Renal & Respiratory Final Review BSC2086

Introduction to the renal system!!

List the 6 functions of the Urinary system:

Define nephron:

Longest and most coiled tubule region is the ________________________________________________________.

List the two types of nephrons and describe them:

a.

b.

List the 3 stages of urine formation:

Briefly describe each of the following based off the information in the powerpoints:

a. Glomerular Filtrate:

b. Tubular Fluid:

c. Urine: found in the collecting ducts

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Define GFR:

Put it all together!!

Describe the filtration pressure within the glomerulus ( we will go through this in more detail
during the session)

What effects can high blood pressure of the glomeruli have on the kidneys?

List the three mechanisms that regulate GFR:

Discuss the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation:

Describe what epinephrine does to the afferent arterioles and what effect this has on GFR and
urine output (we will be discussing this in a little more detail during the session).

Discuss the affects of angiotensin:

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Discuss the difference between tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion:

What is the purpose of the microvilli and mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubules?

What are the two purposes of tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubules?

A.

B.

1. Describe the primary function of the loop of henle:

2. Explain the collecting duct:

Put it together ……

3. The descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to?

4. The ascending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to what? What is the purpose of this?

Effect of hormones on the kidneys……..

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5. Explain in detail the role of aldosterone and where it Is produced.

6. When potassium levels are high, aldosterone will be secreted?

7. Describe what will happen when sodium levels in the body are low?

8. Define ANP:

9. Explain the effect of ANP on GFR and water retention:

10. Explain what alcohol will do to urine output. Describe how this happens.

Now to the lungs!

11. Describe the role of lung surfactant:

12. Alveoli’s have a large supply of capillary beds surrounding them, explain why this is necessary.

13. The respiratory membrane (barrier between alveolar air and blood ) is a fused membrane. Why is
this important?

14. The potential space in the pleural cavity only contains ______________________________. what is the
purpose of this?
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15. Define pleurisy:

16. Decipher what is meant by pleural cavity pressure and intrapulmonary pressure:

17. As volume increases, pressure __________________.

18. As volume decreases, pressure ________________________.

Let’s put it together!

19. Pressure in pleural cavity should be higher than atmospheric pressure (true / false)

20. If the lungs contain air and the volume of the lungs increases, then the intrapulmonary pressure
will ( increase / decrease)

21. In order for (inhalation / exhalation) to occur, Intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than
atmospheric pressure.

22. In order for (inhalation / exhalation) to occur, intrapulmonary pressure must be greater than
atmospheric pressure.

1. Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane of the alveoli. The respiratory membrane
consists of

A) the squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli.

B) the endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary.
C) the fused basal laminae that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells.
D) all of the above
Let’s add more concepts….

4. Discuss the difference between restrictive and obstructive lung disorders and give examples of each:
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11. Define Henry’s law:

Now apply it:

23.The Greater the PO2 in air, the __________________ O2 picked up by blood.

24.The Greater the PCO2 in blood, the _______________ CO2 unloaded into air.

12. Emphysema and lung cancer decrease lung surface area. Please explain what will happen to
blood PO2 level?

2. Briefly define PaO2:

Let’s Put it all together!

3. Hemoglobin unloads the same amount of oxygen to every tissue (true/False)

4. Name the three forms that carbon dioxide is transported in and describe them:

5. Discuss the effect of temperature on hemoglobin saturation.

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6. Discuss the effects of PH levels in the tissues on hemoglobin saturation.

7. A blood PH level less than 7.4 is _____________________________.

8. A blood PH level greater than 7.4 is __________________________.

9. Which ion stimulates chemoreceptors? Which gas drives the production of this ion?

10. Why does acidosis result in increased ventilation?

11. Why does alkalosis decrease ventilation?

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