A vacuum cleaner, also known as a hoover (a genericized trademark) or sweeper and

commonly referred to simply as a vacuum, is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial
vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. The dirt is collected by either a dustbag or
a cyclone for later disposal.

Electrolux Model V
The first vacuum cleaners were bulky stand-up units and not easily portable. But in 1921
Electrolux launched the Model V, that was designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners.
This innovation, conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren, became a standard feature
on generations of future vacuum cleaners.

There is a recorded example of a 1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving in use for over 70
years, finally breaking in 2008.[11]
A Dyson DC07 upright cyclonic vacuum cleaner using centrifugal force to separate dust and
particles from the air flowing through the cylindrical collection vessel

For many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item; but after World
War II they became common among the middle classes[citation needed]. They tend to be more common
in Western countries because, in most parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpeting is
uncommon[citation needed] and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped, or
mopped[citation needed].

Vacuum cleaners working on the cyclone principle became popular in the 1990s, although some
companies (notably Filter Queen and Regina) have been making vacuum cleaners with cyclonic
action since 1928.[citation needed] Modern cyclonic cleaners were adapted from industrial cyclonic
separators by British designer James Dyson in 1985. He launched his cyclone cleaner first in
Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US$1,800 and later the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK in
1993 for £200. It was expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of
a normal cleaner, but it later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.

Cyclonic cleaners do not use bags instead, the dust collects in a detachable, cylindrical collection
vessel. Air and dust are blown at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to
the vessel wall, creating a vortex. The dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the
vessel by centrifugal force, where they fall due to gravity, and clean air from the center of the
vortex is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters
at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the
subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or
replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently. Since Dyson, several other
companies have introduced cyclone models, including Hoover, and the cheapest models are no
more expensive than a conventional cleaner.
Clock
A clock is an instrument used to indicate, keep, and co-ordinate time. The word clock is derived
ultimately (via Dutch, Northern French, and Medieval Latin) from the Celtic words clagan and
clocca meaning "bell". A silent instrument lacking such a mechanism has traditionally been
known as a timepiece.[1] In general usage today a "clock" refers to any device for measuring and
displaying the time. Watches and other timepieces that can be carried on one's person are often
The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to consistently measure
intervals of time shorter than the natural units: the day; the lunar month; and the year. Devices
operating on several different physical processes have been used over the millennia, culminating
in the clocks of today.
Sundials and other devices
The sundial, which measures the time of day by using the sun, was widely used in ancient times.
A well-constructed sundial can measure local solar time with reasonable accuracy, and sundials
continued to be used to monitor the performance of clocks until the modern era. However, its
practical limitations - it requires the sun to shine and does not work at all during the night -
encouraged the use of other techniques for measuring time.
Candle clocks, and sticks of incense that burn down at approximately predictable speeds have
also been used to estimate the passing of time. In an hourglass, fine sand pours through a tiny
hole at a constant rate and indicates a predetermined passage of an arbitrary period of time.
How clocks work
The invention of the mechanical clock in the 13th century initiated a change in timekeeping
methods from continuous processes, such as the motion of the gnomon's shadow on a sundial or
the flow of liquid in a water clock, to repetitive oscillatory processes, like the swing of a
pendulum or the vibration of a quartz crystal, which were more accurate.[29] All modern clocks
use oscillation.
Although the methods they use vary, all oscillating clocks, mechanical and digital and atomic,
work similarly and can be divided into analogous parts.[30][31][32] They consist of an object that
repeats the same motion over and over again, an oscillator, with a precisely constant time
interval between each repetition, or 'beat'. Attached to the oscillator is a controller device, which
sustains the oscillator's motion by replacing the energy it loses to friction, and converts its
oscillations into a series of pulses. The pulses are then added up in a chain of some type of
counters to express the time in convenient units, usually seconds, minutes, hours, etc. Then
finally some kind of indicator displays the result in a human-readable form.
Indicator
This displays the count of seconds, minutes, hours, etc. in a human readable form.
 The earliest mechanical clocks in the 13th century didn't have a visual indicator and
signalled the time audibly by striking bells. Many clocks to this day are striking clocks
which strike the hour.
 Analog clocks, including almost all mechanical and some electronic clocks, have a
traditional dial or clock face, that displays the time in analog form with moving hour and
minute hand. In quartz clocks with analog faces, a 1 Hz signal from the counters actuates
a stepper motor which moves the second hand forward at each pulse, and the minute and
hour hands are moved by gears from the shaft of the second hand.
 Digital clocks display the time in periodically changing digits on a digital display.
 Talking clocks and the speaking clock services provided by telephone companies speak
the time audibly, using either recorded or digitally synthesized voices.
MIXER
A mixer is a kitchen appliance intended for mixing, folding, beating, and whipping food
ingredients. Mixers come in two major variations, hand mixers and stand mixers.
A hand mixer, as the name implies, is a hand-held mixing device. The modern electrically
powered type consists of a handle mounted over a large enclosure containing the motor, which
drives one or two beaters. The beaters are immersed in the food to be mixed. A simpler
manually-operated type, which preceded electric mixers and is still used today, consists of a
handle with a hand-operated crank on the side, geared to two beaters. The handle is held with
one hand and the crank is turned with the other, turning the beaters.
A stand mixer is essentially the same as a hand mixer, but is mounted on a stand which bears the
weight of the device. Stand mixers are larger and have more powerful motors than their hand-
held counterparts. They generally have a special bowl that is locked in place while the mixer is
operating. Heavy duty commercial models can have bowl capacities in excess of 100 quarts (95
L), but more typical home and commercial models are equipped with bowls of around 4 quarts (4
L). A typical home stand mixer will include a wire whip for whipping creams and egg whites; a
flat beater for mixing batters; and a dough hook for kneading.
In 1870, Turner Williams of Providence, R.I., invented the first hand egg beater. U.S. Patent
103,811 The first electric mixer was invented by Herbert Johnston in 1908 and sold by the
KitchenAid division of the Hobart Manufacturing Company.[1][2]
Older models of mixers originally listed each speed by name of operation (ex: Beat-Whip would
be high speed if it is a 3-speed mixer); they are now listed by number.
Mixers should not be confused with blenders. Blenders contain sharp blades and typically
operate at higher speeds that chop, liquefy, or otherwise break down larger food items. A mixer
is a much slower device without sharpened blades.