Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations Changed the Course of

Science and Technology: Modern Times

•STS is a relatively recent discipline originating in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn's The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962).
•STS was the result of a "sociological turn" in science studies
•Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is
the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological
innovations and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Society
- The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we
engage in to figure things out and to make things.
- a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group
sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Science
•Done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that
rides to stimulate natural processes under controlled conditions.
How science can have an affect on society?
• Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge
and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society
think about themselves, others, and the environment.
• The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
• Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is
growing.
The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards
demanded that more goods be produced, efficient transportation for trade, faster
communication and computing devices, and machines to be upgraded.
Modern times achievements in the course of science and technology.
Pasteurization - Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy
products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Pasteurization is a
process of food preservation in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk
and fruit juices) are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C (212 °F), to
eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. It is also the partial sterilization of a product,
such as milk or wine, to make it safe for consumption and improve its keeping quality.
Petroleum Refinery - Samuel Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene
was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because I was used to provide lighting to
houses. The refining of crude petroleum owes its origin to the successful drilling of the
first oil wells in Ontario, Canada, in 1858 and in Titusville, Pennsylvania, U.S., in 1859.
Prior to that time, petroleum was available only in very small quantities from natural
seepage of subsurface oil in various areas throughout the world.
Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone for easy connection and
communication in trade and exploration. telephone, an instrument designed for the
simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice. The telephone is
inexpensive, is simple to operate, and offers its users an immediate, personal type of
communication that cannot be obtained through any other medium. As a result, it has
become the most widely used telecommunications device in the world. Billions of
telephones are in use around the world.
Calculator - A computing device that is easy to carry and can compute more
complicated equations. Machine for automatically performing arithmetical
operations and certain mathematical functions. The arithmometer was the first
commercially successful calculating machine to complete all four basic operations —
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division — according to IBM.
ELECTRIC DYNAMO - In the early 1830s, Michael Faraday performed his seminal
experimental research on electromagnetic induction, in which he created the first
electric dynamo—a machine for continuously converting rotational mechanical energy
into electrical energy. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering
power for industry.
COMPUTER - Charles Babbage’s analytic engine is often seen as the forerunner of the
modern computer. It had the ability to be programmed and calculate mathematical
equations From these early experimental machines, we saw the development of later
electronic versions. Although the electronic computer wasn’t really developed until after
the 1940s.He first attempted to create a so-called difference engine, which would be
able to calculate mathematical and astronomical tables by turning a crank. Later, he
expanded upon this idea by proposing an analytical engine, which would be a device
that could be programmed to perform any calculation.
LIGHT BULB - Throughout the nineteenth century, inventors produced simple electric
lights. For example, Joseph Swan produced a simple electric light, but, he struggled to
maintain a power source and the filament soon burned out when the vacuum was
exhausted. It was Thomas Edison who made the lightbulb into a practical low current
version. He used a filament based on a burned sewing thread after the improvement of
vacuum techniques, both Swan and Edison produced a practical lightbulb. Three years
later, while searching for a better carbon filament for his lightbulb, Swan patented a
process for squeezing nitrocellulose through holes to form fibers.
Phonograph - also called record player, instrument for reproducing sounds by means
of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc. A
phonograph disc, or record, stores a replica of sound waves as a series of undulations
in a sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the stylus. All modern
phonograph systems had certain components in common: a turntable that rotated the
record; a stylus that tracked a groove in the record; a pickup that converted the
mechanical movements of the stylus into electrical impulses; an amplifier that intensified
these electrical impulses; and a loudspeaker that converted the amplified signals back
into sound. Phonographs and records were the chief means of reproducing recorded
sound at home until the 1980s, when they were largely supplanted by recorded
cassettes and compact discs. See also sound recording.
Camera - Like many modern electronics, the camera and indeed the art of photography
have a fascinating history and evolution. Today, people use cameras every day to take
selfies, photos of their pets, and many other things, but it's difficult to imagine the impact
that the first camera had when it came out in the late 19th century. Through its short
evolution, the camera has made remarkable improvements from huge boxes that took
blurry images to the powerful, smart, modern camera. Like many important
technologies, the cameras we use today are the result of a long, iterative process many
great minds contributed to.
Vehicles that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date back to the early
19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged
consecutively, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German draisine dating
back to 1817. The term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s, and the descriptive
title "penny farthing", used to describe an "ordinary bicycle", is a 19th-century term.
“In modern times, what impresses one is not a simple and unassuming
statement of the truth, but superficial showmanship and display.”
~ Nirmala Srivastava
GROUP 6
MEMBERS:
AGGARAO,PRINCESS DIVINE
ARTIAGA,LADY LYN
CLAUD,SHIRLY MAE
EMPERADO,NAEOBE ARWEN
VILLEGAS,CRISTINE JOY
~BEED-1B~