PRETEST

Learning Objectives
✓Determine the mathematical symbols and language,
syntax, and its own rules and its use to communicate
ideas with precision and conciseness.
Mathematical Language

• It is the system used to communicate mathematical ideas.

This language consists of some natural language using
technical terms and grammatical conventions that are
uncommon to mathematical discourse, supplemented by a
highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical
formulas.
Characteristics of a Mathematical Language

➢Precise
➢Concise
➢Powerful
Precise

•Precision in mathematics is like a culture of

being correct all the time.
Concise

•Mathematical language must be concise or

shows simplicity. Being concise is a strong
part of the culture in mathematical
language.
Powerful

•It is a way of expressing complex thoughts

with relative ease.
Mathematical Expression

- is a finite combination of symbols that is well-defined

according to the rules that depend on the context. The symbols
can designate numbers, variables, operations, functions,
brackets, punctuations, and groupings to help determine the
order of operations, and other aspects of mathematical syntax.
Mathematical Sentence

- makes a statement about two expressions, either using

numbers, variables, or a combination of both. A
mathematical sentence can also use symbols or words
like equals, greater than, or less than. It is a correct
arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a
complete thought and can be determined whether it's
true, false, sometimes true/sometimes false.
Mathematics is a symbolic language. As a symbolic language many symbols can be encounter when
studying this subject:

Σ - the sum of
∃ - there exists
∀ - for every (for any)
∈ - element of (or member of)
∉ - not an element of (or not a member of)
⊆ - subset of
⇒ - if…, then
⇔ - if and only if
ℜ - set of real numbers
ℕ - set of natural numbers
ℤ - set of integers
ℚ - set of rational numbers
∞ - infinity
Truth Sentences

- Mathematical Sentences may either be true or false but

not both.
Example: Write the following mathematical sentences into
English sentences and tell whether if they were true or
false.
• ∀𝑥 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
• ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
• ∃𝑚, 𝑛 𝜖 ℤ, 𝑚 − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚 + 𝑛
• ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ, 𝑎𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0 ∨ 𝑏 = 0
Example: Write the following mathematical sentences into
English sentences and tell whether if they were true or
false.
• ∀𝑥 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 • For any real number x, its square is greater than
• ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
or equal to 0. (True)
• ∃𝑚, 𝑛 𝜖 ℤ, 𝑚 − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚 + 𝑛 • For any real numbers x and y, the square of
their sum is equal to the sum of their squares
• ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ, 𝑎𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0 ∨ 𝑏 = 0 plus twice their product. (True)
• There exist integers m and n such that m minus
n is less than or equal to m plus n. (True)
• For any rational numbers a and b, if their
product is zero then either a or b equals 0.
(True)
Example: Write the following English sentences into
mathematical sentence.

• Ten is the square root of 100.

• Ten is greater than 9.
• Ten is an even number
• Ten is a multiple of 5.
Example: Write the following English sentences into
mathematical sentence.

• Ten is the square root of 100. • 100 = 10

• Ten is greater than 9. • 10 > 9
• Ten is an even number • 10 ∈ 2𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
• Ten is a multiple of 5. • 10 ∈ 5𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Cardinal Numbers

- Are used for counting and answers the question “how

many?”
Ordinal Numbers

- Tells the position of a thing in terms of first, second,

third, etc.
Nominal Numbers

- Use only as a name, or to identify something

Unary Operation

- Accepts only one value or operand

Examples:
• -5
• sin x
• cos 45
𝜋
• tan
3
Binary Operation

- Takes two values, include the operations of addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, and
exponentiation.
Examples:
• 4+5=9
• 10 – 8 = 2
 Mathematical Convention

•A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage

which is generally agreed upon by mathematicians. For instance,
the fact that one evaluates multiplication before addition in the
expression is merely conventional: there is nothing inherently
significant about the order of operations.
•Mathematicians abide by conventions in order to allow other
mathematicians to understand what they write without
constantly having to redefine basic terms.
 Mathematical Convention

Number and Quantities:

•Numbers are expressed in base 10 unless otherwise noted,
using the ten digits 0 to 9 and a period to the right of the ones
digit, or units digit, for the decimal points. Also, in numbers
that are 1,000 or greater, commas are used to separate groups
of three digits to the left of the decimal point.
Example:
•1000000 = 1,000,000
•103.25
 Mathematical Convention

Number and Quantities:

2. Some other conventions involving numbers
• One billion = 1,000,000,000 = 10^9
• One dozen = 12
• (represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter) = 3.1416
 Mathematical Convention

Number and Quantities:

3. When a positive number is to be rounded to a certain decimal
place and the number is halfway between the two nearest
possibilities, the number should be rounded to the greater possibility.
Example:
•23.5 rounded to the nearest integer is 24
•123.985 is rounded to the nearest hundredths is 123.99
•-36.5 rounded to the nearest integer is -37.
*When the number to be rounded is negative, the number should be
rounded to the lesser possibility.
 Mathematical Convention

Number and Quantities:

4. Repeating decimals are sometimes written with a bar over the
digits that repeat.
Example:
•25/12 = 2.083
•1/7 = 0.142857
 Mathematical Convention

Mathematical Expressions, Symbols, and Variables

1. When variables are given, their possible values are all real numbers
unless otherwise restricted. It is common to restrict the possible
values in various ways.
Example:
•n is a nonzero integer
•1<x<2
•T is the tens digit of a two-digit positive integer, so T is an integer from 1 to 9.
 Mathematical Convention

Mathematical Expressions, Symbols, and Variables

2. Mathematical expressions are to be interpreted with respect to the
order of operations, which establishes which operations are
performed before others in expression. The order is as follows:
parentheses, exponentiation, negation, multiplication, and division
(from left to right), addition, and subtraction (from left to right)
Example:
•1 + 2 x 4 = 9
•-3^2 = -9
•(-3)^2 = 9
Sets

• is a collection of a well-defined objects

that contains no duplicates. The objects
in the set are called the elements of the
set. To describe a set, we use braces { },
and use capital letters to represent it.
Elements

• The objects contain in a set.

 Some Important Sets of Numbers
•Set of Natural Numbers N = {1, 2, 3, ...}
•Set of Whole Numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
•Set of Integers Z = {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}
•Set of Positive Prime Numbers P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...}
•Set of Odd Numbers O = {..., -3, -1, 1, 3, ...}
•Set of Even Numbers E = {..., -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, ...}
•Set of Rational Numbers
•Set of Irrational Number
•Set of Real Numbers
 Ways to Represent Sets
Rule Method/Set Builder Notation - A set which is
described with the help of a statement.
Tabular Method/Roster Method - The elements of
the set are enumerated and separated by a comma.
Descriptive Method - A set is described with the
help of a statement.
Venn Diagram - Sets are represented graphically.
 Some Important Definitions
Singleton Set - A set having only one element.
Null/Empty Set - A set that does not contain any element.
Finite Set - A set in which the process of counting it's elements
terminates.
Infinite Sets - If the process of counting the elements of a set
does not terminate.
Equal Sets - Two sets are said to be equal if and only if they
have the same elements.
 Some Important Definitions
Equivalent Sets - These are two sets having the same
number of elements.
Subset - A set A is a subset of a set B denoted by A⊆B,
if every element of set B.
Power Set - The set of all possible subsets of a set A
and is denoted by p(A). The total numbers of subsets is
find out by 2^n. Where n = number of elements in a set.
 Some Important Definitions
Proper Subset - A set A is a proper subset of a set B
denoted by A⊂B if A is a subset of B and if there
exists at least one element in B that is not in A.
Improper Subset - A set is called improper subset,
if both sets are one by one equivalent to each
other.
 Operations on Two Sets
• Union of Two Sets – the union of the sets A and B, denoted by
A∪B is the set that contains those elements which are contained in A
or B or both.
• Intersection of Two Sets – The intersection of sets A and B,
denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, is the set that contains those elements which are
contained in both A and B.
• Difference of two sets – The difference of Sets A and B, denoted by
A-B is the set containing those elements that are in A but not in B.
• Symmetric Difference of Two Sets – The symmetric difference of
sets A and B, denoted by 𝐴∆𝐵, is the set containing those elements
which are either in A or in B but not both in A and B.
 Operations on Two Sets
• Universal Set – A set which contains all the sets under consideration.
It is usually denoted by 𝑼
• Complement of a Set – it is the set containing those elements of U,
which are not in A.
• Disjoint Sets – Sets that contains no common element.
Some Fundamentals of Logic
Propositions

• It is a statement which is either true or false.

Example:
• 9 is a prime a number
• 5+3=8
• 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≥ 0
• 10 < -3
Truth Table

• Is a table that shows the truth value of a compound

statement for all possible truth values of its simple
statements.
 Negation

• A statement is a negation of another if the word is not

introduced in the negative statement. Let P be the
proposition. The negation of p is “not P” or ¬𝑃

The following is its truth table:

P ¬𝑷
T F
F T
Negation

What is the negation of the following statements?

a. 𝑃: 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
b. 𝑅: 6 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Logical Connectives
- Are defined by truth tables.
LOGIC MATH ENGLISH

CONJUNCTION ⋀ AND

DISJUNCTION ⋁ OR

NEGATION ¬ NOT

CONDITIONAL ⟹ IF…THEN…

BICONDITIONAL ⇐ IF AND ONLY IF

•Denial - is a statement equivalent to the negation of a
statement.
•Tautology - is a statement which is always true.
•Contradiction - is a statement which is always false.
•Contrapositive - Switching hypothesis and conclusion of a
conditional statement and negating both.
•Predicate - is a sentence containing one or more variables
which becomes a proposition upon replacement of the
variables.
SEATWORK