers
Even Numbers
• Even numbers are integers that are divisible by 2.
• There are: ..., -6, -4, -2, 0 ,2, 4, 6,...

Odd Numbers
• Odd numbers are integers that are not divisible by 2.
• These are: ... ,-9, -7, -5 ,-3,-1,3,5,7, 9, ...
Prime Numbers
• Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 that
are only divisible by 1 and itself.
• These are : 2,3,5,7,11...
Composite Numbers
• Composite Numbers are natural numbers, which are
divisible by 1 and itself and are divisible by other natural
numbers.
• These are: 4,6,8,9,10...
Operations on Whole Numbers
 Four Basic Arithmetic Operations
• An operation in mathematics is something
we do to numbers, such as adding,
subtracting, multiplying or dividing.
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Symbol

Result Sum Difference Product Quotient(and

remainder)
 The following tables show some examples of the
elementary mathematics operations, and the
terms that we use to describe them.
Addition

Expression
35 + 12 = 47
Statement  The sum of 35 and 12 is 47.

 35 plus 12 is 47.
Subtraction

Expression
327 - 258 = 69
Statement  The difference of 327 and 258 is 69.

 327 minus 258 is 69.

Multiplication

Expression
56 x 12 = 672
Statement  The product of 56 and 12 is 672.

 56 times 12 is 672.
Division

Expression

Statement  Divide 563 by 55, the quotient is 10 and the

remainder is 13.
Let’s do this!
Answer the following items by applying the concepts that
we have just tackled.
 1-2. List the elements of the given set that are
(a) natural numbers
(b) integers
(c) rational numbers
(d) irrational numbers
1. { 0, -10, 50, , 0.538, , - , }
2. { 1.001, 0.333..., -, -11, 11, , , 3.14, }
 3. Consider the numbers , , , -11, , 5 , 7.15155155..., - , , - , 0,
a. Which are integers but not natural numbers?
b. Which are integers but not whole numbers?
c. Which are rational numbers but not integers?
d. Which are real numbers but not integers?

4. Write the factors for each number. Then, decide if it is a

prime or composite.
Number Factors Prime or Composite
a. 8
b. 5
c.19
d.48
5. Choose the even and odd numbers from the set of numbers
given below..

68 84 45 70 54 72 47 36 25 71
30 99 33 55 3 101 60 88 12 41

  Perform the indicated operation.

6.
a. 345 + 123
b. 5901 4576
c. 342
d. 7354
Thank you for attending the
first meeting of Pisay
EDGE in Mathematics.