Section 1.

1 Complex numbers and its

representations
Complex numbers and its
algebraic operations
Geometric representation of
complex numbers
Multiplication and division

Powers and roots

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1. Complex numbers and its algebraic operations

(1) The definition of Complex numbers

Imaginary
part
Complex z = x + iy or z = x+ yi.
numbers

Real part
x = Re( z ), y = Im( z ).
Imaginary
number

If x = 0, y  0 , z = iy is called to be a purely imaginary number

If y = 0, z = x is a real number.

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Let z1 = x1 + iy1 , z 2 = x2 + iy2 . Then z1 = z 2 if and only if
x1 = x2 , y1 = y2

Let z = x + iy. Then z = 0 if and only if x = 0, y = 0.

For a complex number z = x + iy, x − iy is called to be the Conjugate,

denoted by z , i.e., z = x − iy.

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(2) The operations of Complex numbers

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2 .

a. Addition and subtraction:
z1  z2 = ( x1  x2 ) + i ( y1  y2 ).
b. Multiplication:
z1  z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 + x1 y2 ).
c. division:
z1 x1 x2 + y1 y2 x2 y1 − x1 y2
= +i .
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
2 2 2 2
z2

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 The properties of complex conjugates:
z  z
(1) z1  z2 = z1  z2 ; z1  z2 = z1  z2 ;  1  = 1 ;
 z2  z2
( 2 ) z = z;

(3) z  z = Re( z ) + Im( z )

2 2

(4) z + z = 2 Re( z ), z − z = 2i Im( z ).

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Example 1 Write the following complex number

to be the form of x + iy . i 1− i
+ .
1− i i

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 1 3i
Example 2 Let z = − − , Find Re( z ), Im( z )
i 1− i
and z  z.

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 2.Geometric representation of complex numbers

(1) Complex plane (2) Modulas(absolute value)

y
z = x + iy
y  P ( x, y) z = r = x2 + y2 .
r
o x x
x  z, y  z,
imaginary
z  x + y , z  z = z = z2 .
axis real axis 2

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Example 3 Find the real part,imaginary part and modulas for
1+ z
( z  1)
1− z

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 y
z1 + z2
From the one-to-one correspondence z2
between complex numbers and points
in the complex plane(or vectors), it’s
easy to check the following z1
fundamental inequalities o x
y

z2
a. z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
z1
b. z1 − z2  z1 − z 2 x
o

z1 − z2
− z2
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 (3) Argument
For nonzero z = x + iy, let P be the point (x, y) , and  be the angle
subtended by the vector OP and the x - axis. We define the argument
of z to be the angle  , and we write  = Argz

y
z = x + iy
 P ( x, y) Argz = 1 + 2kπ.


o x

z = 0 has not determined argument.

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 The principle value of Argz, denoted by arg z, is specified

rather arbitrarily tobe the value of  that satisfies − π    π.

y
 arctan , x  0,
 x
 π
 , x = 0, y  ( )0,
 2
arg z =  y
 arctan + ( − )π, x  0, y  ( )0,
 x
 π, x  0 , y = 0.


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(4)The triangular and exponential representation
By the correspondence between  x = r cos ,

rectangular coordinates and polar  y = r sin ,
coordinates
we can write z = r (cos + i sin )
(triangular representation)
Using the Euler Formula e i = cos + i sin ,

We write z = rei (polar representation)

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Example 4 Write the following numbers to be triangular
and exponential,respectively.
 
(1) z = −1 − 3i; ( 2) z = sin + i cos ;
5 5

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Example 5 Write z = 1 − cos  + i sin  (0    π)
to be triangular and exponential form, respectively.

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3. Multiplication and division

Proposition 1 | z1 z 2 |=| z1 || z 2 |,
Arg( z1 z2 ) = Argz1 + Argz2 .

Proposition 2

z2 z2  z2 
= , Arg  = Argz2 − Argz1 .
z1 z1  z1 

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 1  
Example 6 Let z1 = (1 − 3i ), z 2 = sin − i cos .
2 3 3
z1
Find z1  z 2 and .
z2

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Example 7 Suppose that z1 = 1 和z2 = 2 + i are two vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Find the third vertex.
y
z3
z2 = 2 + i

3
x
o
z1 = 1
z3

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4. Powers and roots
(1) nth power:

zn =  z
z 
z.
n
For z = rei , and positive integer n, z n = r n ein .
If | z | = 1, i.e., z = ei = cos  + i sin  , then by

z n = ein = cos n + i sin n ,

We obtain (cos  + i sin  ) n = cos n + i sin n .
(de Moivre’s formulae)

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(2) nth root: If w n = z , we call w to be nth roots of z.

  + 2kπ  + 2kπ  ( k = 0,1,2,, n − 1)

1
w = n z = r  cos
n
+ i sin 
 n n 
  
1
w0 = r  cos + i sin ,
n
 n n

  + 2π  + 2π 
1
w1 = r  cos
n
+ i sin ,
 n n 

,

  + 2( n − 1)π  + 2( n − 1)π 
1
wn−1 = r  cos
n
+ i sin .
 n n 

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Example 8 Find the value of (1 + i) + (1 − i) .
n n

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Example 9 Find the value of 4
− 16.

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