i i

Journal iof iApplied iFluid iMechanics, iVol. i7, iNo. i3, ipp. i459-471, i2014. i
Available ionline iat iwww.jafmonline.net, iISSN i1735-3572, iEISSN i1735-3645. i
i
i
i

Linear Stability Analysis of Double Diffusive

i i i i i

Convection in a Horizontal Sparsely Packed Rotating

i i i i i i i

Anisotropic Porous Layer in Presence of Soret Effect

i i i i i i i i i

S. iN. iGaikwad†1 iand i iS. iS. iKamble2 i

1i
Department iof iMathematics, iGulbarga iUniversity, iJnana iGanga iCampus, iGulbarga i585 i106, iIndia. i i i i
i i i i i i i Department iof iMathematics, iGovernment iFirst iGrade iCollege, iChittapur i– i585 i211, iIndia. i
2 i

†Corresponding iAuthor iEmail: isngaikwad2009@yahoo.co.in i i i

(Received iMarch i31, i2013; iaccepted iJune i9, i2013) i

ABSTRACT i

In ithis ipaper, iwe ihave iinvestigated itheoretically ithe ieffect iof iSoret iparameter ion ithe ionset iof idouble idiffusive
irotating ianisotropic iconvection iin ia ihorizontal isparsely ipacked iporous ilayer iusing ilinear istability itheory

iwhich iis ibased ion ithe iusual inormal imode itechnique. iThe iBrinkman imodel ithat iincludes ithe iCoriolis iterm iis

iemployed ifor ithe imomentum iequation. iThe ieffect iof ianisotropy iparameters, iSoret iparameter, isolute

iRayleigh inumber, iTaylor inumber, iLewis inumber, iDarcy iand iDarcy iPrandtl inumber ion istationary iand

ioscillatory iconvection iis ishown igraphically. i i

i

Keywords: iSoret iparameter, iRotation, iAnisotropy, iDouble idiffusive iconvection. i

NOMENCLATURE i
i
i R
S i i i i isolute iRayleigh inumber, i i i i
a i i i i iwave inumber ic i i i i ispecific iheat iof isolid
iiiiiiiiii Sg iSdKΔz i D1z i
c
i piii specific iheat iof ifluid iat iconstant ipressure iiiii porosity i
i d i i i i iheight iof ithe iporous ilayer i 0 i i ireference idensity i i
D1 i i ianisotropic ithermal idiffusion itensor, i i i
iiiii thermal ianisotropy iparameter, iD iD1x1z i
i i i i i i i iD1xii i D1yjj D1zkk iD11 i f i i ifluid iviscosity i

i soret icoefficient i e i i i ieffective iviscosity i

D
2 i i isolute iDiffusivity i kinematic iviscosity i
iiiiii

d2 i i i i idimensionless iamplitude iof

Da i iModified iDarcy inumber, i i e iKZf i i giii
itemperature i i i i i i i i i i i iperturbation i i i i i
i gravitational iacceleration, i(0, i0,−g) i
igrowth irate i
K i i i iinverse ianisotropic ipermeability itensor, i i
1 Ω i i i iangular ivelocity iof irotation, i 0,0, i
i i i i i i iKx ii i K iy 1jj Kz 1kk il im, i i
iiiiii mechanical ianisotropy iparameter, iK iKxz i
i horizontal iwavenumbers i
iiiiii normalized iporosity, i
Le i i i iLewis inumber, iD iD1z2 ip i i i i i i i i i idimensionless iamplitude

ii pressure i iof i i i i i i i i i i i iconcentration

iperturbation i
Pr d K D2 i i i i i istream ifunction
D i i iDarcy-Prandtl inumber, i i i
z i1z i qiii
iOther isymbols i
iiii velocity ivector, i u,v,w i
2 2
R
T i i i ithermal iRayleigh inumber, i i
h2 i 2i i 2i
D
iiiiiiiii T ig iTdKΔz 1z i x y
S. iN. iGaikwad i iand iS. iS. iKamble i/ iJAFM, iVol. i7, iNo. i3, ipp. i459-471, i2014. i i
i
i
2 analysis iof ithe ithermosolutal iconvection iin ia isparsely
2 2
i i h 2i
z inonlinear isolutions iin ithe iform iof istanding iand
i Subscripts i
bi basic istate i
S solute iconcentration i
Sr i i i i isoret iparameter, iD11 S i D1z T it i i
iiiiii time i
T temperature i
Ta i i i iTaylor inumber, i 2 KZ i
S i i i isalinity idifference ibetween ithe iwalls i
T i i itemperature idifference ibetween ithe i i i i i i i i i
iii walls i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
x iy iz, i, i i i i i i i ispace icoordinates i
Greek isymbols i
T i i ithermal iexpansion icoefficient i
S i i i isolute iexpansion icoefficient i
( c)m
iiiii ratio iof ispecific iheat, i
( cp if)
i
i
1. iINTRODUCTION i
A idouble idiffusive iprocess iis ione ithat iis idriven iby
ithe ipresence iof itwo idifferent isubstances ithat idiffuse
iat idifferent irates. i iDouble idiffusion iwas ifirst
iexplored ibecause iof iits iapplication ito ioceanic
iphenomena. i iIn ithe iocean, ithe idensity iof iwater iis
igoverned iprimarily iby itemperature iand isalinity. iThe
iapplications iof ithe ipresent istudy ihas irecently
iincreased iin iview iof iits ipotential ioccurrence iin
inature iand iwide irange iof iapplications isuch ias
ihighquality icrystal iproduction, iliquid igas istorage,
imigration iof imoisture iin ifibrous iinsulation, itransport
iof icontaminants iin isaturated isoil, isolidification iof
imolten ialloys, iand igeothermally iheated ilakes iand
imagmas, iunderground idisposal iof inuclear iwastes,
iliquid ire-injection, ielectro-chemical iand idrying
iprocesses. i
A icomprehensive ireview iof ithe iliterature iconcerning
idouble idiffusive inatural iconvection iin ia ifluid-
saturated iporous imedium imay ibe ifound iin ithe ibook
iby iNield iand iBejan i(2006). iUseful ireview iarticles
ion idouble idiffusive iconvection iin iporous imedia
iinclude ithose iby iTrevisan iand iBejan i(1999),
iMojtabi iand iCharrier-Mojtabi i(2005) iand iMamou
i(2002), iVafai(2005) iand iVadasz(2008), iIngham iand
iPop(2005). i
The ionset iof idouble idiffusive iconvection iin ia
ihorizontal iporous ilayer ihas ibeen iinvestigated iby
iRudraiah iet ial. i(1982) iusing ia iweak inon-linear
itheory. iFinite iamplitude idouble idiffusive iconvection
inear ithe ithreshold iof iboth istationary iand ioscillatory
iinstabilities iin ia ibinary imixture iwas iinvestigated iby
iBrand iand iSteinberg i(1983).The ilinear istability
i
packed iporous ilayer iwas imade iby iPoulikakos i(1986)
i
iusing ithe iDarcyBrinkman imodel. iSmall iamplitude
itraveling iwaves iand ithe itransition ito ifinite iamplitude
iconvection, ias ipredicted iby ibifurcation itheory, iwere
istudied
ci critical i
iby
fi fluid i
i
h ihorizontal is isolid im
iporous imedium i
0i reference ivalue i
Superscripts i
2
i
i dimensionless iquantity i
' perturbed iquantity iosc
i
ioscillatory istate i
st i stationary istate i
i
i
i
iKnobloch i(1986). iThe idouble idiffusive iconvection iin
iporous imedia iin ithe ipresence iof iSoret iand iDufour
icoefficients ihas ibeen ianalyzed iby iRudraiah iand
iMalashetty i(1986). i i
Murray iand iChen i(1989) ihave iextended ithe
ilinear istability itheory, itaking iinto iaccount
ieffects iof itemperature-dependent iviscosity
iand ivolumetric iexpansion icoefficients iand
inonlinear ibasic isalinity iprofile. iDouble
idiffusive ifingering iconvection iin ia iporous
imedium iwith ihorizontally iperiodic iboundary
iconditions iwas istudied iby iChen iand iChen
i(1993). iMalashetty i(1993) imade ia ilinear
istability ianalysis ito idetermine ithe ieffects iof
ianisotropic ithermo iconvective icurrents ion
ithe idouble idiffusive iconvection iin ia isparsely
ipacked iporous imedium. i
Straughan iand iHutter i(1999) ihave
iinvestigated ithe idouble idiffusive iconvection
iwith iSoret ieffect iin ia iporous ilayer iusing
iDarcy-Brinkman imodel iand iderived ia ipriori
ibounds. iAn ianalytical iand inumerical istudy
iof idouble idiffusive iconvection iwith iparallel
iflow iin ia ihorizontal isparsely ipacked iporous
ilayer iunder ithe iinfluence iof iconstant iheat
iand imass iflux iwas iperformed iusing ia
iBrinkman imodel iby iAmahmid iet ial. i(1999).
ii
Bahloul iet ial. i(2003) ihave icarried iout ian
ianalytical iand inumerical istudy iof ithe idouble
idiffusive iconvection iin ia ishallow ihorizontal
iporous ilayer iunder ithe iinfluence iof iSoret
ieffect. iHill i(2005) iperformed ilinear iand
inonlinear istability ianalyses iof idouble
idiffusive iconvection iin ia ifluid isaturated
iporous ilayer iwith ia iconcentration ibased
i 460 i
S. iN. iGaikwad i iand iS. iS. iKamble i/ iJAFM, iVol. i7, iNo. i3, ipp. i459-471, i2014. i i
i
i

iinternal iheat isource iusing iDarcy’s ilaw. ianisotropy iin ipresence iof iSoret ieffect ion ithe idouble
iDouble idiffusive inatural iconvection idiffusive iconvection iin ia ihorizontal isparsely ipacked
iwithin ia imultilayer ianisotropic iporous iporous ilayer iusing ilinear istability ianalyses. i i

imedium iis istudied inumerically iand

ianalytically iby iBennacer iet ial. i(2005). 2. i i GOVERNING iEQUATIONS i

iMansour iet ial. i(2006) ihave iinvestigated

ithe imultiplicity iof isolutions iinduced iby

Consider ia ihorizontal i isparsely ipacked i ianisotropic
iporous ilayer, isaturated iwith iBoussinesq ifluid iof iinfinite
ithermosolutal iconvection iin ia isquare
ihorizontal iextent iconfined ibetween iparallel, istress-free
iporous icavity iheated ifrom ibelow iand

isubjected ito ihorizontal iconcentration iplanes iz i i0 i iand iz id isubject ito irotation iand

igradient iin ithe ipresence iof iSoret ieffect. i i T

i maintained iat iconstant itemperatures iT0 i T iand i 0
There iare ionly ifew istudies iavailable ion i with isolute iconcentration i
idouble idiffusive iconvection iin ithe S
ipresence iof irotation. iChakrabarti iand
S0 i S iand i 0 i respectively. iA iCartesian iframe iof
iGupta i(1981) ihave ianalyzed ithe

inonlinear ithermohaline iconvection iin ia

i reference iis ichosen iwith ix i-and iy i-axes iat ithe i
irotating iporous imedium. iThe ieffect iof
lower iboundary iplane iand iz i-axis idirected ivertically
irotation ion ilinear iand inon-linear idouble
iupwards iin ithe igravity ifield. iThe iaxis iof irotation iis
idiffusive iconvection iin ia isparsely ipacked
iassumed ito icoincide iwith ithe iz i-axis iwith ia iconstant
iporous imedium iwas istudied iby iRudraiah

iet ial. i(1986). i iangular ivelocity iΩ 0,0, i. iThe iDarcy-Brinkman

Anisotropy iis igenerally ia iconsequence iof imodel ithat iincludes ithe iCoriolis iterm iis iused ifor ithe
imomentum iequation. iThe ivelocities iare iassumed ito ibe
ipreferential iorientation ior iasymmetric igeometry iof
ismall iso ithat ithe iadvective iand iForchheimer iinertia
iporous imatrix ior ifibers iand iis iin ifact iencountered iin
ieffects iare iignored. iThe iBoussinesq iapproximation,
inumerous isystems iin iindustry iand inature. i
iwhich istates ithat ithe ivariation iin idensity iis inegligible
Anisotropy iis iparticularly iimportant iin ia igeological
ievery iwhere iin ithe iconservations iexcept iin ithe
icontext, isince isedimentary irocks igenerally ihave ia
ibuoyancy iterm, iis iassumed ito ihold. iWith ithese
ilayered istructure; ithe ipermeability iin ithe ivertical
iassumptions ithe ibasic igoverning iequations iare i
idirection iis ioften imuch iless ithan iin ithe ihorizontal

idirection. iThe ireview iof iresearch ion iconvective i .q i0 (1)

iflow ithrough ianisotropic iporous imedia ihas ibeen

iwell idocumented iby iMcKibbin i(1992) iand

1i q 2
iStoresletten i(2004). iCastinel iand iCombarnous 0i Ω q
i i f iK i q
i(1974) ihave iconducted ian iexperimental iand
i ti
itheoretical iinvestigation ion ithe iRayleigh-Benard

iconvection iin ian ianisotropic iporous imedium. 2q

iiiiiiii i pi
i i gi e (2)
iEpherre i(1977) iextended ithe istability ianalysis ito ia

iporous imedium iwith ianisotropy iin ithermal T

idiffusivity ialso. i i
q. Ti (D1 i T) (3)
Recently imany iauthors ihave istudied ithe ieffect iof
ianisotropy iand/or irotation ion ithe ionset iof
t
iconvection iin ia ihorizontal iporous ilayer i(see ie.g.
S 2 2
iGovender; i2007, iMalashetty iand iSwamy; i2007).
D D
iThere iappears ito ibe ionly icouple iof istudies iavailable i i i i q. i S 2 S 11 T
i (4)
ion ithe idouble idiffusive iconvection iin ian ianisotropic
t
iporous imedium iwith irotation i( iPatil iet ial., i1989) iand

iwithout irotation i(Tyvand; i1980). i i i i i0 (1 iT (T iT i 0) i S(S iS i0)) (5)

The ibasic istate iof ithe ifluid iis iassumed ito ibe
i
Recently iGaikwad iand iKamble i i(2012) ihave i
iquiescent. iThe iquantities iof ithe ibasic istate
investigated ithe iSoret ieffect ion idouble idiffusive
iare igiven iby i i
iconvection iin ia ihorizontal isparsely ipacked iporous

ilayer. iRani iand iReddy i(2013) ihave istudied ithe iSoret qb i (0,0,0),p i ip iz iTb ( i), i T izb ( i),
i i i

iand iDufour iEffects ion iTransient iDouble iDiffusive

ii (6) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
iFree iConvection iof iCouple-stress iFluid ipast ia

iVertical iCylinder. iThe ieffect iof irotation ion ithe ionset S i Sb i zi ,i i ib i i ( )z

iof idouble idiffusive iconvection iin ia isparsely ipacked
which isatisfy ithe iequations i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ianisotropic iporous ilayer iis istudied iby iMalashetty

iand iBegum i(2011). iA ivery ilittle iattention ihas ibeen

idevoted ito ithe istudy iof idouble idiffusive iconvection

iiiiiiiiiii dpb ig,d iT2 i2b i i0, id iS2 i2b i i0,
iin irotating iporous imedium iincluding ithe imechanical

iand ithermal ianisotropic ieffects iin ipresence iof iSoret

b
ieffect. iTherefore, ithe iobjective iof ithe ipresent istudy
dz dz dz
iis ito iinvestigate ithe icombined ieffect iof irotation iand

i 461 i
S. iN. iGaikwad i iand iS. iS. iKamble i/ iJAFM, iVol. i7, iNo. i3, ipp. i459-471, i2014. i i
i
i

TT SS RT i T ig iT id iKΔ iz i D1z i, ithe ithermal iRayleigh inumber,

i bi i0 (1 T i( i
bi i 0) i S i( i
bi i0)) i
i iRS i Sg iSdKΔ iz i D1z i, ithe isolute iRayleigh inumber, iLe
iiii(7) i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iOn ithe
ibasic istate iwe isuperpose ismall iD 1z iD2 i, ithe iLewis inumber,
i i Kx i Kz i, ithe
iperturbations iaround ithe ibasic isolutions
i mechanical ianisotropy iparameter, D1x iD1z i, ithe i
iin ithe iform i
i thermal ianisotropy iparameter, i i , normalized
i i
q iq iq ib i ,T iT iT iS iS ib i , ib i Si , iporosity. i iThe iboundary iconditions iin ionly ithe iz i-
iiiiiiii (8) i i direction iare irequired ito isolving iEqs. i(10) ito i(12) iand
p ip ib ip , i i ib i iwhere ithe i i iare igiven iby i

iprimes iindicate i iperturbations. 2

iSubstituting i iEq. i(8) iinto iEqs. i(1) ito i w
i(5) iand iusing ithe ibasic istate iEqs. i(7)
w i2 i i i T iS i0 iat iz i i0 (13) i
iand itransformations i
z
* * * * 2i
x i , iy i , iz i i i x i , iy i , iz i d it,' i it di / 3. i i iLINEAR iSTABILITY iANALYSIS i

i D1z i , In ithis isection iwe ipredict ithe ithresholds iof iboth i¸

istationary iand ioscillatory iconvections iusing ilinear

itheory. iThe iEigen ivalue iproblem idefined iby iEqs. i(10)

u iv iw , i , i i D1z d i i u* *,v i,w i*
i
, ito i(12) isubject ito ithe iboundary iconditions i(13) iis

isolved iusing ithe itime-dependent iperiodic idisturbances

T i' i iT iT i ,S i'
i
i iS iS i
iin ia ihorizontal iplane. iAssuming ithat ithe iamplitudes iof
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
ithe iperturbations iare ivery ismall, iwe iwrite i i i i i i i i i i i
(9) i ito irender ithe iequations
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

idimensionless iwe iobtain(after idropping

ithe iasterisks ifor isimplicity i i i w Wi zi
2
i1 i i2
1 4
wi i i Ti zi exp ii ilx i i my i
i t ii
2
PrD i t
2 iDa i hi iiii (14) i
2 Ta
i 2 z z
i i S z i

1
i
1 where il im, iare ihorizontal iwavenumbers iand i iis ithe
2 igrowth irate. iInfinitesimal iperturbations iof ithe irest

istate imay ieither idamp ior igrow idepending ion ithe ivalue
i i

iDa i
i of ithe iparameter i . iSubstituting i iEq. i(14) iinto ithe
i linearized iversion iof iEqs. i(10) ito i(12) iwe iobtain i
iPrD i ti
i 2 2
i1 i 1 2 2 2

i iDa i RT i h iT i iRS i h iS i
TaD i PrD i Di ai
iPrD i ti 2

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii
i i2 i2 i2 i1 i2 i2 iw i i Di ai
i (10) i

iDa i Di ai
i 2h i i z22 i i qi T
i
i w i i0 i i i i i i(11) it i

i 1 2 2
i 1 i2 RT i 2T iiiiii (12) i
i qi S i w i iSr
i
i D i a iDa

PrD i
i t Le RS
2 i 1 i
Where iPrD i d K iDz i1z i, ithe iDarcy-Prandtl
i 2 2

2
i number, iDa e iKZ i f id i , ithe imodified iDarcy i D i a iDa i

2 PrD i i
i number, iTa i 2 iKZ i i
, ithe iTaylor inumber, iSr
iD i11 S iD1z T i, ithe iSoret iparameter i
i

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i expression ifor ithermal iRayleigh inumber iin

R iaS i2 R iaT i2 i the iform i i i i i i
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii
iiii (15) i i
i i2 2

i Da
D ia 2 i 2
i i i W i i0 (16) Pr
D
i i
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 2
i
Ta

2
1
1 2 2i 2 2
i PrD i 1i i 1i 2Da i i

i
i Le i Di ai i WB iD( i a

i ) i i2Le i 1 i i22
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii (17) i
RT i i 2
a
1 2
Ti Le Sr
R ,i D i id idz i and i
2
Where, iB i iSr RaS
1
R 2
Le i Sr
S a2i

i l2
i

i m
2 i. i i

We iassume ithe isolutions iof iEqs. i(15) ito i(17)

isatisfying ithe iboundary iconditions i(13) iin ithe iform i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii

Wi zi i W0 i i (20) i

3.1 iStationary i iState i

ii
zi i i i0 i Sinn iz i,(n i
i1,2,3......) (18) i If i i is ireal, ithen imarginal istability ioccurs iwhen i
0 i(i.e. i ri ii i 0 i). iThen ithe iRayleigh
zi i i 0
i number iRTSt i ifor ithe ionset iof istationary
The i most i unstable i mode i
i convection, iin ithe iform i
corresponds i to in i 1(fundamental
imode). iTherefore isubstituting iEq. i(18) iwith

in i 1 iinto iEqs. i(15) ito i(17), iwe iobtain ia

imatrix iequation i a2 i 2 i1 i

A11 a iR2 T
i
i
a iR2 S i
W0 i i 0 a2 i i2 i

2
St i2 2i

2
Da
2 RT i ia i 1 SrLe ai i 2 ii
11 i i B 22 i Ta

02Le
i 1 00 i i i i i i

00 i(19) i i
i
i 1i a2 i 2 Da

A
, i1 iand i 22 are inot
2 2
For ibrevity i 11, i
i

a2 i i2
imentioned ihere. i iThe icondition iof

inontrivial isolution iof iabove isystem iof 22 iR iLeS .

ihomogeneous ilinear iEqs i(19) iyields ithe

1 SrLe ia i i

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i
i

i(21) i Further, ifor ian iisotropic iporous imedia, ithat iis iwhen i
In ithe iabsence iof iSoret ieffect ii.e., iSr i 0 iEq. i(21) 3
ii i i i 1, iEq. i(22) igives i4 2i
igives i i

i2 i 2i 2 2 i2 Ta RS
RTSt i
i 1 i2 Mi i 2i i
, iiiiiiiiiii (25) i
ai ai i
Da
i
M i

Where i
a2 i i2 i i

St
2 Ta
2i 1 ,i 2i a 2 i, i 1
a RT i 2
1 i Mi 12 i Da
i 2i 1 a2
2 2 i
a Da
i i 2i Le i, i
i

which iis ithe ione iobtained iby iRudraiah iet ial. i(1986). i
i
3.2 iOscilatory iState i

a2 i i2 We inow iset i i i ii iin iEq. i(20) iand iclear

ithe icomplex quantities ifrom ithe
i
22 iR iLeS .
R i
i denominator, ito iobtain i i Ti i i 1 i ii i2 i i i
ai i
R
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii (26) i i iSince i
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii T iis
iiii (22) i ia iphysical iquantity, iit imust ibe ireal. i

R St
Hence, ifrom iEq. i(26) iit ifollows ithat ieither i ii 0i
The iminimum ivalue iof ithe iRayleigh inumber i T
(steady ionset) ior iΔ2 i i0 i( ii 0 i, ioscillatory i
St
i occurs iat ithe icritical iwavenumber ia ia i . In ithe ic
i i
onset). i
limit ias iDa i 0 ii.e., ifor ia idensely ipacked iporous For ioscillatory ionset iΔ2 i0 i( i 0 i) iand i i

imedium iEq. i(22) ireduces ito i i ithis igives ia idispersion irelation iof ithe iform

i(on idropping ithe isubscript ii) i

i i i i i i i i ii
St
RT 2
a i
2 2i 2
i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii (27) ia0
2 2
a
RLe
S .
a
2 2 i i a1 i i a2 i0
2 aa , a
for isimplicity ithe icoefficients i i
0 i1 iand i 2 iare i

a2 i i2 a2 i i 2Ta not imentioned ihere. iNow iEq. i(26) iwith iΔ2 i i0

i i , gives i i

i2 i Pr irD i1 i 4i iLe2 i i i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii
(23) i
iiii i 2i Pr
This iis iexactly ithe ione igiven iby iMalashatty iand ir iSrD2 i2

iHeera i(2008). iWhen iDa i 0 iand iTa 0 i, ii.e. ifor ia

i 2 i
idensely ipacked iporous imedium iin ithe iabsence iof

irotation, iEq. i(23) ireduces ito i Ta i 2 i2LePr irD i1 i i 2

2

i i 22 i i2Le i2 i PrD2 i i i

R a
TSt i i 12 i a2 i i
a2 i i2 iiiiii

iiiiiiiiii i i i 4r1 i i2Le2 i2 r2 i

RTosc i 2 4 i2 2 2 i2 2 i2 2 i2 i

a2
i i i2 i
ai i i r1 i iLe Pr irD i2 i i

a2 i
i 2i R iLeS i2 2 i2 4 i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii 2i i i Le i r1 1 DaLePrD

iiiii (24) igiven iby iMalashatty iand iSwamy i(2009).
Le2Pr iSrD i 12 i

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i
i

2
4. iRESULT iAND iDISCUSSION i
i4 i Le iSr2 i DaPrD i i

The iSoret ieffect ion ithe ionset iof idouble-

i i i 4r1 i i2Le2 i2 22
diffusive irotating ianisotropic iconvection iin ia
ihorizontal isparsely ipacked iporous ilayer iis
i
iinvestigated itheoretically iusing ithe ilinear

istability itheory. i iThe ivariation iof istationary

PrD i i i i 4r1 i i2Le2 i2 i12
iand ioscillatory icurves iin ithe iRT i ia iplane

ifor ivarious iparameter ivalues iare ias ishown iin

iFigs.(1a ito i4d). iWe ifixed ithe ivalues ifor ithe

iparameters iexcept ithe ivarying iparameter. i i

a2 i i i 4 i2r1 i i2Le2 i2 PrD i
Figs i(1a ito i1d) iand i(3a ito i3d) ishows ithat ithe
istationary iand ioscillatory icurves
LeRS4 i2 i i 22 i2r21 i i2 i22Le i iiiiiii (28) i
irespectively ifor idifferent ivalues iof i , i, iTa
iand iDa ifor ifixed ivalues iof iother iparameters.
iWe iobserved ifrom ithese ifigures ithat ithe
i i r1 i iLe
iconvection isets iin ias ioscillatory imode iprior

ito ithe istationary imode. i

i i

Fig. i1d. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor idifferent ivalues iof iDa iFig. i1a. iVariation iof
istationary icurves ifor i

different ivalues iof i i i

2000

i
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
a
Fig.2a. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor i
i

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i
i

different ivalues iof iRS Fig.

i

i 1b. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor idifferent ivalues iof i i i

Fig. i2b. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor i

Fig. i1c. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor i i

different ivalues iof iLe idifferent ivalues
iof iTa i
i

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i
i

i i

2 4 6 8
10 15 20 25 30 a
a
i
Fig. i3b. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor i
Fig. i2c. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor i different ivalues iof i i different ivalues iof iPr i
D i

Fig. i3c. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor

i different ivalues iof iTa iFig.2d. iVariation iof istationary icurves ifor idifferent ivalues iof iSr i i

2 4 6 8 10
a

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i
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Fig. i3d. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor i

F different ivalues iof iDa i
ig. i3a. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor i
different ivalues iof iFrom iFigs. i1a iand i3a, iit ican ibe iobserved ithat ithe icritical ivalue iof ithe
i

iRayleigh inumber iincreases iwith i

the iincreasing i ifor iboth ioscillatory iand istationary iRS, iLe, iPrD iand iSr ion istationary iand ioscillatory

imodes irespectively. iWe ifind ifrom iFigs. i2a iand i4a

iconvection. iThus i ihas istabilizing ieffect ion
ithat ithe ieffect iof iincreasing i iRS iis ito iincrease ithe
istationary iand ioscillatory iconvection. iFigs. i1b iand
icritical ivalue iof ithe iRayleigh inumber ifor istationary
i3b iindicates ithe ieffect iof ithermal ianisotropy
iand ioscillatory imodes iand ithe icorresponding
iparameter i ion iboth ithe istationary iand ioscillatory
iwavenumber. iThus ithe isolute iRayleigh inumber iRS
iconvection ifor ithe ifixed ivalues iof iother iparameters.
ihas ia istabilizing ieffect ion ithe idouble idiffusive
iIt iis iobserved ithat icritical ivalue iof ithe iRayleigh
iconvection iin ia ihorizontal isparsely ipacked
inumber ifor istationary iand ioscillatory imode
ianisotropic iporous imedium. i
iincreases iwith iincreasing i , iindicating ithat ithe
i
ieffect iof i iis ito iinhibit ithe ionset iof istationary iand
ioscillatory iconvection. iFigs. i1c iand i3c idepicts ithe

ieffect iof iTaylor inumber iTa ion ithe iboth ithe

istationary iand ioscillatory icurves. iWe ifind ithat ithe

ieffect iof iincreasing i iTa iis ito iincrease ithe icritical

ivalue iof ithe iRayleigh inumber ifor istationary iand

ioscillatory imodes iand ithe icorresponding

iwavenumber. iThus ithe iTaylor inumber iTa ihas ia

istabilizing ieffect ion ithe idouble idiffusive

iconvection iin ia ihorizontal isparsely ipacked

ianisotropic iporous imedium. i iFigs. i1d iand i3d

ipresent ithe ieffect iof iDarcy inumber iDa ion iboth ithe

icurves. iWe ifind ithat icritical ivalue iof ithe istationary

iRayleigh inumber iincreases iwith iDa i, iindicating

ithat ithe ieffect iof iDarcy inumber iDa iis ito iinhibit ithe

ionset iof istationary iconvection. iWhereas ifor ithe

ioscillatory iconvection, ithe icritical ivalue iof i

ioscillatory iRayleigh inumber idecreases iwith
Fig. i4b. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor
iincreasing iDa i, iand iwith ifurther iincrease iin ithe
idifferent ivalues iof iLe i
ivalue iof iDa i, ithe icritical iRayleigh inumber
i
iincreases. iThus iDa ihas idual ieffect ion ioscillatory

iconvection. i

Fig.4
c. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor idifferent
ivalues iof iPr iD

Fig. i4a. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor

R
i different ivalues iof i Si

Figs. i(2a ito i2d) iand i(4a ito i4d) idepict ithe ieffect iof i

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i
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Fig. i4d. iVariation iof ioscillatory icurves ifor

idifferent ivalues iof iSr i

In iFigs. i2b iand i4b ithe imarginal iand ioscillatory

icurves ifor idifferent ivalues iof iLewis inumber iLe iare

idrawn. iIt iis iobserved ithat iwith ithe iincrease iof iLe

ithe icritical ivalues iof iRayleigh inumber iand ithe

icorresponding iwavenumber ifor ioscillatory imode

idecreases iwhile ithose ifor istationary imode

iincreases. iTherefore, ithe ieffect iof iLe iis ito iadvance

ithe ionset iof ioscillatory iconvection iwhile iits ieffect

iis ito iinhibit ithe istationary iconvection. iThe imarginal

iand ioscillatory icurves ifor idifferent ivalues iof i

iDarcyPrandtl inumber iPrD iare ipresented iin iFigs.2c

Fig. i5a. iVariation iof istationary icritical icurves
iand i4c, ifrom ithese ifigures iit iis ievident ithat ifor
i for idifferent ivalues iof i i
ismall iand imoderate ivalues iof iPrD ithe icritical ivalue i
iof ioscillatory iRayleigh inumber idecreases iwith ithe

iincrease iof iPrD , ihowever ithis itrend iis ireversed ifor

i

ilarge ivalues iof iPrD . iFigures. i2d iand i4d iindicates

i

ithe ieffect iof iSoret iparameter iSr ion ithe iboth ithe

istationary iand ioscillatory imodes. iIt iis iobserved ithat

ias iSr iincreases ipositively, ithe icritical ivalues iof i

Rayleigh inumber iand ithe icorresponding

iwavenumber ifor ioscillatory imode iincrease iwhile ias

iSr iincreases inegatively, ithose idecrease. iWhereas

ithe ieffect iis ireversed ifor ithe istationary imode. iThus

iSoret iparameter ihas istabilizing ieffect ion ioscillatory

iconvection iand idestabilizing ieffect ion istationary

iconvection. i i

The idetailed ibehavior iof istationary iand ioscillatory

icritical iRayleigh inumber iwith irespect ito ithe iTaylor
i
inumber iis ianalyzed iin ithe iRTc Ta iplane ithrough
i
Fig. i5b. iVariation iof istationary icritical icurves
iFigs. i(5a ito i5f) iand i(6a ito i6f) irespectively. iWe

iobserve ifrom ithese ifigures ithat ithe icritical iRayleigh

i for idifferent ivalues iof i i

i
inumber iincreases iwith ithe iincrease iof i iTa i,

iindicating ithat ithe ieffect iof irotation iis ito iinhibit ithe

ionset iof ithermal iconvection iand iit iis iin iagreement

iwith ithe icorresponding iproblem iof iisotropic iand

ipure ifluid ilayer. i

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i
i

iiiiii ,ii ,

iPr
D i= i10, iLe i= i10, i

Sr i= i0.001, iDa i= i0.05, iTa

i= i100, i

200

Fig. i5c. iVariation iof istationary icritical icurves ifor

idifferent ivalues iof iDa i

i
150
1400

100

50

RS=30

i5
Fig.i d
1200

1000

800

RstTc
600

400

200

1 10 Log10 iTa 100 1000

Fig. i5d. iVariation iof istationary icritical icurves

R
i for idifferent ivalues iof i Si

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RS i= i100, i i ,ii , iPrD0, i

i= i10, iPrD i= i1
i i iSr=0.001, iDa i= i0.05, iTa i=
i100, i

Le=15

Fig. i5f. iVariation iof istationary icritical icurves ifor

12
idifferent ivalues iof iSr i
10

In iFigs. i5a iand i6a, iwe idisplay ithe ivariation iof

istationary iand ioscillatory icritical iRayleigh inumber
6
R
i Tc iwith iTaylor inumber i i Ta ifor idifferent ivalues iof
5 i mechanical ianisotropy iparameter i ifor ithe ifixed
i values iof iother iparameters. iIt iis iimportant ito inote
ithat iRTc idecreases iwith ithe iincrease iof i ifor ismall
ivalues iof i iTa i, iand ifor ilarge ivalue iof iTa i, ithe
icritical iRayleigh inumber iincreases. iThus ithe

imechanical ianisotropy iparameter i ihas idual ieffect

i5 ion ioscillatory iand istationary iconvection. iFigures.
Fig. i e
1200 i5b iand i6b iindicates ithe ivariation iof iRTc iwith iTa ifor

idifferent ivalues iof ithermal ianisotropy iparameter i .

1000
iIt iis iobserved ithat ithe icritical i

800
Rayleigh inumber iRTc iincreases iwith ithe iincrease iof
i iindicating ithat ithe ieffect iof ithermal ianisotropy
RstTc
iparameter iis ito iinhibit ithe ionset iof istationary iand
600
ioscillatory iconvection. i
i
400

200

1 10
Log iTa 100 1000
10

Fig. i5e. iVariation iof istationary icritical icurves ifor

idifferent ivalues iof iLe i

Fig. i6a. iVariation iof ioscillatory icritical icurves

i for idifferent ivalues iof i i

Figures. i5c iand i6c ipresents ithe ivariation iof iRTc iwith
iiTa ifor idifferent ivalues iof iDarcy inumber iDa i. iWe
ifind ithat ithe icritical iRayleigh inumber iRTc iincreases

iwith ithe iincrease iof iDa ifor ismall ivalues iof i iTa i,

i 471 i
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i and ifor ilarge ivalue iof i iTa i, ithe icritical iRayleigh

i number idecreases. iThus iDa ihas idual ieffect ion
i oscillatory i and i stationary i convection. i i The
i variation iof iRTc iwith i iTa ifor idifferent ivalues iof
i solute iRayleigh inumber iRS ion ithe ionset icriteria iis
i shown iin iFigs. i5d iand i6d. iWe iobserve ifrom ithese
i figures ithat iRTc iincreases iwith ithe iincreasing iRS . i

i Thus ithe ieffect iof iRS iis ito iinhibit ithe ionset iof
i convection ifor iboth istationary iand ioscillatory
i modes. iIn iFigs. i5e iand i6e, ithe ivariation iof iRTc iwith
i Ta ifor idifferent ivalues iof iLewis inumber iLe iis
i shown ifor ithe ifixed ivalues iof iother iparameters. iIt iis
i
i observed ithat iRTc , iincreases iwith ithe iincrease iof iLe
i
Fig. i6d. iVariation iof ioscillatory icritical icurves
i i , for ithe istationary iconvection iwhile idecreases ifor R
i for idifferent ivalues iof i Si
i the ioscillatory iconvection, iindicating ithat iLe ihas
i
istabilizing ieffect ion istationary iconvection iwhile
idestabilizing ieffect ion ioscillatory iconvection. i

i
Fig. i6e. iVariation iof ioscillatory icritical icurves
i
ifor idifferent ivalues iof iLe i
i
Fig. i6b. iVariation iof ioscillatory icritical icurves
i for idifferent ivalues iof i i
i

Fig. i6f. iVariation iof ioscillatory icritical icurves ifor

idifferent ivalues iof iSr i

i
The ivariation iof iRTc iwith iTa ifor idifferent ivalues iof
Fig. i6c. iVariation iof ioscillatory icritical icurves iSoret iparameter iis ipresented iin ithe iFigs. i5f iand i6f. i

ifor idifferent ivalues iof iDa i iWe ifind ithat ias iSr iincreases ipositively, ithe icritical

ivalues iof iRayleigh inumber iand ithe icorresponding

i
iwavenumber idecrease ifor istationary imode iwhile ias

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iSr iincreases inegatively, ithose iincrease. iAnd ithe
ieffect iof iSr iis ireversed ifor ioscillatory imode. iThus
ipositive iSr ihas idestabilizing ieffect ifor istationary
i mode iand istabilizing ieffect ifor ioscillatory imode. i
5. i iCONCLUSIONS i
The ieffect iof irotation ion ithe ionset iof
idoublediffusive iconvection iin ia ihorizontal isparsely
ipacked ianisotropic iporous ilayer, iin ithe ipresence iof
iSoret ieffect iis iinvestigated itheoretically iusing ithe
ilinear istability itheory. iThe iusual inormal imode
itechnique iis iused ito isolve ithe ilinear iproblem. i iThe
iapplications iof ithe ipresent istudy ihas irecently
iincreased iin iview iof iits ipotential ioccurrence iin
inature iand iwide irange iof iapplications isuch ias
ihighquality icrystal iproduction, iliquid igas istorage,
imigration iof imoisture iin ifibrous iinsulation,
itransport iof icontaminants iin isaturated isoil,
isolidification iof imolten ialloys, iand igeothermally
iheated ilakes iand imagmas, iunderground idisposal iof
inuclear iwastes, iliquid ire-injection, ielectro-chemical
iand idrying iprocesses i
Finally, ifrom ithe iresults iwe iconclude ithat ithe
imechanical ianisotropy iparameter i ihas istabilizing
ieffect ion istationary iand ioscillatory. iHowever ithe
iconvection isets iin ias ioscillatory imode iprior ito ithe
istationary imode. iThe ieffect iof ithermal ianisotropy
iparameter i iis ito iinhibit ithe ionset iof istationary iand
ioscillatory iconvection. i iThe iTaylor inumber iTa ihas
ia istabilizing ieffect ion ithe idouble idiffusive
iconvection iin isparsely ipacked ianisotropic iporous
imedium. iThe ieffect iof iDarcy inumber iDa iis ito
iinhibit ithe ion ithe ionset iof istationary iconvection
iwhile iit ihas idual ieffect ion ioscillatory iconvection. i
iThe i ieffect iof isolute i iRayleigh inumber iis ito idelay
iboth i istationary iand ioscillatory i iconvection. iAnd
ithe ieffect iof iLewis inumber iis ito idelay ithe ionset iof
istationary iconvection iwhile iit iadvances ithe
ioscillatory iconvection. i iThe iDarcy iPrandtl iPrD ihas
ia idual ieffect ion ithe ioscillatory imode. iThe iSoret
iparameter ihas istabilizing ieffect ion ioscillatory
iconvection iand idestabilizing ieffect ion istationary
iconvection. i
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