98-Pet-B5, May 2016

National Exams May 2016

98-Pet-85, Well Testing

3 hours duration

NOTES:

I. If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged lo submit
with the answer paper, a clear statement of any assumptions made.

2. This is a CLOSED BOOK exam.

3. Any non-communicating calculator is pcnnitted.

4. FlVE (5) questions constitute a complete exam paper.

5. The first five questions as they appear in the answer book will be marked.

6. All questions are of equal value unless otherwise stated and all parts in a multi part
question have equal weight.

7. Clarity and organization of your answers are important, clearly explain your logic.

8. Pay close attention to units, some questions involve oilfield units, and these should be
answered in the field units. Questions that are set in other units should be answered in the
corresponding units.

9. A formula sheet is provided at the end of questions.

Page 1of11
98-Pet-85, May 20 16

Question 1 (20 Marks)

Explain (briefly in one or t\vo sentences or a simple equation) the following concepts.

a) Wellbore storage
b) Pulse test
c) Diffusivity equation
d) Back pressure test
c) Non-Darcy fl ow
f) Fall off test
g) Line source approximation
h) Superposition principle
i) Pseudo radia l flow
j) formation damage

Question 2 (20 Marks)

A downhotc pressure gauge has been installed in an observation well located 330 ft away from
an oil production well. Use the following reservoir data to calculate the production rate required
to create 1 psi pressure drop at the observation w ell after 5 hours of production. Note: the
production rate for the observation well is zero.
External radius, re= 1452 ft,
Vvellborc radius, rw= 0.2 5 ft,
Total compressibility, c, = 5x10-5 psi· 1,
Oil viscosity, µo= 2 cP,
Porosity, ¢ = 0.3,
Permeabil.ity, k = 2500 mD,
Formation thickness, h = 20 ft,
Oil formation volume factor, Bo = 1.2 bbl/STB,
Initial pressure,p; = 3000 psia.

Question 3 (20 Marks)

The drawdown test data of a discovery well in an o il reservoir are shown in the following. The
weIJ was produced at a single, constant rate of 550 STBD for a total time of 725 hours. Other
reservoir and flu id properties data are as follows:
Pormation thickness, h = 20 ft,
Cnitial reservoir pressure, p i= 5665 psia,
Formation volwne factor, Bo= 1AS bbl/STB,
Porosity, ¢ = 0 .23,
Total compressibility, er= 6 x 10-5 psi- 1,
Oil viscosity, µo = 0.42 cP,
Wellbore radius, rw = 0 .5 ft.

a) Estimate reservoir permeability,

b) Estimate the well skin factor,
c) Estimate the end of wellbore storage,
d) Do you suggest acidizing this well? Yes or No, and Wh y?

Pag e 2 o f 11
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98- Pet-85, May 2016

Qu estion 4 (20 Marks)

A well in an oil reservoir was shut-in for a buildup test after producing 20,000 STB at a constant
rate of 480 STBD. The shut-in pressures measured versus time are shown in the following.
Calculate the eftective permeability of the formation, the initial reservoir pressure, and skin factor.

Flowing well bore pressure prior to shut-in= 2832 psia,

Formation thickness = 20 fl,
Porosity = 18 %,
Wellbore radius = 0.5 ft,
Formation volume factor= 1.2 bbl/STB,
Total compressibility = 2.6x io-5 psi·',
Oil viscosity = 1.5 cp.

3650

3550

3450

3350

I
rtl!·•-!._J__ L-----
.
-r.:-=:
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.:-~:t::~-=:
:
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2950

2850

2750

2650
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

Horner Time Ratio

Page 4 of 11
98-Pct-85, May 2016

Question 5 (20 Marks)

Data of an extended drawdown test of an oil well are shown in the following. The well was
produced at a single constant rate of l.00 STBD. Other reservoir and fluid properties data are as
follows:
'Fime Pressure
Formation volume factor, Bo = 1.45 bbl/STB, llio_urs1 (.f.tsi3')
Water saturation, Swi""=0.25, 36.2 5417
Total compressibility, Ct = I x 1o·6 psi" 1' 97 5368
196 5335
Estimate the reservoir oil in place.
300 5305
370 5293
485 5265
608 5237
725 5209

; ' !
··-+···-· . : -·;· ~·
. ·! ...............
' : -__;,__, ... __ :_ ... -..- -
,

I 1 I I I

~ .. :.....

Page 5 of 11
98-Pet-85, May 2016

Question 6 (20 Marks)

Given the following formation and fluid properties, estimate fracture half-length from the
drawdown test conducted in a fractured well interested with an infinite conductivity fracture. The
pressure and pressure derivative data are also given in the following. Identify different flow
regimes using the pressure change and pressure derivative plots given in the following.

k=4 mD; q =200 STBD; h = 12 ft; Bo = 1.325 bhl/STB;

pi= 3343.40 psia; <j>= 11.8%; Ct = 14.7 X 10'6 psi· 1; rw = 0.25 ft;
µ = 0.49 cp.

11ime Flowing pressure

~hours~ ,fosiaJ
0.00 3343.4
0.0062 3280.78
0.0176 3243.l 7
0.0426 3192.27
0.0743 3148.39
0.1279 3095.23

10000

-·;n
100
-a.

10

1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time (hours}

Page 6 of 11
98-Pet-85 , May 2016

Question 7 (20 Marks)

A pressure build up test has been conducted on an oil well. The buildup pressure data versus time
recorded during the test and other reservoir and fluid data arc shown in the following. Use the
given data to estimate the approximate end of well bore storage and the dimensionless wellbore
storage coefficient.

Flowing wellbore pressure prior to shut-in= 2832 psia, ·~

Formation thickness = 20 ft, T ime Pressure

Porosity = l 8 %, (hours) (psia) _
Wellbore radius = 0. 5 ft, 0.10 2842
Formation volume factor = 1.2 bbl/STB, 0.35 2867
Total compressibility = 2.6x 10-5 psi- 1, 0. 80 2912
Production rate"" 50 STDD, 1.40 2972
Oil viscosity= l .5 cp .
2.00 3032
5.00 31 52
9.00 3207
20.00· 3275

Page 7 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2016

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Page 8 of 11
98-Pet-85, May 2016

10

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0 0.01
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0.001

0.0001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
tn
Plot of dimensionless pressure versus dimensionless time

Page 9 of 11
98-Pet-85, May 2016

Fo rmula S heet

Pressure solution for infinite acting reservoirs:

qµBD 0.0002637 k 7]l
p (r,t ) = p, - 0.00708kh Po• r; = (J}JC, tn = -;.2
p 0 = _!_ (ln t 0 + 0.809) only if tD> I 00, for to <l 00 use the provided po graph.
2 .
. dp 0.234qB '/h
Pseu do steady state equal10ns: _ w :-. () , (psi r)
cyP

p (r,,,,L ) ::: Pi -
0.0744qB)
¢c,hr}
dt

qµB<>
- 0.00708kh
1 1 (r·)
l nr,: 3
-4 + S
l
162 6
Slope of semi-log straight line, psi/cycle: m = · qµB0
kh

a .ms o r ·mvest1gaL1on,
Rd . . rt: r I':! MEit
948¢µc:
162 6
Permeabi lity-thickness product for double porosity reservoirs, mD-ft: (kh) 1 = k1 h = · qµB
m
Average fracture permeability, mD: k1 =k1 h l h
Skin factor for buildup test: S =l. l 5 { p(lhr )- ~r<M =O) - lo{?:,r~ )+ 3.23)
Skin factor for drawdown test S = 1.151( p, - pilhr) - log(~) + 3 .23)
m
1 ¢µer,.
I + 13.t
Homer time ratio: -'-P_ _
D.t
. 0.000148kM
Distance to fault, ft: L =
¢µc,
. . . d c-. h I l 3.8 x 105 ¢µc,L2
Thc approximate tune reqmre .Lor t es ope to daub e, hr: !J.t =----"'"--
k

Gas wel ls build up:

1637 qsr. r
m =--..;.;..._
kh

S'= l.15l((P,,i;,,. - p""'~(@N= o))-10.f k J+3.23J

5l ¢µcrr..2
Fracture half length:

Page 1Oof11
98-Pet-BS, May 2016

0.5

'
- 4.064qBo
L/ - f"i:
rnh-v k (¢c,)1
f.lo
-
L - 2
, .f- fwe
-S

Wcllburc storage coefficient:

C:....: qB(!:it.)
24 ~p USI.
in bbl I psi

Dimensionless wcllbore storage coefficient:

_ 0.8939C
CD -
tjx.:,hr,~

Nomenclatm·e

Oil formation volume bbl/SIB

factor
Total compressibility I/psi
h Formation thickness ft
k Permeability mD
l Distance ft
p Pressure psia
Pp Pseudo pressure psia2/cP
q Oil flow rate STBD
Gas flow rate MSC FD
Radius ft
s Skin factor dimen,sionlcss
T Temperature Rankin
t Time hr
VP Pore volume ft3
Greek letters
¢ Porosity fraction
µ Oil viscosity cP
17 Hydraulic diffusivity ft2/hr
Subscripts
/) dimensionless
e external Conversion Factors
I fracture 1 m3 = 6.28981 bbl =35.3147 ft3
initial lacre "'43560 ft2
0 oil lac-ft= 7758 bbl
p production lDarcy '-'9.869233x10-13 m2
1 atm "-'14.6959488 psi =101.32500 kPa··:l.01325 bar
t total l cP = 0.001 Pa-sec
w wellhore l m ~ 3.28084 ft ,,;, 39.3701 inch

Page 11 of 11