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2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity and Exhibition 2018

2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity and Exhibition 2018
Generalization of Neuber’s Rule for the Assessment of Local
Generalization of Neuber’s Rule for the Assessment of Local
XVStresses
Portuguese and Strains
Conference in Stress
on Fracture, PCFConcentration Zones
2016, 10-12 February for dea Arcos,
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Stresses and Strains in Stress Concentration Zones for a WidePortugal
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a
Nikolay A.Makhutov
airplane gas Dmitry O.Reznikova*
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Nikolay A.Makhutov , Dmitry O.Reznikov *
a
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, 4 Maly Kharitinievsky lane, Moscow,101990, Russia
a b c
P. Brandão , V. Infante , A.M. Deus *
a
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, 4 Maly Kharitinievsky lane, Moscow,101990, Russia

a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Abstract Portugal
b
AbstractIDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Neuber
c rule is widely used to estimate stress-strain behavior Portugal of notched components upon local yielding occurs. This method
CeFEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Neuber
proved to rule
be isuseful
widely used to estimate
in predicting maximum stress-strain behavior
local strains of notched components upon local yielding occurs. This method
and stresses
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proved
method to be useful
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considerably when maximum
extensive local
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fracture strain values material response at the notch root to extreme loading regimes when maximum notch strains are
close to fracture strain values
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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
degradation,
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Keywords: wererule;
Neuber usedgeneral
to obtain thermal
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FEM analysis,
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plasticity; blade
notch, local scrap
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1.rectangular
Introduction block shape, in order to better establish the model, and then with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The
1. Introduction behaviour in terms of displacement was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a
overall expected
model can be useful in the goal of predicting turbine blade life, given a set of FDR data.
Processes of fracture of structural components and machine parts are usually initiated in stress concentration
©Processes
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Makhutov, 2008). Assessment of the material response to various loading regimes in these zones is thus one of the
Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-495-623-5835; fax: +7 495 623-57-55.

* E-mail
Corresponding
address:author. Tel.: +7-495-623-5835; fax: +7 495 623-57-55.
mibsts@mail.ru
E-mail address: mibsts@mail.ru
2452-3216 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an ©
2452-3216 open
2018access article Published
The Authors. under theby
CCElsevier
BY-NC-ND
B.V. license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of Peer-review
the CC BY-NC-ND licenseunder responsibility of the SICE 2018 organizers.
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review
* Corresponding under
author. Tel.: +351responsibility
218419991. of Peer-review under responsibility of the SICE 2018 organizers.
E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

2452-3216 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.
2452-3216  2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Peer-review under responsibility of the SICE 2018 organizers.
10.1016/j.prostr.2019.05.026
200 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206
2 N.Makhutov et al./Procedia Structural Integrity 00 (2018) 000–000

key problems in ensuring structural integrity and safety. Such assessment should be carried out not only for the
cases of normal loading regimes that cause elastic (ε<εY) and limited elasto-plastic (ε<εlp=5εY) response of the
material in the notch zone (regions I and II of the stress-strain curve, fig.1), but also for the cases of extreme
loading that causes extensive plastic strains and general yielding of the cross section (region III fig.1 when
maximum local strains tend to fracture values that can reach up to εf ~5070% or 20εY). This will allow one to
estimate residual strength and remaining lifetime of highly damaged structures.

Nomenclature

E - elasticity modulus
ES - secant modulus at the notch root
F – correction function in generalized Neuber rule
Kε –strain concentration factor
Kσ – stress concentration factor
Kt – theoretical (elastic) stress concentration factor
m –strain hardening exponent
Wn - energy density due to nominal stress and strain
Wε strain energy orm at the notch root
εf – fracture strain
εlp– limited plastic strain
εn – nominal strain
εmax k - maxim local strain at the notch root
εe-f -pseudoelastic (fictitious) strains at the notch root
εp-f - pseudoplastic (fictitious plastic) strains at the notch root
εY – yield strain
σmax k - maxim local stress at the notch root (maximum notch stress)
σe-f - pseudoelastic (fictitious elastic) stresses at the notch root
σp-f - pseudoplastic (fictitious plastic) stresses at the notch root
σn – nominal stress
σnnorm - nominal stress due to normal loading
σnextr -nominal stress due to extreme loading
σY – yield stress
Φ – transformation that maps pseudoelastic or pseudoplastic states to actual stress-strain states at the notch zone
ΦN – Neuber transformation
ΦM –Makhutov transformation

The accumulation of strain in post-yielding situation is a complicated task. Closed form solutions are only
available for a relatively small number of specific cases. Three types of approaches are used in notch mechanics:
experimental strain measurements, numerical simulations (FEM), and approximate analytical methods also known
as stress-strain conversion rules. Neuber rule is a widely used as an approximate analytical method for estimation of
the stress-strain behavior of notched components upon local yielding occurs (Neuber,1961). This method tends to
overestimate local strains, but proved to be useful in predicting maximum local strains and stresses in case of limited
plasticity when the extent of the plastic zone around the notch tip is small in comparison with the elastic area
surrounding the plastic zone (about 0.1 - 0.2 of the elastic area width surrounding the notch tip). However, the
accuracy of the method drops considerably when extensive plastic strains develop.
The paper describes a modification of the Neuber rule that allows one to assess elasto-plastic material response at
the notch root to extreme loading regimes when maximum notch strains are close to fracture strain values and
general yielding over the entire cross section occurs (Makhutov, 1981; Makhutov, 2008).
 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206 201
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

2. Key concepts and methods used in notch mechanics

Until material at the notch root remains elastic, theoretical stress concentration factor Kt relates nominal stresses
σn and strains εn to the maximum local values σmaxk and εmaxk at the notch root (Bannantine et al, 1990;. Manson and
Halford, 2006):

 max k  Kt n ,
(1)
 max k  Kt n .

Fig.2. Relationship between Kt, Kσ, Kε

Fig.1. Stress strain conversion rules for different strain ranges

1 – Stress-strain curve, 2 –Pseudoelastic states; 3 –Pseudoplastic states;
ΦN is a Neuber’s mapping according to (14) ΦM is a Makhutov mapping according
to (20); I – range of elastic strains; II – range of limited plastic strains; III – range of
extensive plastic strains

Values of Kt for a variety of notched components are readily available and particularly useful for brittle materials
in order to predict the peak stresses. For increasing nominal stresses Kt remains constant until yielding begins. For
ductile materials, the local region of high stress is relieved as yielding occurs and the maximum stress is no longer
equal to Kt multiplied by the nominal stress. Upon yielding, local stresses and local strains are no longer linearly
dependent. A power law approximation of strain hardening can be used to describe stress-strain relationship in
plastic region:

 max k  K max
m
k, (2)

where K and m are material constants.

After yielding occurs, local values of stresses and strains are no longer related to the nominal values by Kt. In
plastic region nominal and local values of stresses and strains are related in terms of stress and strain concentration
factors:
 202 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206
4 N.Makhutov et al./Procedia Structural Integrity 00 (2018) 000–000

K   max k /  n
for  max k   Y . (3)
K   max k /  n

Besides, in the plastic region local stress concentration factor Kσ decreases with respect to Kt and local strain
concentration factor Kε increases as well (fig.2).
For power law approximation of the stress-strain curve the following relation between maximum local stress and
strain can be written:

 max k E max k for  max k   Y (4)

 max k  Y ( max k / Y )m for  max k   Y . (5)

Similar expressions can be written for nominal stresses and strains that describe the cases of nominally elastic
and plastic behavior of the structural component:

 n E n for  n  Y (6)
 n  Y ( n / Y )m for  n  Y . (7)

The rearrangement of equations (5) and (7) gives the expression between Kσ and Kε.

m
  
K  Km  n  Y for  n   Y ,  max   Y . (8)
 Y   n
The concepts of pseudoelastic (fictitious) stress σe-f and strain εe-f fields are used in notch mechanics. They are
calculated using methods of linear elasticity theory in the assumption that material at the notch zone deforms
elastically when maximum local stresses accede to yield strength value:

 e f  Kt n
, for  n  Y . (9)
 e f  K t n

Similar concepts of pseudoplastic (fictitious) stresses σp-f and strain εp-f may also be introduced for
approximation of notch stresses and strains when nominally plastic behavior according equation (7) is assumed:

 p  f  Kt n
, for  n  Y . (10)
 p  f  K t n

Approximate analytical methods for assessment of stress-strain response in the notch zone are based on the
following two types of equations:
1) Constitutive laws that relate maximum local stresses and strains in the stress concentration zone in the plastic
region. For the case of monotonic loading a Ramberg-Osgud relation might be used:

 max k  max k E   max k K 

1/ m

. (11)

2) Postulated expression (mapping, transformation) Φ that relates the values of elastic pseudo stresses and strains
(σe-f ; εe-f) that are calculated by elasticity theory in the assumption that material in the notch zone is deformed
 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206 203
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

elastically, and the actual elasto-plastic response of the material at the notch tip (σmax k; εmax k):

{ max k ,  max k }  { e f ,  e f } for  e f   Y ,  e f  Y . (12)

The transformation Φ in essence determines the mapping of points Ae-f (σe-f; εe-f) of the semiaxis CE∞ of
the fictitious elastic pseudo states of the material to points Amax k(σmax k;εmax k) of the segment CP∞ of the stress-strain
curve (Makhutov and Reznikov, 2018):


Ae f ( e f ,  e f )   Amax k ( max k ,  max k ) for  e f   Y ,  e f  Y . (13)

A number of approximate analytical methods of that kind (which are commonly known as stress-strain
conversion rules) were developed and are widely applied along with numerical and experimental ones. These
include:
1) Linear rule that is based on the assumption that strain concentration factor is equal to theoretical stress
concentration factor :

K  K t . (14)

2) Neuber rule that relates stress and strain concentration factors (Kσ and Kε) to the theoretical stress
concentration factor Kt:

K K / Kt2  1 , (15)

3) Molski and Glinka or (Equivalent Strain Energy Density) method which assumes that the strain energy
density in the notch root Wε is related to the energy density due to nominal stress and strain Wn by a factor of Kt2
(Molski and Glinka,1981).

W  Kt2Wn . (16)

4) Hardrath and Ohman method that expresses stress concentration factor Kσ as a function of theoretical stress
concentration factor Kt , elasticity modulus E and secant modulus at the notch root ES:

K 
1  ( Kt  1) ES / E . (17)

Many experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out in order to verify these rules. Results show
that Neuber rule predicts an upper bound on maximum local strains, linear rule provides a lower bound and the
Equivalent Strain Energy Density method estimates will lie between the two bounds (Adibi-Asl, 2009).

3. Modifications of Neuber rule

Neuber rule proved to be the most convenient and widely used approximate analytical method allowing
determination of the stress-strain material response at the notch zone in elastoplastic formulation. It tends to
overestimate local strains, but provides adequate assessments of the maximum local stresses and strains for the
range of limited plastic strains (range II, fig. 1) that correspond to normal loading regimes. However the accuracy of
estimates obtained using equation (15) decreases dramatically as soon as applied strains move to the range III that
corresponds to accident and catastrophic loading regimes. Seeger and Heuler proposed a generalized version of
Neuber rule allowing local assessment of the material stress-strain response at the notch region for the case of
204 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206
6 N.Makhutov et al./Procedia Structural Integrity 00 (2018) 000–000

extreme loading that is based on introduction of modified nominal stresses σn,M to account for general yielding of the
notched cross-section (Seeger and Heuler, 1980).
N.Makhutov in (Makhutov, 1981) proposed a different approach to assessment of material response under the
extreme loading regimes that cause extensive plastic deformation and general yielding of the structural component
cross section. On the basis of generalization of available numerical and analytical solutions as well as the estimation
of a huge volume of experimental data a modification of Neuber rule was developed in which a correction function
F(Kt,σn,σ(ε)) was introduced into Neuber equation (15).
This function allows accounting for the dependence of stress Kσ and strain Kε concentration factors from
theoretical stress concentration factor Kt, nominal stresses σn and strain hardening exponent m:

K K
F ( Kt ,  n ,  ( )) . (18)
Kt2

Assessing the experiment results and available closed form and numerical solutions one may come to the
conclusion that the correction function F should have the following properties:
1) When the material response is elastic (Kσ=Kε=Kt), the values of F should be equal to 1;
2) Due to the changes of the geometry of the notch as the values of elasto-plastic strains increase the values of the
function F should decrease to a certain minimum value that corresponds to the moment of loss of stability in the
process of plastic deformation in the notch zone.
3) As plastic strains increase after the loss of stability of plastic deformation in the notch zone and the area of the
cross section decrease the values of the function F should rise.
The following phenomenological function was proposed that satisfies these three requirements and fits well to
available experiment data in a wide range of applied strains:

0.5(1m ) 1 n Y 1 Kt 

F ( Kt ,  n ,  ( ))   Y / Kt n  , (19)

Substituting equation (18) into equation (17) gives:

0.5(1m ) 1 n Y 1 Kt 

K K
 Kt2  Y / Kt n  . (20)

Taking into account equations (1) and (14), equation (20) may be rewritten in the form of transformation ΦM
that carries out a mapping of the curve of pseudoplastic states Aextr(σp-f;εp-f) to the actual notch states Amax(σmaxk;
εmaxk) located on the stress-strain curve 1 (fig.1). Here instead of pseudoelastic states Anorm(σe-f; εe-f) located on
semiaxis 2 whose coordinates are determined by equations (6) and (9) in the assumption of nominally elastic
behavior, the so-called pseudoplastic states Aextr(σp-f; εp-f) of the curve 3 whose coordinates are determined by
equations (7) and (10) in the assumption of nominally plastic material response are used as preimage points of the
transformation. This transformation characterizes redistribution of stresses and strains at the notch zone in the
process of plastic deformation:

 
0.5(1m ) 1  n Y  n  p  f 
   
 max k  max k   p  f  p  f  Y  . (21)
p f
  

Thus, transformation ΦM is analogous to Neuber transformation ΦN. It maps the points Aextr(σp-f; εp-f) of the curve
of pseudoplastic states to the points Amax(σmax k; εmax k) of the stress-strain curve. But in contrast to transformation
ΦN the proposed transformation ΦM allows accounting the values of theoretical stress concentration factors Kt,
nominal stresses σn, and power hardening exponent m. Thus, determining the relationship between fictitious
pseudoplastic states (σp-f; εp-f) and maximum local stress and strains (σmax k, εmax k) at the notch zone for the wide
 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206 205
Author name / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

range of nominal stresses σn.

Rearranging equations (4-8) and (20) gives the following expression for stress and strains concentration factors:

Kt2/(1m )  n  Y 
(1 m )/(1 m)

K  for  n  Y ; (22)
 Kt Y  n 
0.5(1 m )[1( n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Kt2/(1m )
K  for  n  Y ; (23)
 Kt Y  n 
0.5(1m )[1( n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Kt2 m/(1m )
K  for  n  Y ; (24)
 n  Y   Kt Y  n 
(1m )/(1 m) 0.5(1m )[1(  n Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Kt2 m/(1m )
K  for  n  Y . (25)
 Kt Y  n 
0.5(1 m )[1( n  Y 1 Kt )] (1 m )

Fig. 3 Functional relationship F(χ)

1- Line F(χ)≡1 according to Neuber rule (15) .2,3 – Relationships F(χ) according to equation (19)

Fig.3 demonstrates the dependence of the function F defined by the equation (19) on the parameter χ=Ktσn/σY.
Points denote results of experiments for the notched specimens with theoretical stress concentration factors that vary
within the range Kt=2.2–96 made of reactor steel 15Х2МFА (Makhutov, 1981). The stress-strain curve was
approximated by power hardening law with exponent m=0.08. Nominal stresses are in the range σn=0.5σY–0.55σY. It
is important to note that for all the values of parameter χ=Ktσn/σY>1 the experimentally obtained values of the
function F differ from the value F=1 which is determined by Neuber rule according to equation (15). This fugue
shows that the proposed model allows predicting plastic behavior of the material at the roots of notches under
monotonic loading in a wide range of plastic deformations.
206 Nikolay A.Makhutov et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 14 (2019) 199–206
8 N.Makhutov et al./Procedia Structural Integrity 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 4. Theoretical and experimental local strains for smooth (Kt=5,1) and notched (Kt=1,5 - 5,1) specimens

Fig. 4 presents plots of the maximum logarithmic strains at the notch root against net nominal stresses for smooth
(Kt=1) and notched specimens (Kt>1) made of austenite heat-resistant steel 80Х18Н10Т. The experimental data are
depicted by the points. Results of calculation according to equations (22) and (23) are shown by solid lines. These
calculations were carried out with accounting for the 8-18% increase of the resistance to plastic deformation due to
triaxial stress state in the notch zone. This figure demonstrates a good agreement between results of calculations
according to equations (22) -(23) and experimental results for a wide range of strains (regions II and III).
Several different materials, notch geometries and types of loading have been considered and similar
agreement between theory and experiment was achieved.

4. Conclusions

The proposed phenomenological model fits well to available experiment data on stress-strain response of material
at the notch root in the wide range of plastic strains. It allows describing the performance of the notched components
not only under normal loading regimes but also to predict its behavior when it is subjected to extreme loads. The
presented approach provides the opportunity to assess residual strength and remaining lifetime of highly damaged
structures.

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 16-58-48008 IND_omi).

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