Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ScienceDirect
Procedia Structural Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101

First International Symposium on Risk and Safety of Complex Structures and Components

Assessment of Local Stresses and Strains in Notched Components

Subjected to Extreme Loading
N. Makhutov a, D. Reznikov a*
a
Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, RAS. 4 Maly Kharitonievsky lane, Moscow,101990, Russia

Abstract

The paper is focused on assessment of stress-strain response of the material of notched components subjected to extreme loading
regimes that cause extensive plastic deformations and general yielding. The modification of the Neuber method that allows one to
predict maximum local stresses and strains of the notched component when the nominal stress exceeds the yield strength of the
material is presented. The influence of the strain hardening exponent on the stress-strain elastoplastic response of the material at
the notch zone is assessed.
©
© 2019
2019The TheAuthors. Published
Author(s). by Elsevier
Published B.V. B.V.
by Elsevier
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the ILEE-2019 organizers
Peer-review under responsibility of the First International Symposium on Risk and Safety of Complex Structures and Components organizers
Keywords: notch, stress concentration factor; strain concentration factor; Neuber rule; general plasticity

1. Introduction

Many structural components contain geometrical discontinuities, such as such as fillets, holes, welds, grooves and
keyholes that are commonly referred to as notches. When a notched component is loaded, local stress and strain
concentrations are generated in the notch zone.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-495-623-5835; fax: +7-495-623-5835.

E-mail address: imashreznikoff@yandex.ru.

2452-3216 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the ILEE-2019 organizers

2452-3216 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the First International Symposium on Risk and Safety of Complex Structures and Components organizers
10.1016/j.prostr.2020.01.013
94 N. Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101
2 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Nomenclature

E – elasticity modulus
F – correction function in generalized Neuber rule
Kε –strain concentration factor
Kσ – stress concentration factor
Kt – theoretical (elastic) stress concentration factor
m –strain hardening exponent
εf – fracture strain
εlp– limited plastic strain
εn – nominal strain
εmax – maxim local strain at the notch root
εe-f –pseudoelastic (fictitious) strains at the notch root
εp-f – pseudoplastic (fictitious plastic) strains at the notch root
εY – yield strain
σmax – maxim local stress at the notch root (maximum notch stress)
σe-f – pseudoelastic (fictitious elastic) stresses at the notch root
σp-f – pseudoplastic (fictitious plastic) stresses at the notch root
σn – nominal stress
σnnorm – nominal stress due to normal loading
σnextr –nominal stress due to extreme loading
σY – yield stress
Φ – transformation that maps pseudoelastic or pseudoplastic states to actual stress-strain states at the notch zone
ΦN – Neuber transformation
ΦM –Makhutov transformation

Until material at the notch root remains elastic, theoretical stress concentration factor Kt relates nominal stresses
σn and strains εn to the maximum local values of stresses σmax and strains εmax at the notch root (Bannantine et al,
1990;. Manson and Halford, 2006):

 max  Kt n ,
(1)
 max  Kt  n .
Values of Kt for a variety of notched components are readily available and particularly useful for brittle materials
in order to predict the peak stresses. For increasing nominal stresses Kt remains constant until yielding begins. For
ductile materials, the local region of high stress is relieved as yielding occurs and the maximum stress is no longer
equal to Kt multiplied by the nominal stress. Upon yielding, local stresses and local strains are no longer linearly
dependent. A power law approximation of strain hardening can be used to describe stress-strain relationship in
plastic region:

 max  K  max
m
, (2)

where K and m are material constants.

After yielding occurs, local values of stresses and strains are no longer related to the nominal values by Kt. In
plastic region nominal and local values of stresses and strains are related in terms of stress and strain concentration
factors:

 max  K  n
for  max   Y (3)
 max  K  n .
 N. Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101 95
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

Besides, in the plastic region local stress concentration factor Kσ decreases with respect to Kt and local strain
concentration factor Kε increases.
For power law approximation of the stress-strain curve the following relation between maximum local stress and
strain can be written:

 max E max for  max   Y (4)

 max  Y ( max /  Y ) m for  max   Y (5)

Similar expressions can be written for nominal stresses and strains that describe the cases of nominally elastic
and plastic behavior of the structural component:

 n E n for  n  Y (6)

n  Y ( n /  Y ) m for  n  Y (7)
Processes of deformation of smooth (Kt=1) and notched (Kt>1) components are described on fig.1.

Fig.1. Stress-strain curves for smooth specimen (Kt=1) and notched
component (Kt>1)
Fig.2. Stress strain conversion rules for different strain ranges
1 – Pseudoelastic states; 2 – Stress-strain curve;
ΦN is a Neuber’s mapping according to (15);
I – range of elastic strains; II – range of limited plastic strains;
III – range of extensive plastic strains

The rearrangement of equations (5) and (7) gives the expression between Kσ and Kε.

m
  
K  K  n  Y for
m  n   Y ,  max  Y (8)
 Y   n
The concepts of pseudoelastic (fictitious) stress σe-f and strain εe-f fields are used in notch mechanics. They are
calculated using methods of linear elasticity theory in the assumption that material at the notch zone deforms
elastically when maximum local stresses accede to yield strength value:

 e f  Kt n
, for  n  Y . (9)
 e f  K t n
96 N. Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101
4 Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Similar concepts of pseudoplastic (fictitious) stresses σp-f and strain εp-f may also be introduced for
approximation of notch stresses and strains when nominally plastic behavior according equation (7) is assumed:

 p  f  Kt n
, for  n  Y (10)
 p  f  K t n
Processes of fracture of structural components are usually initiated in these highly stressed zones (Makhutov, 2008;
Makhutov 2019). Assessment of the material response to various loading regimes in these zones is thus one of the
key problems in ensuring structural integrity and safety. Such assessment should be carried out not only for the
cases of normal loading regimes that cause elastic (ε<εY) and limited elasto-plastic (ε<εlp=5εY) response of the
material in the notch zone (regions I and II of the stress-strain curve, fig.2), but also for the cases of extreme
loading that causes extensive plastic strains and general yielding of the cross section (region III fig.2 when
maximum local strains tend to fracture values that can reach up to εf ~5070% or 20εY).
The assessment of stress strain response of the material at the notch zone in post-yielding situation is a
complicated task. Closed form solutions are only available for a relatively small number of specific cases. Three
types of approaches are used in notch mechanics: experimental strain measurements, numerical simulations (FEM),
and approximate analytical methods also known as stress-strain conversion rules.
Approximate analytical methods for assessment of stress-strain response in the notch zone are based on the
following two types of equations:
(1) Constitutive laws that relate maximum local stresses and strains (σmax, εmax) in the stress concentration zone in
the plastic region. For the case of monotonic loading a Ramberg-Osgud relation might be used:

 max  max E   max K 

1/ m
 ; (11)

(2) Postulated expressions that relate the values of elastic pseudo stresses and strains that are calculated by
elasticity theory in the assumption that material in the notch zone is deformed elastically, and the actual elasto-
plastic response of the material at the notch root (Adibi-Asl and Seshadri, 2009).

{ max ,  max }  { e  f ,  e  f } for  e  f   Y ,  e  f   Y . (12)

The transformation Φ in essence determines the mapping of points Ae-f (σe-f; εe-f) of the semiaxis CE∞ of the
fictitious elastic pseudo states of the material to points Amak(σmax;εmax) of the segment CP∞ of the stress-strain curve
(fig.3) (Makhutov and Reznikov, 2018):

A e  f ( e  f ,  e  f )   A max ( max ,  max ) for  e  f   Y ,  e  f   Y . (13)

A number of approximate analytical methods of that kind (which are commonly known as stress-strain
conversion rules) were developed and are widely applied along with numerical and experimental ones. These
include: Linear rule, Neuber rule, Equivalent Strain Energy Density method and others.
Neuber rule proved to be the most convenient and widely used approximate analytical method allowing
determination of the stress-strain material response at the notch zone in elastoplastic formulation. It relates stress
and strain concentration factors (Kσ and Kε) to the theoretical stress concentration factor Kt (Neuber, H., 1961):
K K
1, (14)
Kt2
It can be also rewritten in the form that directly relates maximum local stresses and strains to (fictitious)
pseudoelastic stresses and strains that are calculated using the elasticity theory in the assumption that the material at
the notch root remains linear elastic when local stresses exceed the yield strength:
 max max   e  f  e  f . (15)
 N. Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101 97
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5

Neuber rule tends to overestimate local strains, but provides adequate assessments of the maximum local
stresses and strains for the range of limited plastic strains (range II, fig. 2) that correspond to normal loading
regimes. However the accuracy of estimates obtained using equation (14) decreases dramatically as soon as applied
strains move to the range III that corresponds to accident and catastrophic loading regimes.

2. Modification of the Neuber rule

A variety of experiments on specimens with various notch geometries were carried out (Makhutov, 1981).
These experiments showed that in the case of extensive plastic deformations the right side of the Neuber equation is
not equal to 1 and is not a constant value. That is why it was proposed to introduce a correction function into the
right side of Neuber rule. This function should depends on Kt, strain hardening exponent m and the magnitude of
nominal stress σn.
These experiments also showed that the correction function F should have the following properties:
1) When the material response is elastic (Kσ=Kε=Kt), the values of F should be equal to 1;
2) Due to the changes of the geometry of the notch as the values of elasto-plastic strains increase the values of the
function F should decrease to a certain minimum value that corresponds to the moment of loss of stability in the
process of plastic deformation in the notch zone.
3) As plastic strains increase after the loss of stability of plastic deformation in the notch zone and the area of the
cross section decrease the values of the function F should rise.
On the basis of generalization of available numerical and analytical solutions as well as the estimation of a huge
volume of experimental data such function F(Kt,σn,σ(ε)) was proposed (Makhutov, 1981) a modification of Neuber
rule was developed in which a correction function was introduced into Neuber equation (14).
This function allows accounting for the dependence of stress Kσ and strain Kε concentration factors from
theoretical stress concentration factor Kt, nominal stresses σn and strain hardening exponent m.
K K
F ( Kt ,  n ,  ( )) . (16)
Kt2
The following phenomenological function was proposed that satisfies these three requirements and fits well to
available experiment data in a wide range of applied strains:
0.5(1 m ) 1 n  Y 1 Kt 
  
F ( Kt ,  n ,  ( ))   Y  , (17)
 Kt n 
Substituting equation (17) into equation (16) gives:
0.5(1m ) 1 n Y 1 Kt 
  
K K
 Kt2  Y  . (18)
 Kt n 

Taking into account equations (1) and (10), equation (18) may be rewritten in the form of transformation Φ M
that carries out a mapping of the curve of pseudoplastic states Ap-f (σp-f;εp-f) to the actual notch states
(M )
Amax (σmax; εmax) located on the stress-strain curve 1 (fig.3). Here instead of pseudoelastic states Ae-f(σe-f; εe-f) located
on semiaxis 2 whose coordinates are determined by equations (6) and (9) in the assumption of nominally elastic
behavior, the so-called pseudoplastic states Ap-f (σp-f; εp-f) of the curve 3 whose coordinates are determined by
equations (7) and (10) in the assumption of nominally plastic material response are used as preimage points of the
transformation. This transformation characterizes redistribution of stresses and strains at the notch zone in the
process of plastic deformation:
698 N.name
Author Makhutov et al. /Integrity
/ Structural ProcediaProcedia
Structural00Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101
(2019) 000–000

     
0.5(1 m ) 1  n  Y  n  p f 

 max max   p  f  p  f  Y  . (19)


 p f 
Thus, transformation ΦM is analogous to Neuber transformation ΦN. It maps the points Ap-f(σp-f; εp-f) of the curve
(M )
of pseudoplastic states to the points Amax (σmax; εmax) of the stress-strain curve. But in contrast to transformation ΦN
the proposed transformation ΦM allows accounting for the values of theoretical stress concentration factors Kt,
nominal stresses σn, and power hardening exponent m. Thus, determining the relationship between fictitious
pseudoplastic states (σp-f; εp-f) and maximum local stress and strains (σmax, εmax) at the notch zone for the wide range
of nominal stresses σn.

Fig.3. Stress strain conversion rules for different strain ranges

1 – Stress-strain curve, 2 –Pseudoelastic states; 3 –Pseudoplastic states;
ΦN is a Neuber’s mapping according to (15) ΦM is a Makhutov mapping according to (19); I – range of elastic strains; II – range of limited
plastic strains; III – range of extensive plastic strains

Fig.4 provides a geometrical interpretation of the proposed rule. It is quite similar to the well known
geometrical interpretation of the Neuber rule (15) that reads that the area of triangles 0 Ae  f  e  f and 0 Amax  max
(N ) (N )

are equal. According to the presented approach the following relationship between the areas of triangles
0 Ap  f  p  f and 0 Amax  max holds:
(M ) (M )

2 F 1 . (20)

 N. Makhutov
Author et al. / Procedia
name / Structural IntegrityStructural
Procedia Integrity
00 (2019)22000–000
(2019) 93–101 997

Fig.4. Geometrical interpretation of the modified Neuber rule

Rearranging equations (4-8) and (18) gives the following expression for stress and strains concentration factors
that determines the material response at the notch root:

Kt2/(1m )  n  Y 
(1 m )/(1 m)

K  for  n  Y ; (21)
 Kt Y  n 
0.5(1m )[1( n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Kt2/(1m )
K  for  n  Y ; (22)
 Kt Y  n 
0.5(1 m )[1( n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Kt2 m /(1m )
K  for  n  Y ; (23)
 n  Y   Kt Y  n 
(1 m )/(1 m) 0.5(1m )[1(  n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Kt2 m /(1m )
K  for  n  Y . (24)
 Kt Y  n 
0.5(1 m )[1( n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

The dependences of stress and strain concentration factors on the magnitude of strain hardening exponent m for a
large plate with a central hole (Kt=3) subjected to monotonic loading with nominal stress equal to the yield strength
(σn= σY) calculated according to equations (21) and (23) are presented on fig. 5.
8100 N.name
Author Makhutov et al. /Integrity
/ Structural ProcediaProcedia
Structural00Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101
(2019) 000–000

Fig.5. Dependencies of stress and strain concentration factors on the magnitude of strain hardening exponent

The magnitude of strain hardening exponent is a key parameter that influences the values of Kσ and Kε. Fig. 6 presents the dependencies of
stress and strain concentration factors on the magnitude of nominal stress for a plate specimen with a central hole (Kt=3) for two types of
structural materials: mild steel with low strain hardening (m=0.08) and concrete with high strain hardening (m=0.6).

a) m=0.08 (mild steel) b) m=0.6 (concrete)

Fig. 6. Dependencies of stress and strain concentration factors on the magnitude of nominal stress for two types of materials with low and
high strain hardening exponent

Fig. 7. Theoretical and experimental local strains for smooth (Kt=5,1) and notched (Kt=1,5 - 5,1) specimens

Fig. 7 presents plots of the maximum logarithmic strains at the notch root against net nominal stresses for smooth
(Kt=1) and notched specimens (Kt>1) made of austenite heat-resistant steel 80Х18Н10Т. The experimental data are
 N. Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 22 (2019) 93–101 101
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 9

depicted by the points. Results of calculation according to equations (21) and (22) are shown by solid lines. These
calculations were carried out with accounting for the 8-18% increase of the resistance to plastic deformation due to
triaxial stress state in the notch zone. This figure demonstrates a good agreement between results of calculations
according to equations (21)-(23) and experimental results for a wide range of strains (regions II and III).
Several different materials, notch geometries and types of loading have been considered and similar
agreement between theory and experiment was achieved.

3. Conclusions

The proposed approach allows describing the performance of the notched components not only under normal
loading regimes that cause limited plasticity with maximum notch strains laying in the range εY <εmax < 5εY but also
to predict its behavior when it is subjected to extreme loads that may cause extensive plastic deformations that may
reach up to 20 εY . This model is helpful for making express assessments of the notch stress-strain response in a
wide rang of applied nominal strains and for verification of FEM assessment.

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 16-58-48008 IND_omi).

References

Adibi-Asl R., Seshadri R. 2009. Improved Prediction Method for Estimating Notch Elastic-Plastic Strain. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology.
135(4):041203-041203-9.
Bannantine J., Comer J, Handrock J. 1990. Fundamentals of metal fatigue analysis. Prentice Ney Jersey. Hall edition, pp. 271.
Makhutov N. 1981. Strain-based Fracture Criteria and Structural Strength Design. Mashinostroeniye publ, Moscow, pp. 271 (in Russian).
Makhutov N. 2008. Strength and Safety. Basic and Applied Research. Nauka publ. Novisibirsk. pp 528 (in Russian).
Makhutov N., Reznikov D. 2018. Methods for Assessment of Stress-Strain States in Stress Concentration Zones in Regular and Accident Loading
Conditions. Problems of Safety and Emergency Situations. 4, 3-28 (in Russian)
Makhutov N., Reznikov. D. 2019. Generalization of Neuber’s Rule for the Assessment of Local Stresses and Strains in Stress Concentration
Zones for a Wide Range of Applied Strains. Procedia Structural Integrity 14 199–206
Manson S., Halford G. 2006. Fatigue and Durability of Structural Materials. USA. ASM International., pp. 455
Neuber, H., 1961. Theory of stress concentration for shear-strained prismatical bodies with arbitrary nonlinear stress–strain law. J. Appl. Mech.
28, 544–550