INFLUENCE OF BIO-ENZYME ON PROPERTIES OF

BLACK COTTON SOIL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By

JEET PATEL (IU1641040036)

In partial fulfilment for award of the degree

of

BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

INDUS UNIVERSITY

MARCH 2020

1
 INDUS UNIVERSITY
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ INFLUENCE OF BIO-ENZYME

ON PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL” is the
bonafide work of “JEET PATEL (IU1641040036)” who carried
out work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

PROF. HARSH SONI PROF. NISHI PATEL

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

CIVIL ENGG. DEPT. CIVIL ENGG. DEPT.

IITE, INDUS UNIVERSITY, IITE, INDUS UNIVERSITY,

AHMEDABAD, 382115 AHMEDABAD, 382115

2
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our gratitude to our guide by PROF. NISHI PATEL
(PROFESSOR CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,) Indus university,
Ahmedabad for suggesting us this interesting topic and for her guidance,
encouragement, cooperation and inspiration throughout the whole project.
Finally, we would express our gratitude to our Parents, Friends and Faculty of
Civil Engineering, who have directly or indirectly helped us in the successful
completion of work.

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

4.1 Result for specific gravity 41

for soil
4.2 Result for free swell index 41
for soil
4.3 Result for liquid limit for soil 44

4.4 Result for plastic limit for soil 47

4.5 Plastic limit and plasticity index 48

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Description of figure page no.

2.1 Expansive soil 13

2.2 Terrazyme 13

3.1 Grading of soil 27

3.2 Hydrometer method 29

3.3 Casagrande’s apparatus 31

Details and tools

3.4 Plastic limit sample 32

3.5 Ellipsoidal plastic 33

limit sample

3.6 Plastic limit by 33

hand method

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 LIST OF PLOTS

Figure no. Description of plot Page no.

4.1 IS sieve vs %finer 43

4.2 Hydrometer graph 44

4.3 No. of blows vs water content% 45

4.4 Liquid limit of treated soil (200ml/1.5m 3) 46

4.5 Liquid limit of treated soil (200ml/1m 3) 46

4.6 Liquid limit of treated soil (200ml/0.5m 3) 47

4.7 Liquid limit of treated soil (200ml/0.25m 3) 47

4.8 Water content% vs dry density 50

4.9 Normal stress vs shear stress 51

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SR. NO. Pg. no.

Title page 1

Bonofide certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

List of tables 4

List of figures 5

List of plots 6

Abstract 9

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Chapter 1 Introduction 10-16
1.1 General 10-11
1.2 Mechanics of soil stabilization 11-12
1.3 Aim and objective of study 12
1.4 Scope of work 12
1.5 Materials 13
1.6 Mechanism of soil stabilization 14
By terrazyme
1.7 Terrazyme uses for construction 15
1.8 Benefits of terrazyme 16
Chapter 2 Literature reviews 17-21
2.1 General 17
2.2 Technical papers 17-21
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 22-40
3.1 General 22
3.2.1 Specific gravity 22-23
3.2.2 Free swell index 24
3.2.3 Sieve analysis 24-27
3.2.4 Hydrometer method 28-29
3.2.5 Liquid limit 29-32
3.2.6 Plastic limit 32-35
3.2.7 Plasticity index 35-36
3.2.8 Standard proctor test 36-39
3.2.9 Unconfined compression test 39-40
Chapter 4 Experimental program 41-52
4.1 General 41
4.2 Experimental work 42-52
Appendixes 54
References 55-56
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 ABSTRACT

The black cotton soil is expansive type of soils that has characteristics of shrinking on drying
and swelling on wetting. Black cotton soil is a typical volume change soil which loses its
strength on wetting due to increase in its volume and in absence of water it shows multiple
cracks due to decrease in its volume. This volume change behaviour causes distress when
structures located on these soils. Cement, lime and bitumen are conventional soil stabilizer,
in recent year soil stabilization with an organic bio-enzyme is new stabilizer. Bio-enzyme is a
natural, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive liquid enzyme formulation fermented from
vegetable extracts that improves the engineering qualities of soil and increases stability.
Enzyme catalyse the reactions between the clay and the organic cat-ions and accelerate the
cat-ionic exchange process to reduce adsorbed layer thickness. bio-enzyme is easy to use as it
can be mixed with water at optimum moisture content and then it is sprayed over soil and
compacted. In present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of terrazyme on the
properties of expansive soil on consistency limits, compaction characteristics and shear
strength parameters with different dosage.

9
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
• Black cotton soils accounts about 20% of land area in India and are predominantly located
in the Deccan trap covering the states. Most Indian Black cotton soils are rich in
Montmorillonite, this mineral is responsible for swell-shrink behaviour of the soil. It is
highly sensitive to moisture changes. Structures located on these soils subjected to
differential settlements due to moisture variations. Hence the subgrade and its undesirable
characteristics to be modified using a suitable stabilization technique. Soil is the
indispensable element of this nature. The voids space between particles may contain air,
water or both. The solid particles may contain organic matter. The soil particles maybe
separated by such mechanical means as agitation and water. Soil deposits in nature exist in
an extremely erratic manner producing thereby an infinite variety of possible combination
which will affect the strength of the soil and the procedures to make it purposeful.
• So is the particular case of black cotton soil with a wide range of challenges associated with
the construction at sites with black cotton soil. In case of coarse grained soil, the
mineralogical composition of the grain hardly affects the engineering properties of the soils
perhaps the grain to grain friction is influenced to a degree. Are such soils, inter particle
forces other than those due to gravity are of no consequence, but the finer particles, the
more significant becomes the forces associated with the surface area of the grains. The soil
structure means the mode of arrangement of soil particles related to each other and the
forces that are acting between soil particles to hold them together in their positions. The
concept is further extended to include the mineralogical composition of the grains, the
electrical properties of the particle surface, the physical characteristics, ionic composition
of pore water, the interactions among the soil particles, pore water and the adsorption
complex.
• The formation of soil structures is governed by several factors in coarse grained soils, the
force of gravity is the main factor, while in fine grained soils, and the surface bonding
becomes predominant. The specific surface (the ratio of the surface area of a mineral to its
mass or volume) is a parameter which is often used to decide the importance of surface

10
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
bonding forces relative to forces of gravity. Smaller particles have much larger surface area
than the larger particles. for the same void ratio water content are more for fine grained soil
than for the course grained. Clay is understood to mean a clay soil whose grains are
predominantly composed of clay minerals and which has plasticity and cohesion. Though the
clay soils are fine grained but, not all fine-grained soil possess plasticity and cohesion. The
presence of water, its content plays a decisive role in the engineering behaviour of a clay soil
Stabilization involves the methods used for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its
engineering performance. Physical and geotechnical properties of the soil samples were
studied in the laboratory.

• The tests conducted were grain size analysis, specific gravity, Atterberg’s limits, standard
Proctor compaction, consolidation and direct shear test. Results as obtained were compared
with the Indian standard code. Further, relationships of plasticity index with liquid Limit
and optimum moisture content, compression index with liquid limit, optimum moisture
content and plasticity index, angle of internal friction with plasticity index were also
derived. The test results have shown that increase in the clay content in the black cotton
soil attributes an increase in the plasticity index. Beside this, with the increase in optimum
moisture content, an increase in the plasticity index, compression index, liquid limit was
also observed. The study reveals that increase in the plasticity index induces decrease in
the angle of internal friction. An ideal soil stabilizer should be easily available, economical
and eco-friendly.

1.2 MECHANICS OF SOIL STABILIZATION

There are three basic types of soil stabilization techniques:
• Mechanical stabilization: whereby the stability of the soil is increased by blending the
available soil with imported soil or aggregate, so as to obtain a desired particles-size
distribution, and by compacting the mixture to a desired density, compacting a soil at
appropriate moisture content itself a form of mechanical stabilization.
• Chemical stabilization: mixing or injecting additives such as Lime, cement, fly ash, sodium
silicate, calcium chloride, bituminous, materials and resinous materials with or in the soil
can increase stability of soil. Chemicals stabilization is the general term implying the use
of chemicals for bringing about stabilization.

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• Polymer/alternative: both the previous types of soil stabilization have been around for
hundreds of years. If not more; only the past several decades have technology opened up
new types of soil stabilization for companies to explore. Most of the newer discoveries and
techniques developed thus far are polymer based in nature, such as those developed by
“GLOBAL ROAD TECHNOLOGY”. These new polymers and substances have a number
of significant advantages over traditional mechanical and chemical solutions; they are
cheaper and more effective in general than mechanical solutions and significantly less
dangerous for the environmental than many chemical solutions tend to be.
STABILIZATION BY BIO-ENZYME: Terrazyme is a good alternative to the
conventional soil stabilizers like fly ash, lime etc. Terrazyme is a bio-enzyme which is
used as a soil stabilizer in construction of road infrastructure. It is used to improve the soil
properties. It is non-toxic and natural substance. It is formulated from plants, vegetable
extract and fruit extract. So, it is also eco-friendly. In the present study, effect of addition
of terrazyme for improving CBR value of soil is analysed.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

• The main objective of study is to determine index and engineering properties of
untreated black cotton soil and treated black cotton soil with bio-enzyme 200ml/1.0m3
,200ml/1.5m3,200ml/2.0m3

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of the research work is as follows;

• Procurement of black cotton soil from Amreli, Gujrat.

• Procurement of bio-enzyme from Ahmedabad.
• Index and engineering properties of soil such as particle size distribution, specific
gravity, free swell index, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit and hydrometer ,
standard proctor test, unconfined compression strength are to be performed on untreated
and treated soil with different dosage of bio-enzyme.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.5 Materials

1.5.1 Expansive Soil

In this study, the soil under investigation is collected from Amreli Village situated in South-
western Gujarat region of India having expansive soil called black cotton soil as top layer.
The soil was a taken from a depth of 1m from Ground Level. The obtained soil was air dried
and pulverised manually.

Fig.2.1 Expansive Soil

1.5.2 Bio enzyme – TerraZyme

A commercially available organic, enzyme-based stabilizer known as TerraZyme is used as
additive to the soil. The TerraZyme was procured from Avijeet Agencies, Chennai, India and
collected from Sub branch of Avijeet Agencies, Ahamdabad

Fig.2.2 TerraZyme

13
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Property value
Specific gravity 1.05
PH value 3.5
Appearance /odour Dark brown

Total dissolved solids 19.7

Cation exchange capacity 3.87
Hazardous content None
Boiling point 212 ℉
Evaporation Rate Same as water
Solubility in water Complete
Melting point Liquid
Reactivity data stable
Properties of TerraZyme

1.6 Mechanism of Soil Stabilization by Bio-enzyme-TerraZyme

In clay water mixture positively charged ions (cations) are present around the clay particles,
creating a film of water around the clay particle that remains attached or adsorbed on the clay
surface. The adsorbed water or double layer gives clay particles their plasticity. In some cases,
the clay can swell and the size of double layer increases, but it can be reduced by drying.
Therefore, to truly improve the soil properties, it is necessary to permanently reduce the
thickness of double layer. Cation exchange processes can accomplish this. By utilizing
fermentation processes specific micro-organisms can produce stabilizing enzyme in large
quantity. These soil stabilizing enzymes catalyze the reactions between the clay and the
organic cations and accelerate the cationic exchange without becoming part of the end product.

TerraZyme replaces adsorbed water with organic cations, thus neutralizing the negative
charge on a clay particle.

The organic cations also reduce the thickness of the electrical double layer. This allows
TerraZyme treated soils to be compacted more tightly together .

14
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
TerraZyme resists being replaced by water, thus reducing the tendency of some clays to
swell.
TerraZyme promotes the development of cementitious compounds using the following,
general reaction:
𝑯𝟐O + clay → calcium Silicate Hydrates

1.7 Terrazyme- Bio-enzymatic Soil Stabilizer

1.7.1 Types of Soil and TerraZyme Effects
TerraZyme can be used for various soil types ranging from black cotton soils to hard murram.
TerraZyme works with all types of soil, which has a minimum 10% of clay particles. Soil after
being treated with TerraZyme behaves like a semi rigid pavement structure.

1.7.2 TerraZyme uses for construction

• Highways
• Rural Roads
• Townships Road
• Secondary Roads
• Airport Runways
• Road shoulders
• Recreation Paths
• Parking lots
• Constructing earthen Dams
• Making of Bricks
1.8 Features of TerraZyme
• It facilitates higher soil compaction densities, and increases soil strength and stability
for lasting roads.
• TerraZyme replaces Soling and WBM of conventional road structure.
• TerraZyme also reduces the crust thickness of asphalt layers.

15
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

• TerraZyme also proves to increase the road quality and decreases the maintenance
Cost.
1.7.4 Environmental benefits of TerraZyme
• Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion
by traffic.
• Reduces the ongoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and
spreading of replacement gravel.
• Reduces health and cleanliness concerns by impeding the occurrence of dust from loose
fine material on road surfaces.
• In field TerraZyme also use as Erosion Control, Dusting Control, Earth Retention, Slope
Protection and Channel Protection.
• Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral
stabilizers in road construction and maintenance
• Reduces fuel usage associated with frequent, short interval road repairs.
• Lessens the impact of open gravel mines and pits. TerraZyme allows maximum
leveraging of existing sources.

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CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
This chapter includes critical reviews made by the authors and books are studied. These
literatures are related to materials which are added in soil to study its behaviour. After studying
the laboratory investigations, many authors also suggested fly ash, rice husk etc. as potential
civil engineering materials.

2.2 TECHINCAL PAPERS

1. Ankit j. Patel & Sachin n. Bhavsar “Analysis of clayey soil using waste

material.” International journal for innovative research in science &

technology volume 1, November 2014

From the above observations and interpretations, we can say that by stabilization of black
cotton soil for 30% replacement by marble powder and brick dust the properties related to
soil are improved. For marble powder Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Plasticity index values are
decreasing. As same we have found increment in maximum dry density and reduction in
optimum moisture content. It is clearly identified from result that swelling and shrinkage
behaviour of soil is reduced after stabilization. For replacement of marble powder, we get
0% of swelling in soil and also shrinkage is reduced by 17.7%. As same for brick dust
swelling is only 0f 10% and shrinkage reduced by 14.3 %. Result great decrement in
swelling and shrinkage behaviour of soil which can be helpful to our future construction
uses and waste of land can be reduced by using black cotton soil itself as a construction
material or a base of any construction.

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CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE REVIEW

2. LaxmikantYadu, Rajesh Kumar Tripathi “COMPARISION OF FLY

ASH AND RICE HUSK ASH STABILIZED BLACK COTTON SOIL”
National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India, 2013.

• The paper presents the laboratory study of black cotton (BC) soil stabilized with fly ash
(FA) and rice husk ash (RHA). The samples of BC soils were collected from a rural road
located in Raipur of Chhattisgarh state. The soil was stabilized with different percentages
of FA (i.e., 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15%) and RHA (i.e., 3, 6, 9 11, 13, and 15%). The Atterberg’s
limits, specific gravity, California bearing ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive
strength (UCS) tests were performed on raw and stabilized soils.
• Results indicate that addition of FA and RHA reduces the plasticity index (PI) and specific
gravity of the soil. The moisture and density curves indicate that addition of RHA results
in an increase in optimum moisture content (OMC) and decrease in maximum dry density
(MDD), while these values decrease with addition of FA.

3. Patel& DR. H. S. Patel “REVIEW ON EFFECT OF STABILIZING

AGENTS FOR STABILIZATION OF WEAK SOIL” Research scholar,
Ganpat university Mehsana, L.D. Collage of Engineering Ahmedabad,
Gujarat, India (2004)

• Ismail (2004) studied materials and soils derived from the Feuerletten (Kuepfer) and
Amaltheenton (Jura)formations along the new Nurnberg-Ingolstadt railway line
(Germany). His work includes petrological, mineralogical studies and scanning electron
microscope-analysis.
• Ismail (2004) treated and stabilized these materials related to road construction using lime
(10%), cement (10%), and lime/cement (2.5%/7.5%). He determined consistency limits,
compaction properties, and shear and uniaxial – strength. Ismail (2004) concluded that by

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CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE REVIEW
increasing the optimum moisture content (%) of the treated-material (soil mixtures) the
maximum dry density (g/cm3) decreased. The cohesion and the friction angle of the improved
material increased for all the treated mixtures.

• In case of the lime-treated materials, the cohesion decreased by curing time. For
Feurerletten materials, uniaxial strength increased strongly using lime and cement together.
For Amaltheenton, uniaxial strength increased strongly with-cement alone. He also noticed
that the loss of weight during freezing and thawing test was low and depended on the
material type.

4. Jaypal S. Boobathiraja, Samuel Thanaraj, K. Priyadarshini Weak Soil

Stabilization using Different Admixtures- A Comparative Study
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
Vol. 3 Issue 10, October- 2014

• With the preliminary studies conducted substantial improvement in quality of weak clay
soil collected in Velachery region is observed with addition of Quarry Dust, Fly ash and
Lime as admixtures.

• The addition of quarry dust, flash and lime have not only arrested the swelling nature but
also increased the CBR value which in turn can reduce the thickness of pavement and
swelling potential of weak clayey soils.

• When laying flexible pavements, the total pavement thickness can be reduced from 615
mm to 580 mm by replacement of clayey soil with 10 % Quarry Dust, Fly ash or 2 % Lime.

• Minimum of 20 % replacement in clayey soil with quarry dust is required to arrest the
swelling nature of the soil as per IS 2911 standards, whereas other admixtures like flash

19
CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE REVIEW
• and lime have not effectively arrested swelling to the above specified standards for the
weak soil tested.

• As a whole the quantum of replacement of quarry dust and lime is found to be in the range
of 30% or 8% in laying road pavements for the in-situ weak clayey soil.

• For laying cost effective local pavements, lightly loaded structures like residential buildings
which are not more than 2 floors the replacement of clayey soil with admixtures can be
decided by the contractor .

5. Işık Yilmaz, Berrin Civelekoglu “Gypsum: An additive for stabilization of

swelling clay soils” Applied Clay Science 2009 166-172.
• In this paper stabilization of the bentonite clay with gypsum and influence of the gypsum
on the physical, swelling and strength characteristics of bentonite was presented.
• Decreases in liquid limit and plasticity index of the bentonite mixed with 5% gypsum
were 33.7% and 33.6%, respectively.
• Swell percent of the bentonite was decreased from 64.9% to 20.1%, and it means that
69.1% decrease in swelling percent was obtained.
• UCS tests on the pure bentonite and treated bentonite with different quantities of gypsum
revealed that the effective improvement is obtained for 5% gypsum content and 31.9%
gain in strength was observed.
• The rate of strength gain is slow with gypsum up to 7 days but increases considerably
beyond 7 days curing, and maximum peak strength is obtained within 7 days.

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CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE REVIEW
6. Rudolph Vincent Matalucci, M.E Thesis, “Laboratory
Experiments in the Stabilization of Clay with Gypsum” University of New
Hampshire, May 1962.
• This study is about how Gypsum change the different engineering properties of soil.
Laboratory experiments shows that the Gypsum has a relatively minor effect on plasticity,
slight decreases the maximum density and slight increases the optimum moisture content.
• Gypsum induce a very marked increase in compressive strength and marked
decrease in percentage strain at failure.
• Compressive Strength results also shows that the rate of increase of strength is most
pronounced within the 7 days of curing. Thereafter, the influence of curing time gradually
diminishes.

21
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

3.1 GENERAL
This chapter covers theoretical of the geotechnical tests performed to determine of results.
This chapter also enlists and describes the materials and methodology used for the experiment
work. In this chapter the list of tests and theory to determine which property of soil.
3.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL IS: 2386 (Part III) – 1963
• The Specific gravity of solid particles is the ratio of mass of given volume of solids to
the mass of an equal volume of water at 4 0C. It is represented by “G”. There are many
methods available to determine the specific gravity of solids but here we are discussing
about the density bottle method.

Procedure to determine of specific gravity of soil

1. Firstly, clean the density bottle and put it in an oven at a temperature of 105 0C to 100 0C
for drying. After drying, put it in the desiccator to cool down.
2. Now the density bottle along with stopper is weighed using balance to an accuracy of
0.001 gm. Note down this reading as “M1”

3. Take 5 to 10 g of oven dried sample in the density bottle and weigh the bottle along with
stopper and dry sample. Note this reading as “M2”.

4. Now add de-aired distilled water to the soil in the density bottle up to the soil level and
shake gently to mix soil and water.

5. Now remove the stopper of density bottle and place it in vacuum desiccator and connect
the vacuum pump.

6. The air entrapped in the soil is expelled by applying vacuum pressure of 55 cm of

mercury for about one hour in vacuum desiccator.

7. After that, remove the lid and stir the soil using spatula. The soil adhere to the spatula
is washed into the bottle with air free distilled water. Again, apply vacuum pressure for
some time which is stooped when there is no more air evolved from the specimen.

8. The entrapped air can also be removed by heating in the absence of vacuum desiccator.

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CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

9. Remove the bottle from the desiccator and add more distilled water until the bottle is
full. Insert the stopper.

10.To attain the constant temperature through the bottle, immerse it into the water bath
for one hour.

11.Takeout the bottle from water bath after attaining constant temperature and clean and
dry the outside using smooth cloth.

12.Now the bottle is weighed which is the total mass of bottle, soil and water. Note down
this as “M3”.

13.In the final step, empty the bottle wash it and refill it with only distilled water. Now
also place it in water bath for one hour to maintain same temperature during
experiment.

14.Now weight the bottle with full of distilled water along with stopper which is “M4”.

15.Now repeat the same procedure for three times and take the average reading of three
observations as final result.

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CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.2.2 FREE SWELL INDEX (IS: 2720 (Part XL) – 1977)

• Free swell or differential free swell, also termed as free swell index, is the increase in
volume of soil without any external constraint when subjected to submergence in
water.

Procedure to determine Free Swell Index of Soil

• Take two specimens of 10g each of pulverised soil passing through 425µm IS Sieve and
oven-dry.

• Pour each soil specimen into a graduated glass cylinder of 100ml capacity.

• Pour distilled water in one and kerosene oil in the other cylinder up to 100ml mark.

• Remove entrapped air by gently shaking or stirring with a glass rod.

• Allow the suspension to attain the state of equilibrium (for not less than 24hours).

• Final volume of soil in each of the cylinder should be read out.

24
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.2.3 Sieve Analysis Code: (IS 2386 (PART 04) 1963)

METHODS OF SIEVE SIZE ANALYSIS

• Determination of article size is more important in Civil Engineering, as the particle size
determines the effectiveness of final product. The characters of particle such as bulk
density, physical stability, permeability and many more are decided by its size. To
determine the size distribution of particles, the sieve analysis test procedure is an
effective method that prevailed from the past. In sieve analysis, the particle size
distribution is defined using the mass or volume. Sieve analysis is laboratory test
procedure in which particles will move vertically or horizontally through sieve mesh.
Depending on the needs and particle material different sieving methods are available
for the application. They are manual sieving method, mechanical sieving method, dry
sieving method and wet sieving method.

• Manual sieving method is carried out in places where there is no electricity and mainly
used in, onsite differentiation among large and small particles. Mechanical sieving
method is used in laboratories to assure the quality and this is the widely using method
in present days. In mechanical sieving the method can be classified into two further
groups depending on their sieving movement as horizontal movement sieving method
and vertical movement sieving method. The vertical movement sieving method is also
known as throw-action sieving and vibratory sieving methods. Dry sieving method is
considered mostly and here the testing particles (specimen) are in dry state. Wet sieving
method is considered when the particle that is going to be used is already exists as wet
or suspension. Here, in the sieve shaker machine a nozzle will be provided to water the
upper most sample material. But need some extra about the water concentration during
this wet sieving experiment.

25
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Part-I: Coarse Sieve Analysis of Soil
Procedure:
1. Take the required quantity of the sample. Sieve it through a 4.75mm Is sieve. Take the soil
fraction retained on 4.75mm IS sieve for the coarse sieve analysis (Part-I) and that passing
through the sieve for the fine sieve analysis (Part-II).1

2. Sieve the sample through the set of coarse sieves by hand. While sieving through each
sieve, the sieve should be agitated such that the sample rolls in irregular motion over the
sieve, the material retained on the sieve may be rubbed with the rubber pestle in the mortar,
if necessary.

Care shall be taken so as not to break the individual particles. The quantity of the material
taken for sieving on each sieve shall be such that the maximum mass of material retained on
each sieve does not exceed the specified value.

3. Determine the mass of the material retained on each sieve.

4. Calculate the percentage of soil retained on each sieve on the basis of the total mass of the
sample, taken in step (1).

5. Determine the percentage passing through each sieve.

Part-II: Fine Sieve Analysis of Soil

6. Take the portion of the soil passing 4.75 mm IS sieve. Oven dry it at 105 to 110 0C. Weigh
it to 0.1% of the total mass.
7. Sieve the soil trough the nest of fine sieves, the sieves should be agitated so that the
sample rolls in irregular motion over the sieves. However, no particles should be pushed
through the sieve.

26
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
8. Take the material retained on various sieves in a mortar. Rub it with rubble pestle, but do
not try to break individual particles.

9. Reserve the material through the nest of sieves. A minimum of 10min of shaking is
required if a mechanical shaker is used.

10. Collect the soil fraction retained on each sieve in a separate container. Take the mass.

11. Determine the percentage retained, cumulative percentage retained, and the percentage
finer, based on the total mass taken in step (1)

Fig. 3.1: Grading of soils

27
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.2.4 Soil Particle Size Distribution by Hydrometer Method IS Code: IS 2720
(PART 4) 1985

Hydrometer method is used to determine the particle size distribution of fine-grained soils
passing 75 µ sieve. The hydrometer measures the specific gravity of the soil suspension at the
centre of its bulb. The specific gravity depends upon the mass of solids present, which in turn
depends upon the particle size.

Procedure of Hydrometer Test

1. Take about 800ml of water in one measuring cylinder. Place the cylinder on a table and
observe the initial reading.

2. Immerse the hydrometer in the cylinder. Take the reading after the immersion.

3. Determine the volume of the hydrometer (VH) which is equal to the difference between
the final and initial readings. Alternatively weigh the hydrometer to the nearest 0.1g.
The volume of the hydrometer in ml is approximately equal to its mass in grams.
4. Determine the area of cross section (A) of the cylinder. It is equal to the volume
indicated between any two graduations divided by the distance between them. The
distance is measured with an accurate scale.

5. Measure the distance (H) between the neck and the bottom of the bulb. Record it as the
height of the bulb (h).

6. Measure the distance (H) between the neck to each marks on the hydrometer (Rh).
7. Determine the effective depth (He), corresponding to each of the mark (Rh) as

[Note: The factor VH/A should not be considered when the

hydrometer is not taken out when taking readings after the start of the sedimentation at
½, 1, 2, and 4 minutes.]
8. Draw a calibration curve between He and Rh. Alternatively, prepare a table
between He and Rh. The curve may be used for finding the effective
depth He corresponding to reading Rh

28
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Fig 3 .2: Hydrometer Method

3.2.5 Determine Liquid Limit of Soil Specimen by Casagrande Method IS

Code: IS 2720 (PART 05) 1985

• The liquid limit of a soil is the water content at which the soil behaves practically like a
liquid but has small shear strength. It flows to close the groove in just 25 blows in
Casagrande’s liquid limit device.
• As it is difficult to get exactly 25 blows in a test, 3 to 4 tests are conducted and the
number of blows (N) required in each test is determined. A semi-log plot is then drawn
between log N and the water content (w). The liquid limit is the water content
corresponding to N=25, as obtained from the plot.

29
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Procedure of Liquid Limit Test on Soil

1. Adjust the drop of the cup of the liquid limit device by releasing the two screws at the
top and by using the handle of the grooving tool or a gauge. The drop should be exactly 1
cm at the point of contact on the base. Tighten the screw after adjustment.

2. Take about 120g of the air-dried soil sample passing 425 microns IS sieve.

3. Mix the sample thoroughly with distilled water in an evaporating dish or a glass plate to
form a uniform paste. Mixing should be continued for about 15 to 30 min, till a uniform
mix is obtained.

4. Keep the mix under humid conditions for obtaining uniform moisture distribution for
sufficient period. For some fat clays. This maturing time may be up to 24 hours.

5. Take a portion of the matured paste and remix it thoroughly. Place it in the cup of the
device by a spatula and level it by a spatula or a straight edge to have a minimum depth of
the soil as 1cm at the point of the maximum thickness. The excess soil, if any should be
transferred to the evaporating dish.

6. Cut a groove in the sample in the cup by using the appropriate tool. Draw the grooving
tool through the paste in the cup along the symmetrical axis, along the diameter through
the centre line of the cup. Hold the tool perpendicular to the cup.

7. Turn the handle of the device at a rate of 2 revolutions per second. Count the number of
blows until the two halves of the soil specimen come in contact at the bottom of the groove
along a distance of 12mm due to flow and not by sliding.

8. Collect a representative sample of the soil by moving spatula width-wise from one edge
to the other edge of the soil cake at right angles to the groove. This should include the
portion of the groove in which the soil flowed to close the groove.

30
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

9. Remove the remaining soil from the cup. Mix it with the soil left in evaporating dish.

10. Change the water content of the mix in the evaporating dish either by adding more
water if the water content is to be increased or by kneading the soil, if the water content is
to be decreased. In no case the dry soil should be added to reduce the water co ntent.

11. Repeat the steps 4 to 10 and determine the number of blows (N) and the water content
in each case.

12. Draw the flow curve between log N and w, and determine the liquid limit corresponding
to N=25.

Fig 3.3 Casagrande’s Apparatus Details and Tools

31
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

3.2.6 Determination of Plastic Limit of Soil (IS Code: IS 2720

(PART 05) 1985)
• The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content at which soil begins to behave as a
plastic material. At this water content (plastic limit), the soil will crumble when rolled
into threads of 3.2mm(1/8in) in diameter.
• In this article test methods used for determination of soil plastic limit in accordance with
ASTM D4148 will be presented.

soil sample preparation

1. select a 20-g or more portion of soil from the material prepared for the liquid limit test.
2. Reduce the water content of the soil to a consistency at which it can be rolled without
sticking to the hands by spreading or mixing continuously on the glass plate or in the
mixing/storage dish

3. The drying process may be accelerated by exposing the soil to the air current from an
electric fan.

Fig. 3.4: Plastic limit sample

Plastic limit test procedure

1. select a 1.5 to 2.0 g from the plastic-limit specimen and form the selected portion into
an ellipsoidal mass.

32
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Fig. 3.5: Ellipsoidal plastic limit sample

2. Roll the soil mass by one of the following methods (hand or rolling device):
Hand Method: roll the mass between the palm or fingers and the ground-glass plate with just
sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length.
The thread shall be further deformed on each stroke so that its diameter reaches 3.2 mm, taking
no more than 2 min.

Normally 80-90 stroke per minute is recommended. count a stroke as one complete motion of
the hand forward and back to the starting position. The rate of rolling shall be declined for
very fragile soils

Fig.3.6 plastic limit by hand method

33
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Rolling Device Method: attach smooth unglazed paper to both the top and bottom plates of
the plastic limit-rolling device. Place the soil mass on the bottom plate at the midpoint between
the slide rails. Place the top plate in contact with the soil mass.
Simultaneously apply a slight downward force and back and forth motion to the top plate so
that the top plate comes into contact with the side rails within 2 min. During this rolling
process, the end the soil thread shall not contact the side rail.

3. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm, break the thread into several pieces.
Squeeze the pieces together, knead between the thumb and first finger of each hand,
reform into an ellipsoidal mass, and re-roll. Continue this alternate rolling to a thread
3.2 mm in diameter, gathering together, kneading and re-rolling, until the thread
crumbles under the pressure required for rolling and the soil can no longer be rolled into
a 3.2-mm diameter thread.
4. Gather the portions of the crumbled thread together and place in a
container of known mass. Immediately cover the container.

5. Select another 1.5 to 2.0-g portion of soil from the plastic limit specimen and repeat step
1 and 2 until the container has at least 6 g of soil.

6. Repeat step 1 to 5 to make another container that contains at least 6 g of soil.

7. Determine the water content of the soil contained in the containers in accordance with
Test Method D 2216.

3.2.7 plasticity index

• The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is
the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI
is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with
a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0
(non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.

34
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

• Soil descriptions based on PI:

➢ (0)- Non plastic

➢ (<7) - Slightly plastic
➢ (7-17) - Medium plastic
➢ (>17) - Highly plastic

Plasticity Chart
3.3.4 Determination of Shrinkage Limit (IS :2720 Part 6-1972)
• The concept of shrinkage limit is that a saturated clay soil, when gradually dried, will
lose moisture and subsequently, there will be a reduction in the volume of the soil mass.
• During the drying process, a condition will be reached when any further drying will
result in a reduction of moisture content without any decreases in volume .
Procedure:
• 100 gm. of soil sample from a thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing
through 425 microns IS sieve is taken.
• About 30 gm. of above soil sample is placed in the evaporating dish and thoroughly
mixed with distilled water to make a paste.

35
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

• The weight of the clean empty shrinkage dish is determined and recorded.
• The dish is filled in three layers by placing approximately 1/3rd of the amount of wet
soil with the help of spatula.
• Then the dish with wet soil is weighed and recorded immediately.
• The wet soil cake is air dried until the colour of the pat turns from dark to light. Then
it is oven dried at a temperature of 1050 C to 1100 C for 12 to 16 hours. The weight of
the
• dish with dry sample is determined and recorded. Then the weight of oven dry soil pat
is calculated (W0).
• The shrinkage dish is placed in the evaporating dish and the dish is filled with
mercury, till it overflows slightly. Then it is be pressed with plain glass plate firmly on
its top to remove excess mercury. The mercury from the shrinkage dish is poured into
a measuring jar and the volume of the shrinkage dish is calculated. This volume is
recorded as the volume of the wet soil pat (V).
• A glass cup is placed in a suitable large container and the glass cup removed by
covering
• the cup with glass plate with prongs and pressing it. The outside of the glass cup is
wiped
• to remove the adhering mercury. Then it is placed in the evaporating dish which is
clean and empty. Then the oven dried soil pat is placed on the surface of the mercury
in the cup and pressed by means of the glass plate with prongs, the displaced mercury
being collected in the evaporating dish.
• The mercury so displaced by the dry soil pat is weighed and its volume (Vo) is
calculated by dividing this weight by unit weight of mercury.

36
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Calculation:
The shrinkage limit is to be calculated by using the following formula
Shrinkage Limit (WS) =W-(𝑉−𝑉0/𝑊0) ×100
Where W = Moisture content of wet soil pat

3.2.9 standard proctor test (IS Code: IS 2720 (PART 7) 1980

• Compaction test of soil is carried out using Proctor’s test to understand compaction
characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content. Compaction of soil
is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and
achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids.
• Compaction is the process of densification of soil by reducing air voids. The degree
of compaction of a given soil is measured in terms of its dry density. The dry density
is maximum at the optimum water content. A curve is drawn between the water
content and the dry density to obtain the maximum dry density and the optimum water
content.
Proctor Soil Compaction Test Procedure

1. Take about 20kg of air-dried soil. Sieve it through 20mm and 4.7mm sieve.

2. Calculate the percentage retained on 20mm sieve and 4.75mm sieve, and the percentage
passing 4.75mm sieve.

3. If the percentage retained on 4.75mm sieve is greater than 20, use the large mould of
150mm diameter. If it is less than 20%, the standard mould of 100mm diameter can be
used. The following procedure is for the standard mould.

4. Mix the soil retained on 4.75mm sieve and that passing 4.75mm sieve in proportions
determined in step (2) to obtain about 16 to 18 kg of soil specimen.

5. Clean and dry the mould and the base plate. Grease them lightly.

37
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

6. Weight the mould with the base plate to the nearest 1 gram.

7. Take about 16 – 18 kg of soil specimen. Add water to it to bring the water content to
about 4% if the soil is sandy and to about 8% if the soil is clayey.

8. Keep the soil in an air-tight container for about 18 to 20 hours for maturing. Mix the
soil thoroughly. Divide the processed soil into 6 to 8 parts.

9. Attach the collar to the mould. Place the mould on a solid base.

10.Take about 2.5kg of the processed soil, and hence place it in the mould in 3 equal layers.
Take about one-third the quantity first, and compact it by giving 25 blows of the rammer.
The blows should be uniformly distributed over the surface of each layer.

11.The top surface of the first layer be scratched with spatula before placing the second
layer. The second layer should also be compacted by 25 blows of rammer. Likewise,
place the third layer and compact it.

12.The amount of the soil used should be just sufficient to fill the mould ad leaving about
5 mm above the top of the mould to be struck off when the collar is removed.

13.Remove the collar and trim off the excess soil projecting above the mould using a
straight edge.

14.Clean the base plate and the mould from outside. Weigh it to the nearest gram.

15.Remove the soil from the mould. The soil may also be ejected out.

16.Take the soil samples for the water content determination from the top, middle and
bottom portions. Determine the water content.

17.Add about 3% of the water to a fresh portion of the processed soil and repeat the steps
10 to 14.

38
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.2.10 Unconfined Compressive Strength
(IS Code: IS 2720 PART 10) 1991

1. Place the sampling soil specimen at the desired water content and density in the large
mould.

2. Push the sampling tube into the large mould and remove the sampling tube filled with
the soil. For undisturbed samples, push the sampling tube into the clay sample.

3. Saturate the soil sample in the sampling tube by a suitable method.

4. Coat the split mould lightly with a thin layer of grease. Weigh the mould.

5. Extrude the sample out of the sampling tube into the split mould, using the sample
extractor and the knife.

6. Trim the two ends of the specimen in the split mould. Weigh the mould with the
specimen.

7. Remove the specimen from the split mould by splitting the mould into two parts.

8. Measure the length and diameter of the specimen with vernier callipers.

9. Place the specimen on the bottom plate of the compression machine. Adjust the upper
plate to make contact with the specimen.

10.Adjust the dial gauge and the proving ring gauge to zero.

11.Apply the compression load to cause an axial strain at the rate of ½ to 2% per minute.

12.Record the dial gauge reading, and the proving ring reading every thirty seconds up to
a strain of 6%. The reading may be taken after every 60 seconds for a strain between
6%, 12% and every 2minutes or so beyond 12%.

13.Continue the test until failure surfaces have clearly developed or until an axial strain of
20% is reached.

14.Measure the angle between the failure surface and the horizontal, if possible.

15.Take the sample from the failure zone of the specimen for the water content
determination.

39
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.1 GENERAL
in this chapter all the investigation results of index properties and engineering characteristic
of soil studied. Different percentage of bio enzyme (200ml/1.0m3 ,200ml/1.5m3,200ml/2.0m3)
is added to study the properties of soil. than all results are compared.
Calculation for amount of TerraZyme require for each dosage
Density of soil=1.54 g/cc
Density=Weight/Volume
For dosage 1: 200ml/1.5 m3= 1.54 X1.5X1000=2310 kg
200 ml for 2310 kg of soil; for 1 kg of soil= 0.086 ml of TerrZyme required.
Similarly, for other dosage the amount of TerraZyme is calculated.

Dosage No 200ml/m3 of soil Amount of

TerraZyme require
ml/kg
1 200ml/1.5m3 0.086
2 200ml/1.0m3 0.129
3 200ml/0.5m3 0.259
4 200ml/0.25m3 0.519

40
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
4.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY DENSITY BOTTLE
Result of specific gravity(G) is 2.52
Table 4.1 Results for specific gravity for soil
Sr. Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of
No. Empty Density Density Density
Density Bottle + Bottle + Bottle + G
Bottle(W1) Dry soil Dry soil+ Distilled (specific
(gm) (W2) Distilled water gravity)
(gm) water (W4)
(W3) (gm) (gm)
1 36 45 92 86.5 2.57
2 36 46 92.5 86.5 2.5
3 32.5 42.5 88 82 2.5

4.2.2 FREE SWELL INDEX

Result of free sell index is 60%

Table 4.2 Result for free swell index for soil

Mass of Dry Volume of soil Volume of soil % Free swell
in in kerosene
soil Index
Water
10 16 10 60%

41
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.2.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS

Wet sieve analysis:

Sieve analysis and wet sieve analysis tests performed. In wet sieve analysis, about 200 g of
soil was taken and it was washed with water though 75 μ sieve, soil retained on sieve was dried
in the oven. The percentage of soil passing from 75 μ sieve was calculated and it gave the
percentage of passing soil. Passing soil gave percentage finer <75 μ fine particles of soil
sample. The retained mass of soil was dried in hot air oven and the mass was calculated, which
was 42gms. Hence 79% soil was passing through 75 μ. The necessity of Hydrometer thus
arises as the fraction of soil passing 75 μ was greater than 50%.

Fig.4.1 Particle size distribution curve

42
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.2.4 HYDROMETER
The Hydrometer analysis was carried out for the high plasticity clay soil sample of 50g passing
through 75 μ sieve and the reading taken from graduated cylinder 1000 cc, at time of
0.5,1,2,4,8,15,30,60,120 min and last reading at 24hr.

Fig 4.2 Hydrometer test analysis

43
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.2.5 LIQUID LIMIT
liquid limit of untreated soil =56.05%

100
90
80
70
WATER CONTENT(%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
NUMBER OF BLOWS (N)

\
Fig. 4.3 (Number of blows vs water content%)

Table 4.3 Result for liquid limit for soil

Sl. Observations and Calculations Sample Sample Sample Sample
No. 1 2 3 4
1 Number of blows (N) 14 20 26 30

2 Water content can No. 1 2 3 4

3 Mass of empty can. (M1) 42 40 34 66

4 Mass of can + wet soil (M2) 66 65 59 91

5 Mass of can + dry soil (M3) 55 54 50 84

6 Mass of water = M2 – M3 11 11 9 7

7 Mass of dry soil = M3 – M1 13 14 16 18

8 Water content = w = [(6) / (7)] x 84.61 78.57 56.25 38.88

100 In %
@ water content at 25 blow (%) 56.05

44
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
➢ Liquid Limit of treated soil with 200ml/1.5 m3 )
Liquid Limit for treated soil =55.5% (200ml/1.5m3)
90
80
water content (%) 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
No. of blows

Fig.4.4 Graph of Liquid Limit test for treated Soil (200ml/1.5 m3)

➢ Liquid Limit for treated soil with 200ml/1.0m 3

Liquid Limit for treated soil =53.25% (200ml/1.0m3)

90
80
70
water content (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
No. of blows

Fig. 4.5 Graph of Liquid Limit for treated soil (200ml/1.0𝒎𝟑)

45
 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

➢ Liquid Limit for treated soil with 200ml/0.5m 3

Liquid Limit for treated soil =51.00% (200ml/0.5m3)
90
80
70
water content (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
No of blows

Fig. 4.6 Graph of Liquid Limit for treated soil (200ml/0.5𝒎𝟑)

➢ Liquid Limit for treated soil with 200ml/0.25m 3

Liquid Limit for treated soil =49.50% (200ml/0.25m3)
25
90
80
70
water content (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 25 100
no of blows

.Fig. 4.7 Graph of Liquid Limit for treated soil (200ml/0.25𝒎𝟑)

46
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.2.6 PLASTIC LIMIT
Table 4.4 Result of Plastic limit

PLASTIC LIMIT Container no 1 Container no 2

Weight of empty
container (W1) 14 14

Weight of
container+ 23 31
Wet soil (W2)
Weight of
container + 16 18
Dry soil (W3)
Weight of dry 2 4
sample
(W3-W1)
Weight of wet 7 17
sample
(W2-W1)
Water content 28.57% 23.52%
(W3-W1)/ (W2-
W1) * 100

Average water content of plastic limit =26.045%

Plasticity index= liquid limit – plastic limit
= 56.05-26.045
= 30.005%

47
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Table 4.5 Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of TerraZyme treated Soil

Dosage 200ml/ 200ml/ 200ml/ 200ml/

1.5m3 1.0m3 0.5m3 0.25m3
Plastic Limit 27 26.5 25 24.50
Plasticity
Index 30.5 29 26.27 24.50

4.2.7 SHRINKAGE LIMIT

The result of shrinkage limit = 8.7%

48
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.2.8 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

1.66

1.64

1.62

1.6
DRY DENSITY

1.58

1.56

1.54

1.52

1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
water content (%)

Fig. 4.8 (Water content% vs dry density)

OMC 22%
MDD 1.65gm/cc

49
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.2.9 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION STENGTH

Fig. 4.9 (Normal stress vs shear stress)

The result of unconfined compression strength = 1.70kg/cm2 @97% of
Maximum dry density.

50
 Remaining works schedule
Works schedule during the lockdown

DATE The remaining works

17/03/2020 SPT of treated soil with (200ml/1.5 m3)

19/03/2020 SPT of treated soil with (200ml/1.0m3)

23/03/2020 SPT of treated soil with (200ml/ 0.5 m3 )

24/03/2020 SPT of treated soil with (200ml/0.25 m3)

26/03/2020 UCS of treated soil with (200ml/1.5 m3)

30/03/2020 UCS of treated soil with (200ml/1.0m3)

01/04/2020 UCS of treated soil with (200ml/ 0.5 m3)

07/04/2020 UCS of treated soil with (200ml/0.25 m3)

15/04/2020 Final result and conclusion

51
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Cu Uniformity coefficient
Cc Compression index
G Specific gravity of soil particles
Q Load per unit area
V Volume of soil mass
W Weight of soil mass
Γ Bulk unit weight
ρd Dry density
Σ Total stress
σ' Effective stress
Ø Angle of shearing resistance
OMC Optimum moisture content
MDD Maximum dry density
SPT Standard proctor test
UCS Unconfined compression test
CH Highly clay
LL Liquid limit
PL Plastic limit
PI Plasticity index
SL Shrinkage limit

52
 REFERENCES
1. Engineering Behaviour of a Remoulded Expansive Clay Blended with Lime, Calcium
Chloride, and Rice-Husk Ash RADHEY S. SHARMA, B.R. PANIKUMAR August
01, 2008 Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.
2. Jay pal S. Boobathiraja, Samuel Thana raj, K. Priyadarshini Weak Soil Stabilization
using Different Admixtures- A Comparative Study International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 3 Issue 10, October- 2014
3. Jitendra prasad Singh “Stabilization of black cotton soil using bio-enzyme for a
highway material.” International journal of innovative research in science, volume 4,
December 2015
4. Patel& dr. h. s. Patel “review on effect of stabilizing agents for stabilization of weak
soil” research scholar, Ganpat university Mehsana, L.D. Collage of Engineering
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India (2004)
5. Sureka Naagesh and S. Gangadhara “Swelling Properties of Bio-enzyme Treated
Expansive soil” International Journal of Engineering Studies, 2010 (2), 155-159.
6. D.G.M. Purohit, Wayal A.S, Dangda Sandeep, N. K. Ameta “Economics of
Stabilizing Bentonite Soil with Lime-Gypsum” Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering Volume 14 :130-138 (2007).
7. Işık Yilmaz, Berrin Civelekoglu “Gypsum: An additive for stabilization of swelling
clay soils” Applied Clay Science, (2009) 166-172.
8. Siti Aimi Nadia Binti Mohd Yusoff “Soil Stabilization using Lignin & Bio –enzymes”
Report -2015, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering University Siti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia
9. Mihai O. Marasteanu, Ray Hozalski Timothy R. Clyne, Raul Velasquez “Preliminary
Laboratory Investigation of Enzyme Solutions as a Soil Stabilizer” Report No MN/RC
– 2005-25, University of Minnesota Department of Civil Engineering.
10.Priyanka M Shaka, Surekha M Shaka, “Laboratory investigation on Black cotton
soils and Red soil stabilized using Enzyme” International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056.

WEBSITES:
o Avijeeth Agencies (P) Ltd (2002) “Information Package” Report and case
studies on usage of ‘Terrazyme’.
o http://www.terrazyme.com
o http://www.irjet.net
o http://www.googlescholar.com
o http://www.reserchgate.net
o www.civilology.com

53
 REFERENCES

BOOKS:
1. B.C Punamia, Ashok Kumar Jain “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”
Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, India vol 16th (2005) Ch 3, Sec 3.8 -3.12, pp 52-66.
2. Dr.K.R.Arora “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering” Standard Publishers
distributors ,Delhi, vol 7th Ch 5, Sec 5.5-5.8, pp 95-102.

IS CODES
1. IS 2720:1985 (Part 4): Grain size analysis
2. IS2720:1985 (Part 3): Determination of Specific Gravity
3. IS2720:1977(Part 40): Determination of Free Swell Index
4. IS2720:1985(Part 4): Hydrometer method test
5. IS 2720:1985(Part 5): Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit
6. IS 2720: 1972(Part 6): Determination of Shrinkage Limit
7. IS 2720:1980(Part 7): Determination of Water Content-Dry density relation
using light Compaction test
8. IS 2720:1991(Part 10): Determination of unconfined compression test

54
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