‫طارق فريد عبدهللا‬:‫اسم الطالب‬ ‫الرابعه‬:‫المرحلة‬

19-6-2020:‫التاريخ‬ 1:‫رقم الواجب‬

Q1)

1- Catalytic cracking is the scission (separation) (detachment) of a carbon–

carbon single bond. catalytic cracker takes the more easily cracked paraffinic
atmospheric and vacuum gas oils as charge stocks

2- hydrocracking: uses more aromatic cycle oils and coker distillates as

feed.it separates the carbon-carbon single bond an adds hydrogen to the carbon-carbon
double bond.

3-HYDROTREATING :

is a process to catalytically stabilize petroleum

products and/or remove objectionable elements from products or
feedstocks by reacting them with hydrogen

Catalytic Cracking Catalytic Hydrocracking Hydrotreating

Feed:
takes the more easily cracked
paraffinic
atmospheric and vacuum gas
oils as charge stocks
Products:
The light gases produced by
catalytic cracking contain more
olefins
Catalysts:
1- Acid treated clays ground to a
powder
2- Synthetic silica- alumina
catalysts of higher activity
(amorphous)
3- Crystalline synthetic silica –
alumina
Operating conditions:
Average riser reactor
temperatures are in the range
(480–540 ºC), with oil feed
temperatures (260– 425 ºC) and
regenerator exit temperatures
for catalyst (650–815 ºC)
Feed:
uses more aromatic cycle
oils and coker distillates as
feed.
Products:
gasoline, jet fuels, and light hydrogen sulfide, ammonia,
fuel oils
Catalysts:
use silica-alumina as the
cracking base and platinum, oxides on alumina,
palladium, tungsten, and
nickel as rare-earth metals
Operating conditions:
Its operating conditions
Typically ranging (350–
420°C and 6900–13,800
kPa)
Feed:
applied to a wide range of
feedstocks, from naphtha to
reduced crude
Products:
saturated
hydrocarbons, and free metals
Catalysts:
1- cobalt and molybdenum
2- nickel oxide,
3- nickel thiomolybdate,
4- tungsten and nickel sulfides,
and
5- Vanadium oxide.
Operating conditions:
Typical ranges of process
variables in hydrotreating
operations are:
Temperature (270–340C),
Pressure of
(690–20,700 kPag)
‫طارق فريد عبدهللا‬:‫اسم الطالب‬ ‫الرابعه‬:‫المرحلة‬
19-6-2020:‫التاريخ‬ 1:‫رقم الواجب‬

Q2)

1- Catalytic Hydrocracking:
Its purpose:
Upgrade (Feed) heavy cracking stocks, aromatics,
cycle oils, and coker oils to (Produce) gasoline, jet fuels, and light fuel
oils.
The feed stocks: heavy cracking stocks, aromatics,
cycle oils, and coker oils.
The products: it can produce gasoline, jet fuels, and light fuel oils.
2- Hydrotreating:
Its purpose:
Its purpose is to saturate olefins and/or reduce the sulfur
and/or nitrogen content (and not to change the boiling range) of the
feed.
The feed stocks: Hydrotreating is applied to a wide range of feedstocks, from
naphtha to reduced crude.
The products: hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, saturated hydrocarbons, and free
metals.

Q3)

1-The feed inters the reactor and becomes in contact with the catalyst as the cracking
process progresses the catalyst become progressively deactivated because of the forming
if the coke on the catalyst because of the cracking.

2-the catalyst and the hydrocarbon vapors are separated and the oil remaining on the
catalyst is removed by steam stripping.

3- The deactivated catalyst is then enters the regenerator to be reactivated and cleaned
from the coke and sent back to the reactor.
‫طارق فريد عبدهللا‬:‫اسم الطالب‬ ‫الرابعه‬:‫المرحلة‬
19-6-2020:‫التاريخ‬ 1:‫رقم الواجب‬

4- The spent catalyst is reactivated by burning off the coke deposits with air. Regenerator
temperatures are carefully controlled to prevent catalyst deactivation by overheating and
to provide the desired amount of carbon burn-off.

5- The flue gas and the catalyst is then sent to the waste heat boiler to be separated from
the catalyst by cyclone separators and electrostatic precipitators. the flue gas is the sent
to the dust collector.

6-the hydrocarbon vapors are sent to the fractionator after exiting the reactor to be
separated depending on their boiling points.

7-the residual slurry from the fractionator is then pumped to the slurry settler to be
separated from the remaining oil and it is then sent back to the reactor as a recycle.

And as shown in the flow sheet

‫اسم الطالب‪:‬طارق فريد عبدهللا‬ ‫المرحلة‪:‬الرابعه‬
‫التاريخ‪19-6-2020:‬‬ ‫رقم الواجب‪1:‬‬