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Microwave Test Bench PDF
Microwave Test Bench PDF
Learning Material
Ver 1.0
141-B, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India, Tel.: 91-731- 4211500,
Telefax: 91-731-4202959, Toll free: 1800-103-5050, E-mail: info@nvistech.com
Website: www.nvistech.com
Microwave Test Bench
• Experiment 8 49
Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring
The following parameters:
a. Main line and Auxiliary line SWR.
b. Coupling factor and directivity
• Experiment 9 52
Study of Magic Tee
• Experiment 10 55
Study of Circulator/Isolator
• Experiment 11 58
Study of Attenuator (Fixed and Variable type)
• Experiment 12 60
Phase shift measurement
• Experiment 13 62
Measurement of Dielectric Constant
• Experiment 14 69
Study the voice communication by using microwave test bench.
• Experiment 15 70
To study the square law behavior of a microwave crystal detector
• Experiment 16 71
To study the Resonant Cavity
• Experiment 17 73
To study the substitution method for attenuation measurement and
determine the attenuation due to a component under test
• Experiment 18 76
To study reflectometer principle for measuring VSWR of a load
under test
• Experiment 19 79
To study the PC to PC communication using microwave test bench.
5. Identification of Microwave Components 81
6. Warranty 85
7. List of Accessories 87
Technical Specifications
Internal Modulation
Audio Modulation
PC Data Modulation
Supply
PC Interface : RS 232
Dimension (mm) : 273 x 197 x 80
Operating Instructions
The following operating instructions should be followed for operating the Gunn
source.
Gunn Power Supply:
1. Before switching ON the power supply, keep Gunn Bias and Pin Bias knobs
fully anticlockwise.
2. Connect the Power Supply to the Gunn Bias Terminal at the Gunn Oscillator
with BNC to BNC cable
3. Rotate the Gunn bias knob gradually to the operating voltage.
4. For amplitude modulation of CW output of Gunn Oscillator connect Pin Bias
supply to Pin Modulator by cable, keep the modulation selector switch at INT
position. Rotate the pin bias knob in clock-wise direction. Maximum depth of
modulation is obtained when the pin bias knob is fully clock-wise.
5. When detector is used along with SWR meter, turn the Mod. Freq. Knob till max
indication is obtained on the SWR Meter.
6. Before switching off the Power Supply rotate the Gunn Bias and Pin Bias knobs
fully anticlockwise and disconnect Gunn Oscillator and Pin Modulator.
Gunn Oscillator:
1. Increase the Gunn Supply Voltage to the operating voltage specified on the
calibration chart provided with each Oscillator. The Gunn Oscillator Cavity is
tunable by a movable short which is connected to a micrometer.
2. If the Gunn oscillator fails to give output check the Gunn-diode current. If the
meter fails to indicate current the Gunn Diode may have burnt. Never test the
Gunn Diode by a multi-meter.
3. Negative or more than positive +12 V should never be applied to the Gunn
Oscillator, which will cause a permanent damage to. Gunn Diode.
PIN Modulator:
1. If the CW output of the Gunn Oscillator is required to be amplitude modulated,
the Pin Modulator should be connected to the output of X-band Gunn source
such that power flow through the modulator is in direction of arrow marked an it
and press mode for getting modulation.
2. If amplitude modulation with 1 KHz frequency and 50% duty cycle is required
for VSWR measurements, bias the Pin modulator using the Power Supply as
described earlier.
3. A 3dB fixed attenuating vane is fitted in Pin modulator's waveguide section to
Isolate Gunn Diode and Pin Diode. Thus a DC biasing to. Pin Modulator by 10
to 20mA DC current, the output will be 3dB down.
4. In case CW output is required, the Pin Modulator should be removed from the
test setup.
Safety Precautions
1. Before connecting the Gunn Power Supply to the Gunn Oscillator and Pin
modulator, switch ON the Gunn Power Supply and check Gunn bias varying the
control knob from o to 10V. If this voltage exceeds 12V for any position Gunn
Bias Control, do not connect the Power Supply to the Gunn Oscillator.
2. If the voltage variation is proper, rotate the Gunn Bias Knob fully anti clock-
wise and follow the operating instructions.
3. If during operation of the Gunn Oscillator, the meter reads more than 12V and
Gunn Bias Control loses control of supply, disconnect the Gunn Oscillator from
Power Supply immediately.
4. If on rotating the Gunn Bias Control Knob in the clock-wise direction the Gunn
Supply Voltage saturates at about 3 to 5 Volts again disconnect the Power
Supply immediately. The Power Supply needs servicing in case of situation 4.
Technical Specifications
SWR Meter
The model NV 103 SWR meter is a high gain low noise, tuned voltmeter operating at
fixed frequency. It is designed for making standing wave measurement in conjunction
with a suitable detector and slotted line or wave guide section. It may be used as null
detector in bridge circuit and as fixed frequency indicator. It is calibrated to indicate
directly SWR or db when used with square law devices such as crystal diode. It has
expanded scales for accurate reading of small increments. It is adjusted for operation at
980Hz to 1020 Hz to avoid harmonics of the line frequency.
Technical Specifications
Display : LCD (16 x 2)
Scale deflection.
dB 0-10
Audio
PC Interface
distortion in the standing-wave pattern. This effect usually becomes greater as probe
penetration is increased and can be explained by considering the probe as and
admittance shunting the line.
Impedance in the standing-wave pattern varies along the line from maximum at a
voltage maximum to a minimum at a voltage minimum. The shunt admittance
introduced by the probe lowers these impedance this causing the measured SWR to be
lower than the true SWR and shifting both the maxima & minima from their neutral
position. The shift will be greater at a voltage maximum that at a voltage minimum.
Besides absorbing power and affecting the standing-wave pattern the probe will also
cause reflections in the line. These reflections will travel towards the signal source. If
the signal source is not matched, these reflections are re-fleeted towards the load and
will cause additional errors in low SWR measurements.
An exception to the minimum penetration rule occurs when it is desired to examine in
details a voltage minimum in a high SWR measurement. For this work, greater probe
penetration can be tolerated because the voltage minimum corresponds to low
impedance point in the line. However only at a voltage minimum you can tolerate
substantial probe penetration.
Precaution when crystal detectors used:
Whenever a crystal detector with a matched load resistor is used, the input selector
switch must be set at the XTAL - 200 K ohms position to obtain accurate square-law
response. With unloaded crystal, select the input impedance which gives maximum
sensitivity. Usually, the XTAL 200 position will give the best [sensitivity. However,
some crystal diodes may given higher output in the XTAL - 200 K ohms position.
maximum sensitivity is desirable so probe penetration in the slotted line can be kept to
a minimum.
Operation procedures:
1. Low SWR Measurements (10 and below):
a. Turn ON the instrument. For a maximum stability allow approximately 5
minutes warm up.
b. Set Input Selector Switch for the type of detector that is to be used.
c. Connect the detector cable to the input of the VSWR meter
d. Set GAIN (COARSE & FINE) controls to approximately of maximum.
e. Set range switch on 30-db or 40-db position. Adjust probe penetration to
obtain up-scale reading.
f. Peak the meter by adjusting the modulation frequency of the signal source, if
adjustable. Reduce probe penetration to keep on scale.
g. Peak the meter by tuning the probe detector, if tunable. Reduce the gain
control knob or attenuator to keep meter on scale, i.e. to obtain full scale
reading.
h. Peak the meter by moving the probe carriage along the line. To reduce gain
control knob or attenuator to keep meter on scale.
i. Adjust GAIN controls and /or output power from the signal source to obtain
exactly full scale reading.
j. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading. Do not
retune probe or detector
k. Read SWR, Which is indicated directly on the scale.
2. If the reading at the minimum is more than 3 on the top scale, set RANGE Switch
to next higher range and read the indication on the second SWR or (3 to 10) scale
of SWR.
3. If the range switch is changed by two steps used top SWR scale, however all
indication on this scale must be multiplied by 10.
High SWR Measurements (Above 10):
When the SWR is high, probe coupling must be increased if a reading is to be obtained
at the voltage minimum. However, at the voltage maximum, this high coupling may
result in a deformation of the pattern with consequent error in reading, In addition to
this error caused by probe loading there is also danger of error resulting from the
change in detector characteristics at higher R.F. levels.
Double Minimum Method:
In the double minimum method, it is necessary to establish the electrical distance
between the points where the output is double the minimum.
1. Repeat steps 1 to 7 in the low SWR measurement procedures. .
2. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading and note the
probe carriage position.
3. For reference, adjust gain controls to obtain reading of 3.0 on the db scale. If a
linear detector is being used, adjust gain controls for an indication of 1.5 on db
scale.
4. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain a reading of full scale ('o') on
the db scale on each side of the minimum.
5. Record as d1 and d2 the probe carriage position at the two equal readings
obtained in step 4.
6. Short the line and measure the distance between successive minima. Twice this
distance is the guide wavelength.
The SWR can be obtained by substituting this distance into the expression.
λg
SWR =
π (d1− d2 )
Where λg is the guide wave length d1 and d2 are the location of the twice-minimum
points.
The method overcomes the effect of probe loading since the probe is always set around
a voltage minimum where larger probe loading can be tolerated however it does not
overcome the effect of detector characteristics.
Experiment 1
Objective:
To study the characteristics of the Reflex Klystron Tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range. (For NV 9000)
Apparatus required:
• Klystron Power Supply
• Klystron tube with Klystron mounts
• Isolator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount, Wave guide stand
• SWR meter and oscilloscope
• BNC cable
Theory:
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated & passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
retards and finally, reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the
resonator. Suppose an rf-field exists between the resonators the electrons traveling
forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in
amplitude.
resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Fig. 2 shows the relationship between output
power, frequency and reflector voltages.
Figure 4
2. Set Micrometer of variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate position, crystal selector switch
to 200ohm impedance position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS set Mode select switch to AM- MOD position. Beam voltage control
knob to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control knob to the
maximum clockwise position.
5. Switch ‘On’ the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the Reading in SWR meter
is grater than 0.0db or less than -10dB in normal Mode respectively. Further the
output can also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the output for any
particular position.
12. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR Meter and observe the square wave across
detector mount.
Mode Study on Oscilloscope:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 7.
2. Set Mode selector switch to FM-Mode position with FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob fully
anticlockwise and reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise.
Figure 5
Modes of 2k25
Figure 6
3. Keep the time/division scale of Oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency
measurement and volt/ div to lower scale.
4. Switch ‘On’ the klystron power supply and oscilloscope.
5. Set beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the
reflector voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in figure 8 on the
oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical
axis represents output power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of
Klystron tube can be seen on an Oscilloscope.
Experiment 2
Objective:
To study V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode (For NV 9001)
Apparatus required:
• Gunn oscillator
• Gun power supply
• PIN modulator
• Isolator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount
• Wave guide stands
• SWR Meter
• Cables and accessories.
Theory:
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap
(greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to
high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts
moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode
to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself.
Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have
used separate PIN modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the
output ratio between, 'ON and 'OFF state.
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the fig.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as shown:
• Gunn bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
• PIN bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
• PIN Mod frequency : mid position
• Mode switch : CW Mode
Note: Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15
seconds. Reading should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to excessive
heating, Gunn Diode may bum.
Sr. No. V (v) I (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Experiment 3
Objective:
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working on
TE10 mode
Apparatus required:
• Gunn power supply
• Gunn Oscillator
• Isolator
• PIN modulator
• Frequency meter
• Slotted section
• Tunable probe
• Wave guide stand
• SWR meter
• Matched termination.
Theory:
Mode represents in wave guides as either
TE m, n/ TM m, n
Where
TE – Transverse electric,
TM – Transverse magnetic
m – Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n – Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
λg
= (d1 − d 2 )
2
Where d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima/maxima. It is having
highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode. For dominant TE10 mode in
rectangular wave guide λo, λg and λc are related as below.
Where
λo is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cutoff wave length
2a
For TE10 mode, λc =
m
Where m = 1 in TE10 mode and ‘a' is broad dimension of waveguide. The following
relationship can be proved
C = ƒλ
Where
c = 3 x 108 m/s is velocity of light and f is frequency.
Procedure:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig.
2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. First connect the matched termination after slotted section.
4. Keep the control knob of Gunn power supply as shown.
• Gunn bias knob : fully anti- clockwise direction
• PIN bias knob : fully anti- clockwise direction
• PIN Mod frequency : mid position
• Mode switch : Int. mode
5. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as shown.
• Range dB : 50 dB
• Crystal : 200 ohm
• Mode switch : Normal mode
• Gain (coarse & fine) : mid position
• SWR/dB : dB position
6. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator at 10 cm position.
9. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to 20mA.
10. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in SWR meter.
11. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' minimum reading on SWR LCD display
and note down the frequency directly from frequency meter. Now you can
detune the DRF meter.
12. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the maximum reading
in SWR meter. Move the tunable probe to a minimum gain position record the
probe position i.e. d1.
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again
i.e. d2.
Result and Analysis:
14. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive
minimum positions obtained as above.
λg = 2(d1-d2)
15. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86
mm for X band.
λc = 2a
16. Calculate the frequency by following equation:
c 1 1
f= =c +
λ0 λ g2 λ c2
Where
c =3 x 108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
17. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
Experiment 4
Objective:
To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient
Apparatus required:
• Gunn power supply
• Gunn oscillator
• SWR meter
• Isolator
• PIN modulator
• Frequency meter
• Slotted line
• Tunable probe
• S-S tuner
• Matched termination
Theory:
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is
called VSWR, as ratio of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch
between load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the
sum of two traveling waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the
reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by
reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load
impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and
phase of .the reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves, gives
rise to standing wave along with the line.
The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum
where the line adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum
(or maximum) is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field
strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection between maximum and
minimum field strength along the line.
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the fig.
2. Keep variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Connect the S.S tuner & matched termination after slotted line.
4. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as shown:
• Gunn bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
• PIN bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
• PIN Mod freq. : mid position
• Mode switch : Int. mode position
5. Keep the control knob of SWR as shown:
• Range : 40dB/50dBposition
• Crystal : 200 ohm
• Mode switch : Normal
• Gain (coarse & fine) : mid position
• SWR/dB switch : dB position
6. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator at 10mm position.
7. Switch ON the Gunn power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
8. Observe the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltages controlled
by Gunn bias knob through the LCD meter, do not exceed bias voltage above
10.5 volts.
9. If necessary change the range db-switch, variable attenuator position and gain
control knob to get deflection in the scale of SWR meter.
10. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.
11. For low SWR set the S.S tuner probe for no penetration position.
a. Measurement of low and medium VSWR
i. Move the probe along with slotted line to maximum deflection in SWR
meter in dB.
ii. Adjust the SWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the
meter indicates 0.0 dB on normal mode SWR for 0.0 dB is 1.0 by keeping
switches at SWR we can read it directly.
iii. Keep all the Control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum
position. Keep SWR /dB switches at SWR position.
iv. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe path & record the
corresponding SWR. Read SWR from display & record it.
v. If the SWR is greater than 10, follow the instructions that follow.
b. Measurement of High SWR (Double Minimum Method)
i. Set the depth of S.S tuner slightly more for maximum SWR.
ii. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
iii. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain
a reading of 3 dB (or any other reference).at SWR meter.
iv. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is
obtained i.e. 0 db on scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted
line. Let it be d1. (Or power should be increased by 3 db).
v. Move the probe right along with slotted line until maximum reading is
obtained on 0 db scale. Let it be d2.
vi. Replace the S.S tuner and terminator by movable short.
Result and analysis:
vii. Measure the distance between two successive minima position or probe.
Twice this distance is waveguide length.
λg = 2(d1-d2)
|ρ| = S-1
S-2
Experiment 5
Objective:
To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart
Apparatus required:
• Gunn oscillator
• Gunn power supply
• Isolator
• PIN modulator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator, Slotted Line
• Tunable probe
• SWR meter
• Wave guide stand
• S.S. Tuner
• Matched Termination.
Theory:
The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX.
For comparison SWR can be calculated as
1+ R
S=
1− R
Reflection Coefficient
Z − Z0
R=
Z + Z0
Where
Zo = Characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency
Z = Load impedance at any point.
The measurement is performed in following way:
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = So and the position
of one minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to
the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the
difference between minima position will be guide-wave length. One of the minima is
used as reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima
and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be’d’. Take a Smith chart
taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark a point on circumference
of chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/λg. Join the center with this point.
Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this point this will
show the normalized impedance of load.
14. Adjust SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the
meter indicates 1.0 on the normal upper SWR scale.
15. Move the probe to next minima point.
16. Select SWR/dB switch to SWR position. Record the SWR reading.
17. At this maximum position of the meter record the probe position from slotted
line as X1.
18. Replace the load by fixed short/movable short & measure the new standing wave
position i.e. shift in minima. Record it as X2.
19. Calculate X2-X1, it will be positive if the minima shift is towards load & negative
if it has shifted towards generator.
20. Calculate shift in wavelength
(d) = X2 – X1
Experiment 6
Objective:
To study the following characteristic of Gunn Diode (For NV 9001)
1. Output power and frequency as a function of Bias Voltage.
2. Square wave modulation through PIN diode.
Equipment Required:
• Gunn oscillator
• Gun power supply
• PIN modulator
• Isolator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Detector Mount
• Wave guide stands
• SWR meter
• Cables and accessories.
vii. Measure the pushing factor (MHz /Volt) which is frequency sensitivity
against variation in bias voltage for an oscillator. The pushing factor should
be measured around 8 volt bias. For example
9.5 32 dB 8.74
Experiment 7
Objective:
To measure the polar pattern and the gain of a waveguide Antennas. (For NV9002)
Equipment Required:
• Microwave source (Gunn or Klystron) with power supply
• Frequency meter
• Isolator
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount
• Antennas
• SWR meter & accessories.
Theory:
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be radiation
from this end. In case of a rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents a mismatch of
about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will improve if the open wave-
guide is a horn shape.
The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the
power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the
radiating antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical
reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes.
An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back
lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the
power in the side lobes arid back lobe as low as possible.
The power intensity at the maximum of the main lobe compared to the power intensity
achieved from an imaginary omni-directional antenna (radiating equally in all
directions) with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna.
3dB Beam Width:
This is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is
half the maximum power intensity.
When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting to plot the pattern
far from the antenna.
Far field pattern is achieved at a minimum distance of
2D 2
- (for rectangular Horn antenna)
λ0
Where
D is the size of the broad wall of horn aperture
Where
Pt is transmitted power
Pr is received Power,
G1, G2 is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna
S is the radial distance between two antennas
λo is free space wave length.
If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then above
equation becomes.
In the above equation Pt, Pr and S and λo can be measured and gain can be computed.
As is evident from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value of
Pt and Pr only ratio is required which can be measured by VSWR meter.
Procedure:
Ø Antenna Radiation Pattern Plotting:
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure, keeping the axis of both antennas
in same axis line and for start connect horn antenna at both the ends.
2. Energize the Microwave source for maximum output at desired frequency with
square wave modulation as per procedure described in experiment 1.
3. Obtain full scale deflection (0 dB) at any convenient range switch position of the
SWR Meter by gain control knob of SWR meter or by variable attenuator.
Result and analysis:
4. Turn the receiving horn to the left in 2° or 5° steps up to and note the dB reading.
When necessary change the range switches to next higher.
5. Draw the radiation pattern (power vs. angle).
6. Now you can replace the antenna by another given antenna at the receiver
position.
7. From diagram determine 3dB width (beam width) of horn antenna.
Ø Gain Measurement:
1. Set up the equipments as shown in fig. Both horns should be in line. Connect
standard gain horn antenna (16dB) at transmitter end and any other antenna for
which gain is to be measured at the receiver end.
2. Keep the range dB switch of VSWR meter at appropriate position.
3. Energize the Gunn Oscillator for maximum output at desired frequency with
modulating amplitude and frequency of potentiometer and by tuning of detector
4. Obtain maximum reading in SWR meter with variable attenuator. Record this
reading as Pr (received power).
5. Replace the transmitting horn by detector mount and change the appropriate
range db position to get the reading (do not touch the gain control knob) Note
and record the range db position and reading as Pt.
6. Now change the horn antenna at the receiver end.
Result and Analysis:
Pr = (Pt λ0 G1 G2)
(4ΠS) 2
Where, Pt = transmitter power
Pr = received power
G1 = Gain of standard horn antenna = 16 dB
G2 = Gain of unknown two antennas
S = Radial distance between two antennas
λ0 = Free space wavelength
Here the polar plots of different types of antennas are given below, but these can
vary depends on, surrounding conditions and parameters adjusted.
Experiment 8
Objective:
Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters:
1. To Measure main-line and auxiliary-line VSWR.
2. To Measure the coupling factor and directivity
Equipment Required:
• Microwave source (Klystron or Gunn Diode type)
• Isolator
• PIN modulator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Slotted line
• Tunable Probe
• Detector mount
• Matched Terminator
• MHD coupler
• Wave guide stand
• Cables & accessories
• VSWR meter
Theory:
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission line, the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. Refer to the fig. The power
entering port 1 the main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and almost no power
comes out in port 4. Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.
Directional Coupler
Figure 26
P
Coupling (db) = 10 log10 1 where port 2 is terminated
P3
P
Isolation = 10 log10 2 where P1 is matched.
P3
With built-in termination and power is entering at port 1. The directivity of the coupler
is a measure of separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is measured as
the ratio of two power outputs from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is
successively applied to each terminal of the main lines with the port terminated by
material loads.
Hence
P
Directivity 0 (dB) = Isolation - Coupling = 10 log10 2
P1
Main line VSWR is SWR measured looking into the main line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed. At all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output
terminal, when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion
of coupler. It is defined as insertion:
P
Loss = 10 log10 1 when power is entering at port 1.
P2
Experiment 9
Objective:
Study of Magic Tee.
Equipment Required:
• Microwave source
• Isolator
• Variable attenuator
• PIN modulator
• Frequency meter
• Slotted line
• Tunable probe
• Magic Tee
• Matched termination
• Wave guide stand
• Detector mount
• VSWR meter and accessories.
Theory:
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm
forms an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with
arm 1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric
field divides equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field
exists in arm 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in
arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to
arm 3. Further, if the power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and
it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.
1. Input VSWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports
are terminated in matched load
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied
by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H -arm
(port 3) when side arms I and 2 are terminated in matched load.
Hence,
P
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 4
P3
Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined
3. Coupling coefficient.
It is defined as Cij = 10 –α / 20
Where
α = attenuation / isolation in dB
'i’ is input arm
'j’ is output arm.
Thus
P
α = 10 log10 i
P j
Where
Pi is the power delivered to arm i
Pj is power detected at j arm.
Procedure:
Experiment 10
Objective:
To Study the Isolator and Circulators.
Equipment Required:
• Microwave source
• Power supply for source
• Isolators
• Circulators
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Slotted line
• Tunable probe
• Detector mount
• VSWR meter
Theory:
Isolator: An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output
with little attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.
Figure 30
Circulator: The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy
entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to
the fig. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port 2 is
coupled to port 3 only and so on.
Figure 31
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study.
1. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected
by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in
the matched load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss. .
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port
with other port terminated in the matched load
3. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to
voltage minimum of the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it
terminates the line and other have matched termination.
Note: When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched
termination it marks as Isolator. (Two port device).
Procedure:
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the fig with input port
of isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other
ports of it
Figure 32
Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator
b. Energize the microwave .source for particular operation of frequency.
c. With the help of slotted line, probe and SWR meter. Find SWR, of the
isolator or circulator as described for low and medium SWR
measurements.
d. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other
frequencies.
2. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation
a. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect
the detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount
should be connected SWR meter.
Experiment 11
Objective:
To Study the Attenuators (Fixed and Variable type)
Equipment Required:
• Microwave source
• Isolator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Slotted line
• Tunable probe
• Detector mount
• Matched termination
• SWR meter.
Theory:
The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when
inserted into the transmission line.
P
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log10 1
P2
Where
P1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in line.
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to
absorb microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the
wave-guide. As electric field is maximum, at center in TE10 mode, the attenuation will
be maximum if the vane is placed at center of the wave-guide, its position can be
changed by help of micrometer or by other methods.
Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied
1. Input VSWR.
2. Insertion loss (in case of variable attenuator).
3. Amount of attenuation offered into the lines.
4. Frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane
and frequency is changed.
Procedure:
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a. Connect the equipments as shown in the fig.
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation.
c. Measure the VSWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and VSWR meter
as described in the experiment of measurement of low and medium VSWR.
d. Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.
Experiment 12
Objective:
To Study the Phase Shifter
Equipment Required:
• Microwave source
• Isolator
• Variable attenuator
• Frequency meter
• Slotted section
• Tunable probe
• Phase shifter
• Precision Movable short
• SWR meter
Theory:
A phase shifter consists of a piece of Wave-guide and a dielectric material inside the
wave-guide placed parallel to Electric vector of TE10 mode. The phase changes as
piece of dielectric material is moved from edge of wave-guide towards the center of
the wave- guide.
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the fig.
5. Now connect the precision movable short at the first place of matched
termination and find out the minima for this step.
6. Note and record the reference minima position on the slotted line. Let it be X.
7. Remove carefully the movable shift from the slotted line without disturbing its
current position. Place the phase shifter to the slotted line with its micrometer
reading zero and then place the movable short to the other port.
8. The reference minima will short from its previous position, rotate the micrometer
of movable precision short to get the minima at reference minima position and
note the micrometer reading of movable short.
9. Open the phase shifter in suitable steps.
Result and analysis:
10. Fill in the given table as per step 7 and 8. Record the corresponding micrometer
reading of short. measure the phase shift as per given example
Micro meter reading of Micro meter reading of
Phase shifter Precision movable short
2 mm
4 mm
6 mm
8 mm
10 mm
11. Precision movable short is rotated to get the minima, at reference minima
position at different values or phase shift of micrometer.
Calculation:
We can calculate phase shift in terms of degree by
λg = 360° (One cycle)
For example: If λg = 4.32 cm
Phase shifter position or micrometer is moved to 2mm. Now the reference minima gets
changed vary the precision movable short to get the reference minima position i.e 0.5
cm now the shift in phase is
Since, 4.32 cm = 360°
Let it be Y
0.5 cm = Y
360 x 0.5
Y= = 41.66°
4.32
Experiment 13
Objective:
Measurement of Dielectric Constant. (Liquid & Solid)
1. Low-Loss solid dielectrics.
2. Liquid dielectrics or solutions.
Equipment:
• Gunn power supply
• Gunn Oscillator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount
• Isolator
• PIN modulator
• Solid dielectric cell
Theory:
Consider a solid sample or length l∈ loaded in rectangular waveguide against short
circuit that touches it well.
D & DR are the positions or first voltage minima of the sanding wave pattern when
waveguide is unloaded & loaded with the dielectric. The respective distance from the
short circuit will be ( l + l∈ ) & ( lR + l∈ )
The impedance are equal so
Zo & Z∈ are respectively the characteristic impedance of empty & dielectric filled
waveguide β & β∈ are respective propagation constant.
Expanding tangent sum angel i.e.
tan β ( DR − D + l∈ ) tan β∈l∈
=
βl∈ β∈l∈
Dielectric constant can be calculated by
a β∈l∈
2 2
+1
π l∈
∈r = 2
2a
+1
λg
Where ∈r Dielectric Constant
Procedure:
A. For Solid Dielectric:
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in below fig.
Fig. 36
2. Energize the microwave power source & obtain suitable power level in the SWR
meter.
3. Micrometer position of solid dielectric should be fully closed.
4. With no sample in the shorted waveguide, measure & record in table position of
standing wave minima, starting from an arbitrary plane. Compute guide
wavelength (distance between successive minima being λg/2).
5. Take position of first minima as reference minima i.e.DR.
6. Using frequency meter determine the frequency of the excited wave & compute
free space wavelength (λo = c/F).
7. Remove the solid dielectric cell & insert gently the dielectric sample into the solid
dielectric cell such that it should touch the plane of waveguide.
8. Now connect solid dielectric cell without disturbing any setting.
9. Measure and record shift in minima into table.
10. Refer the calculations Dielectric constant for finding the value of Dielectric
Constant.
11. Measure & record waveguide dimension.
Table:
a. Waveguide dimension a = ……… cm, b = ……….. cm
(for x band a = …... b = ……..)
2a
b. Cut-off wavelength λc = ……… cm
m
c. Frequency of operation = …………. GHz
d. Beta β = 2Π Propagation constant
λg
Dielectric constant:
ε = (a/Π) 2 (x/ie) 2 + 1
(2a/λg) 2 + 1
Fig. 37
2. Energize the microwave power source & obtain the suitable power level in the
indicating meter.
3. With no liquid in the cell, read & record in table position or standing wave
minima i.e. DR starting from any arbitrary plane. Compute guide wavelength the
distance with alternate minima being λg/2.
4. Using frequency meter determine the frequency of the excited wave & compute
free space wavelength.
5. Carefully fill the cell with known volume of the liquid sample. Calculate the
height of the liquid in the cell (volume/area = V/ab). Read & record in table the
position of voltage minima or the sanding wave pattern with respect to the same
reference plane. Measure and record in table the position of standing wave
voltage minima shifted due to dielectric constant. The position of first minima is
taken as D.
Result and Analysis:
6. Find out SWR as in previous experiment.
7. Measure waveguide dimension.
Table:
a. Waveguide dimension a = ……… cm, b = ……….. cm
b. Cut-off wavelength λ∈ = 2a ……… cm
c. Frequency of operation f = …………. GHz
d. Free-space wavelength = c/f = ……………… cm
e. β = 2Π/ λg Propagation constant
Dielectric Constant:
ε = (a/ Π) 2 (x/ie) 2 + 1
(2a/ λg) 2 + 1
Calculations:
2π
1. Compute propagation constant β=
λg
β (l∈ + DR − D ) tan X
2. Compute tan =
βl∈ X
3. Solve the trans-cendaintal equ.
tan β (DR − D + l∈ ) tan β∈l∈
=
βl∈ β∈l∈
& choose three lowest values or X say X1, X2, X3 corresponding to solutions
I, II, III.
4. Computer corresponding dielectric constant.
2
β∈l∈
2
a + 1
π l∈
∈r = 2
2a
+1
λ
g
5. Repeat steps (i) to (iv) for second sample
6. Plot two curves one for each sample solution or transcantal equation versus∈ the
intersection gives true of∈.
Sample calculations:
The following observations are for teflon.
a = 0.900ιι DR = 0.1842ιι
l∈ = 9.4497 ιι D = 0.6930ιι
λg = 1.7628ιι approximate value or ∈ = 2.000
2 × 3.14
i. This β = = 3.5643
1.7628
tan β (l∈ + DR − D ) 3.5643( 0.4497 + 01742 − 0.6930 )
ii. We are not = tan
βl∈ 3.5643 × 0.4497
tan X
= − 0.1334 =
X
Values of X from tables
X = 2.786, 5.638,
X1 X2 X3
For X1,
2
0.900 2.786
2 × +1
ι π 0.4497
∈1 = = 2.032
2 × 0.900
2
+1
1.7628
This value (2.032) is very near to 2.000; so it is correct value.
Graphical Method for finding true value of E
Sample I Sample II Sample III
λg = 4.54 4.54 4.54 cm.
λg = 4.52 4.52 4.52 cm.
2π
β= = .44π .44 π .44 π cm.
λg
∈ιιι
1 = 447 ∈ιιι2 = 13.815 ∈ιιι3 =16.73
Experiment 14
Objective:
To study the voice communication by using microwave test bench.
Equipment:
• Gunn based Setup
• Variable attenuator
• Slotted section
• Detector mount
• Frequency meter
• SWR meter.
Fig. 38
Procedure:
1. Setup the common structure of the bench.
2. Connect the mini mic in audio input of Gunn power supply socket. (KPS- front
panel, GPS-Rear panel)
3. Select audio mode from GPS mode select switch.
4. Connect the detector output to SWR meter.
5. Select audio mode from SWR mode select switch.
6. Connect a headphone in audio output socket in SWR meter.
7. Select Headphone/Output switch at Headphone position from rear panel in SWR
Meter.
8. Tune the controls for maximum speaker output from headphone.
Result and Analysis:
9. Now you can observe the audio signals. Audio signal strength is changing by
variable attenuator or the DIP produced by moving frequency meter etc.
Note: This experiment is only observational type. Please do not measure any parameter.
Experiment 15
Objective:
To study the square law behavior of a microwave crystal detector
Equipment:
• Microwave power source
• Source of power supply
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount
• Power meter or SWR meter
• Variable attenuator
• H-Plane tee
• Waveguide stands and accessories.
Figure 39
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set-up as shown in figure
2. Measure input power from one port of the tee by using power meter.
3. While attenuator is set for minimum attenuation, switch ON microwave power
source and set it for maximum power output.
4. Set the attenuator till micro ammeter reads zero.
5. Increase the power using variable attenuator in steps of 1 mW, indicated by
power meter. Measure and record in table, corresponding current till maximum
power level.
Result and Analysis:
6. Draw the curve between output current and input power. The graph represents
the square law characteristics of crystal detector.
For Example:
S. No. Input Power Output Current
1. 1 mW 0.30 mA
2. 2 mW 0.53 mA
3. 3 mW 0.73 mA
Experiment 16
Objective:
To study the Resonant Cavity
Equipment:
• Microwave power source
• Source of power supply
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount
• SWR resonator cavity.
Fig. 40
Procedure:
1. Set up the common Gunn oscillator source bench as shown in fig. without cavity
resonator.
2. Set the micrometer position of Gunn oscillator in zero position.
3. Take the corresponding power reading in SWR meter or power meter.
4. Now vary the micrometer on 0.5 mm & take the corresponding power reading in
SWR meter or in power meter.
5. Now again vary Micrometer on 1mm & take the corresponding reading.
6. Again vary M.M. in steps of 0.5mm & take corresponding power reading.
7. Prepare a chart of Micrometer reading of Gunn Oscillator & Power Output.
8. Without disturbing the bench insert Resonator Cavity between Slotted section &
Detector Mount.
9. Set again Micrometer of Gunn oscillator in Zero position & take the
corresponding power reading in SWR meter.
10. Now vary the micrometer of Gunn oscillator in steps of 0.5mm & take the
corresponding power reading in SWR meter.
11. Now Prepare a chart Between Micrometer position of Gunn oscillator & power
reading in SWR meter.
12. Now compare the power reading without resonator cavity & power reading with
resonator cavity.
Result and Analysis:
13. Now observe the reading. Where the difference is maximum.
14. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator in that position, where the difference is
maximum.
15. In this position measure the frequency of Gunn oscillator by DRF meter. This
frequency will be the resonant frequency of resonator cavity/waveguide cavity
Experiment 17
Objective:
To study the substitution method for attenuation measurement and determine the
attenuation due to a component under test
Equipments Required:
1. Microwave Power Source- Klystron (Gunn source can also be used)
2. Power Supply
3. Variable Standard Attenuator ( Calibrated)
4. Component under test
5. Tunable Probe
6. Klystron mount with tube
7. Isolator
8. DRF
9. Matched termination
10. Slotted section
11. SWR Meter
12. Stands, Connecting Cables and Accessories
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set-up as shown in the figure:
Figure 41
2. Set the variable standard attenuator (calibrated) for no attenuation position.
3. Energize the component with microwave power and thus the detector to have
maximum power in the SWR meter. Here DUT may be any device under test
like attenuator (Fixed or variable) or any other component.
4. Note & record the Power reading (dB) from SWR meter, Let it be P.
6. Move the standard attenuator till power P is achieved in the SWR meter.
8. From the chart of standard variable attenuator note the power value for this
corresponding micrometer reading.
9. Take the difference of this reading & reading of no attenuation position from
the chart.
11. If the Gunn Source is used then the above experiment can be performed on
different frequencies also & curve can be plotted between attenuation &
frequency.
Experiment 18
Objective:
To study reflectometer principle for measuring VSWR of a load under test
Equipments Needed:
• Microwave Power Supply (Gunn or Klystron)
• Source of power supply (Gunn Oscillator or Klystron tube)
• Variable attenuator
• MHD-3dB (2)
• Matched Termination
• Tuned Detector
• Multimeter (Micro Ammeter)
• Load under test
• Waveguide stands and accessories
Theory:
Suppose PF and PR are respectively the forward and reverse powers in waveguide line
measured by directional couplers and then the power reflection coefficient is given by
ГP = PR/PF
Since voltage reflection coefficient is the square root of power reflection coefficient, so
ΓV = √ГP = √ (PR/PF) = √iR/√iF (A)
As the current is directly proportional to the power
S= 1+ΓV/(1-ΓV) = 1+√ГP/(1-√ΓP)
Equation (B) gives the basis for measuring VSWR using directional couplers.
Procedure:
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure.
Figure 42
2. Energize microwave power source and tune the detector for maximum power
output in the CRO.
3. Measure the output current with the help of multimeter or micro ammeter from
tuned detector. This is the forward current (iF) as the current is directly proportional
to the forward power PF.
4. Carefully interchange detector and matched load in the set up of above fig.
5. Read and record reverse current (iR). This is directly proportional to reverse power
PR.
6. Compute voltage reflection coefficient and VSWR of the load under test using
Equations (2) and (3) respectively.
Table:
Sr. No. Forward Current Reverse current Voltage Reflection VSWR
(iF) (iR) Coefficient S
Calculations:
1. Calculate voltage reflection coefficient.
ГV = √ (iR/iF)
2. Calculate VSWR
S = 1+ΓV/ (1-ΓV)
Reference Results:
If load under test as SS tuner with matched termination is taken then following will be
the results observed-
Experiment 19
Objective:
To study the PC to PC communication by using Microwave test bench.
Equipment:
• Gunn Oscillator
• Gunn power supply
• Isolator
• PIN modulator
• Variable attenuator
• Detector mount
• SWR meter
Fig. 43
Procedure:
1. Setup the above structure of the bench.
2. Connect Gunn oscillator and pin modulator to Gunn bias and pin bias of Gunn
power supply.
3. Keep mode select switch of Gunn supply in PC position.
4. Connect interfacing cable to first PC.
5. Install the PC to PC communication software in both the PC’s.
6. Connect the interfacing cable from SWR meter (rear panel) to 2nd PC.
7. Switch ON the PC switch from Rear panel of SWR meter.
8. Switch ON the Gunn power supply and set it at 10V (approx.).
9. Select 1st PC as transmitter and 2nd PC as a receiver on the software window.
10. Select appropriate comports and press Start Communication on both the PC.
11. Now send some data from transmitter PC and watch the detected signal on CRO.
If it is coming properly (it should be more that 80 mV Vpp always for this
experiment) then connect it to input of SWR meter.
12. Observe the BNC output (Rear panel of SWR meter) on CRO, while transmitting
the data, it is not coming then adjust the comparator adjust potentiometer to get
the output.
13. Observe the transmitted data on receiver PC.
Warranty
1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24
months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous
components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original
manufacturer and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control.
3) The guarantee does not cover perishable item like cathode ray tubes, crystals,
batteries, photocells etc. other imported components.
4) The guarantee will become INVALID.
a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the learning
material.
b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) If any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
5) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately
giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning
the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc.
6) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched
securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the
account of the customer.
Note: The following items are not covered in the warranty:
• Detector Diodes
• Pin Diode
• Gunn Diode
• Klystron Tube
List of Accessories
For One Bench:
1. BNC to BNC Cable ............................................................................. 2 Nos.
2. N type (M) to BNC Cable (with Gunn based bench)……………………1 No.
3. Mains Cord .......................................................................................... 2 Nos.
4. RS 232 Interfacing Cable (with Gunn based bench).............................. 2 Nos.
5. Learning Material +Demo CD…………………………..………………1 No.
6. PC to PC Software CD (with Gunn based bench) ….…………………..1 No.
7. Mini Microphone…………..…………………………………………....1 No.
8. Headphone………………………………………………………………1 No.