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Eagle
Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the familia
Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, not all of which are Eagle
closely related. Most of the 60 species of eagle are from Eurasia and
Africa.[1] Outside this area, just 14 species can be found—2 in North
America, 9 in Central and South America, and 3 in Australia.

Contents
Description
Distribution Bald eagle
Groups Scientific classification
Fish eagles
Kingdom: Animalia
Booted eagles
Snake eagles Phylum: Chordata
Harpy eagles Class: Aves
Species Order: Accipitriformes
In culture Family: Accipitridae
Etymology
Religion and folklore
Heraldry
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Description
Eagles are large, powerfully built birds of prey, with heavy heads and beaks. Even the smallest eagles, such as the
booted eagle (Aquila pennata), which is comparable in size to a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) or red-tailed
hawk (B. jamaicensis), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight –
despite the reduced size of aerodynamic feathers. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some
vultures. The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar serpent eagle (Spilornis klossi), at 450 g (1 lb) and
40 cm (16 in). The largest species are discussed below. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large, hooked beaks
for ripping flesh from their prey, strong, muscular legs, and powerful talons. The beak is typically heavier than
that of most other birds of prey. Eagles' eyes are extremely powerful. It is estimated that the martial eagle, whose
eye is more than twice as long as a human eye, has a visual acuity 3.0 to 3.6 times that of humans. This acuity
enables eagles to spot potential prey from a very long distance.[2] This keen eyesight is primarily attributed to
their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light. The female of all
known species of eagles is larger than the male.[3][4]

Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the
older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The dominant chick tends to be a
female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing.[5][6]

Due to the size and power of many eagle species, they are ranked at the top of the food chain as apex predators in
the avian world. The type of prey varies by genus. The Haliaeetus and Ichthyophaga eagles prefer to capture
fish, though the species in the former often capture various animals, especially other water birds, and are
powerful kleptoparasites of other birds. The snake and serpent eagles of the genera Circaetus, Terathopius, and

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Spilornis predominantly prey on the great diversity of snakes found in the tropics of Africa and Asia. The eagles
of the genus Aquila are often the top birds of prey in open habitats, taking almost any medium-sized vertebrate
they can catch. Where Aquila eagles are absent, other eagles, such as the buteonine black-chested buzzard-eagle
of South America, may assume the position of top raptorial predator in open areas. Many other eagles, including
the species-rich genus Spizaetus, live predominantly in woodlands and forest. These eagles often target various
arboreal or ground-dwelling mammals and birds, which are often unsuspectingly ambushed in such dense,
knotty environments. Hunting techniques differ among the species and genera, with some individual eagles
having engaged in quite varied techniques based their environment and prey at any given time. Most eagles grab
prey without landing and take flight with it, so the prey can be carried to a perch and torn apart.[7]

The bald eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird, since one
eagle flew with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer fawn.[8] However, a few eagles may target prey considerably heavier
than themselves; such prey is too heavy to fly with, thus it is either eaten at the site of the kill or taken in pieces
back to a perch or nest. Golden and crowned eagles have killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) and a
martial eagle even killed a 37 kg (82 lb) duiker, 7–8 times heavier than the preying eagle.[7][9] Authors on birds
David Allen Sibley, Pete Dunne, and Clay Sutton described the behavioral difference between hunting eagles and
other birds of prey thus (in this case the bald and golden eagles as compared to other North American
raptors):[10]

They have at least one singular characteristic. It has been observed that most birds of prey look back
over their shoulders before striking prey (or shortly thereafter); predation is after all a two-edged
sword. All hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but
not the Eagles.

Among the eagles are some of the largest birds of prey: only the condors and some of the Old World vultures are
markedly larger. It is regularly debated which should be considered the largest species of eagle. They could be
measured variously in total length, body mass, or wingspan. Different lifestyle needs among various eagles result
in variable measurements from species to species. For example, many forest-dwelling eagles, including the very
large harpy eagle, have relatively short wingspans, a feature necessary for being able to maneuver in quick, short
bursts through densely forested habitats.[7] Eagles in the genus Aquila, though found almost strictly in open
country, are superlative soarers, and have relatively long wings for their size.[7]

These lists of the top five eagles are based on weight, length, and wingspan, respectively. Unless otherwise noted
by reference, the figures listed are the median reported for each measurement in the guide Raptors of the
World[11] in which only measurements that could be personally verified by the authors were listed.[7]

Rank Common name Scientific name Body mass

1 Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 6.7 kg (143⁄4 lb)

2 Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi 6.35 kg (14 lb)

3 Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja 5.95 kg (13 lb)

4 White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla 4.8 kg (101⁄2 lb)[12]

5 Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 4.6 kg (101⁄4 lb)[12]

Rank Common name Scientific name Total length

1 Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi 100 cm (3 ft 3 in)[13]

2 Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja 98.5 cm (3 ft 3 in)
3 Wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax 95.5 cm (3 ft 2 in)
4 Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 95 cm (3 ft 1 in)
5 Crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus 87.5 cm (2 ft 10 in)

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Rank Common name Scientific name Median wingspan

1 White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla 218.5 cm (7 ft 2 in)
2 Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 212.5 cm (7 ft 0 in)

3 Wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax 210 cm (6 ft 11 in)[14][15]

4 Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos 207 cm (6 ft 9 in)
5 Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 206.5 cm (6 ft 9 in)

Distribution
Australasian

Australia: wedge-tailed eagle (range extends into southern New Guinea), white-bellied sea-eagle (range
extends into Asia), little eagle.
New Guinea: Papuan eagle, white-bellied sea-eagle, pygmy eagle.

Nearctic (USA and Canada): golden eagle (also found in Palearctic), bald eagle.

Neotropical (Central and South America): Spizaetus (four species), solitary eagles (two spp.), harpy eagle,
crested eagle, black-chested buzzard-eagle. Palearctic

Eurasia: Golden eagle,[16] White-tailed eagle.

Africa: African fish eagle

Groups
Eagles are often informally divided into four groups.[note 1][18]

The snake eagles are placed in the subfamily Circaetinae. The fish eagles, booted eagles, and harpy eagles have
traditionally been placed in the subfamily Buteoninae together with the buzzard-hawks (buteonine hawks) and
harriers. Some authors may treat these groups as tribes of the Buteoninae; Lerner & Mindell[19] proposed
separating the eagle groups into their own subfamilies of Accipitridae.

Fish eagles

Sea eagles or fish eagles take fish as a large part of their diets, either fresh or as carrion.

Proposed subfamily Haliaeetinae. Genera: Haliaeetus, Ichthyophaga.

Some authors include Gypohierax angolensis, the "vulturine fish eagle" (also called the palm-nut vulture) in this
group.[18] However, genetic analyses indicate it is related to a grouping of Neophron–Gypaetus–Eutriorchis
(Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture (lammergeier), and Madagascan serpent eagle).[20]

The fish eagles have a close genetic relationship with Haliastur and Milvus; the whole group is only distantly
related to the Buteo group.[20]

Booted eagles

Booted eagles or "true eagles"[18][21] have feathered tarsi (lower legs).

Tribe Aquililae or proposed subfamily Aquilinae. Genera: Aquila, Hieraaetus; Spizaetus, Oroaetus, Spizastur;
Nisaetus;[20] Ictinaetus, Lophoaetus; Polemaetus; and Stephanoaetus.[18][21]

See comments under eagle species for changes to the composition of these genera.

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Snake eagles

Snake or serpent eagles are, as the name suggests, adapted to hunting reptiles.

Subfamily Circaetinae. Genera: Circaetus, Spilornis, Dryotriorchis, Terathopius.[18]

Eutriorchis (subfamily Gypaetinae or Circaetinae).

Despite filling the niche of a snake eagle, genetic studies suggest that the Madagascan serpent eagle Eutriorchis
is not related.[20]

Harpy eagles

Harpy eagles[18] or "giant forest eagles"[17] are large eagles that inhabit tropical forests. The group contains two
to six species, depending on the author. Although these birds occupy similar niches, and have traditionally been
grouped together, they are not all related: the solitary eagles are related to the black-hawks, and the Philippine
eagle to the snake eagles.

Harpy eagles (proposed subfamily Harpiinae)

Harpia harpyja, harpy eagle ― Central and South America.
Morphnus guianensis, crested eagle ― Central and South America.
Harpyopsis novaeguineae, Papuan eagle ― New Guinea.
Philippine eagle
Pithecophaga jefferyi, Philippine eagle ― Philippines.
Solitary eagles
Chaco eagle or crowned solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) coronatus ― South
America.
Solitary eagle or montane solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) solitarius ― South
America.

Species
Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera
Aquila and Hieraaetus are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely
that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species
being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus.[19]

Bonelli's eagle and the African hawk-eagle have been moved from
Hieraaetus to Aquila.
Either the greater spotted eagle and lesser spotted eagle should move
from Aquila to join the long-crested eagle in Lophaetus, or, perhaps
better, all three of these species should move to Ictinaetus with the black
eagle. Martial eagle in Namibia.
The steppe eagle and tawny eagle, once thought to be conspecific, are
not even each other's nearest relatives.

Family Accipitridae

Subfamily Buteoninae – hawks (buzzards), true eagles and seaeagles

Genus Geranoaetus
Black-chested buzzard-eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
Genus Harpyhaliaetus
Chaco eagle, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
Solitary eagle, H. solitarius
Genus Morphnus
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Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis

Genus Harpia
Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
Genus Pithecophaga
Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
Genus Harpyopsis
Papuan eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae
Genus Spizaetus
Black hawk-eagle, S. tyrannus
Ornate hawk-eagle, S. ornatus
Black-and-white hawk-eagle, S. melanoleucus – formerly
Spizastur Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga
Black-and-chestnut eagle, S. isidori – formerly Oroaetus jefferyi in Southern Philippines.
Genus Nisaetus – previously included in Spizaetus
Changeable hawk-eagle, N. cirrhatus
Flores hawk-eagle N. floris – earlier a subspecies, S. c. floris
Sulawesi hawk-eagle, N. lanceolatus
Mountain hawk-eagle, N. nipalensis
Legge's hawk-eagle, Nisaetus kelaarti – previously a race of
S. nipalensis
Blyth's hawk-eagle, N. alboniger
Wedge-tailed eagle in Australia.
Javan hawk-eagle, N. bartelsi
(Northern) Philippine hawk-eagle, N. philippensis
Pinsker's hawk-eagle (Southern Philippine hawk-eagle),
Nisaetus pinskeri – earlier S. philippensis pinskeri
Wallace's hawk-eagle, N. nanus
Genus Lophaetus
Long-crested eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis – possibly belongs in
Ictinaetus
Genus Stephanoaetus
Eastern imperial eagle – in Israel
Crowned eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
Malagasy crowned eagle, Stephanoaetus mahery (extinct)
Genus Polemaetus
Martial eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
Genus Hieraaetus
Ayres's hawk-eagle, H. ayresii
Little eagle, H. morphnoides
Pygmy eagle, H. weiskei – previously subspecies H. m. weiskei
Booted eagle, H. pennatus
Genus Harpagornis (extinct)

Haast's eagle, †Harpagornis moorei – possibly belongs in either Hieraaetus or Aquila[22]

Genus Lophotriorchis
Rufous-bellied eagle, L. kienerii
Genus Aquila
Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata – formerly Hieraaetus fasciatus
African hawk-eagle, A. spilogaster – formerly in Hieraaetus

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Cassin's hawk-eagle, A. africana – formerly in Hieraaetus or

Spizaetus genera
Golden eagle, A. chrysaetos
Eastern imperial eagle, A. heliaca
Spanish imperial eagle A. adalberti
Steppe eagle, A. nipalensis
Tawny eagle, A. rapax
Greater spotted eagle, A. clanga – to be moved to Lophaetus or
Ictinaetus
A steppe eagle in Lahore Zoo,
Lesser spotted eagle, A. pomarina – to be moved to Lophaetus or Pakistan
Ictinaetus
Indian spotted eagle, A. hastata – to be moved to Lophaetus or
Ictinaetus
Verreaux's eagle, A. verreauxii
Gurney's eagle, A. gurneyi
Wahlberg's eagle, A. wahlbergi – to be moved to Hieraaetus
Wedge-tailed eagle, A. audax
Genus Ictinaetus
Black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
Genus Haliaeetus
White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
Bald eagle, H. leucocephalus
Steller's sea eagle, H. pelagicus
African fish eagle, H. vocifer
White-bellied sea eagle, H. leucogaster
Sanford's sea eagle, H. sanfordi
Madagascar fish eagle, H. vociferoides
Pallas' sea eagle, H. leucoryphus
Genus Ichthyophaga
Lesser fish eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis
Grey-headed fish eagle, I. ichthyaetus

Subfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles

Genus Terathopius
Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
Genus Circaetus
Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus
Black-chested snake eagle, C. pectoralis
Short-toed snake eagle in flight
Brown snake eagle, C. cinereus
Fasciated snake eagle, C. fasciolatus
Western banded snake eagle, C. cinerascens
Genus Dryotriorchis
Congo serpent eagle, D. spectabilis
Genus Spilornis
Crested serpent eagle, Spilornis cheela
Central Nicobar serpent eagle, S. minimus (subspecies or species)
Great Nicobar serpent eagle, S. klossi
Mountain serpent eagle, S. kinabaluensis
Sulawesi serpent eagle, S. rufipectus
Philippine serpent eagle, S. holospilus
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Andaman serpent eagle, S. elgini

Genus Eutriorchis
Madagascar serpent eagle, Eutriorchis astur

In culture

Etymology

The modern English term for the bird is derived from Latin: aquila by way of
French: aigle. The origin of aquila is unknown, but it is believed to possibly derive
from either aquilus (meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish) as a reference to
the plumage of eagles or from aquilo (meaning north wind).

Old English used the term earn, related to Scandinavia's ørn/örn. It is similar to
other Indo-European terms for "bird" or "eagle", including Greek: ὄρνις (ornís),
Russian: орёл (orël), and Welsh: eryr. In the southern part of Finland, near the
Gulf of Finland, is the town of Kotka, which literally means "eagle".

In Britain before 1678, eagle referred

specifically to the golden eagle, with the other
native species, the white-tailed eagle, being
known as erne. The modern name "golden
eagle" for aquila chrysaetos was introduced
by the naturalist John Ray.
Eagles, a Chinese Ming
period painting. Located at
the National Palace Museum

Religion and folklore

The sculpture of eagle at the top of
In ancient Sumerian mythology, the mythical king Etana was said to have
the fountain at Plac Orła Białego in
been carried into heaven by an eagle.[23] Classical writers such as Lucan and
Szczecin, Poland
Pliny the Elder claimed that the eagle was able to look directly at the sun,
and that they forced their fledglings to do the same. Those that blinked
would be cast from the nest. This belief
persisted until the Medieval era.[24]

The eagle is the patron animal of the ancient

Greek god Zeus. In particular, Zeus was said to
have taken the form of an eagle in order to
abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous
artistic depictions of the eagle Zeus bearing
Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the
Representation of an eagle at Rio
present (see illustrations in the Ganymede
Carnival, 2014
(mythology) page.)[25]

Psalm 103 (in Greek, Latin, and English)

mentions renewing one's youth "as the eagle" (although the Hebrew word ‫נשר‬
apparently means vulture). Augustine of Hippo gives a curious explanation of this Garuda, the Vahana of Lord
in his commentary on the Psalms.[26] Vishnu, depicted with an
eagle's beak and wings
The eagle is a common form in the Anglican tradition, often used to support the
Bible because of the symbolism of spreading the gospel over the world. Additional
symbolic meanings for "eagle" include the pronouncements to the Israelites in Exodus 19:4; Psalms 103:5 and
Isaiah 40:31. The United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American
ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or
spiritual reasons.[27] In Canada, the poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes
resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.[28]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the eagle and often depicted eagles in their art.[29]

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Heraldry

Eagles are an exceptionally common symbol in heraldry, being considered the "King
of Birds" in contrast to the lion, the "King of Beasts". Whereas the lion (e.g.
England) usually represents a kingdom, the eagle is symbolic for an empire. They
are particularly popular in Germanic countries such as Austria, due to their
association with the Holy Roman Empire. The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was
two-headed, supposedly representing the two divisions, East and West, of the old
Roman Empire. This motif, derived from the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire
was also adopted by the Russian Empire and is still featured in the Flag of Albania.
The Roman eagle was preceded by the eagle of Ptolemaic Egypt and the
Achaemenid Empire. In the coat of arms of Kotka, Finland, the eagle is depicted Coat of Arms of Austria
carrying an anchor and the caduceus on its feet.

Heraldic eagles are most often found displayed, i.e. with their wings and legs
extended. They can also occur close, i.e. with their wings folded, or rising, i.e. about to take flight. The heads,
wings, and legs of eagles can also be found independently.

Notes
1. "There are four major groups of eagles: fish eagles, booted eagles, snake eagles and giant forest eagles."[17]

References
1. del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2: New
World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
2. Shlaer, Robert (1972). "An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121130
130226/http://www.csee.wvu.edu/~xinl/library/papers/biology/eagle_eyes.pdf) (PDF). Science. 176 (4037):
920–922. Bibcode:1972Sci...176..920S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Sci...176..920S).
doi:10.1126/science.176.4037.920 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.176.4037.920). PMID 5033635 (http
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ooks.google.com/books?id=sFmrk6_RBg8C&pg=PA60). Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-
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4. Grambo, Rebecca L. (2003). Eagles (https://books.google.com/books?id=O5J8JK07QykC). Voyageur Press.
ISBN 978-0-89658-363-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160430184052/https://books.google.com/
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5. Grambo, Rebecca L (2003). Eagles (https://archive.org/details/eagles00gram/page/32). Voyageur Press.
p. 32 (https://archive.org/details/eagles00gram/page/32). ISBN 978-0-89658-363-4.
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11. Ferguson-Lees, et al.)
12. del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
ISBN 84-87334-20-2.

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13. Gamauf, A.; Preleuthner, M. & Winkler, H. (1998). "Philippine Birds of Prey: Interrelations among habitat,
morphology and behavior" (http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n03/p0713-p0726.pdf)
(PDF). The Auk. 115 (3): 713–726. doi:10.2307/4089419 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4089419).
JSTOR 4089419 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089419). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140823062
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132/http://birdssa.asn.au/saopdfs/Volume%2011/1932V11P156.pdf) (PDF). South Australian Ornithologist.
11: 156–157. Archived from the original (http://www.birdssa.asn.au/saopdfs/Volume%2011/1932V11P156.pd
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15. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats (https://archive.org/details/guinnessbo
okofan00wood). ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
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www.europeanraptors.org (in German). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170507132405/http://www.e
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2017.
17. Stalcup, Carolyn. "All About Eagles" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180316/http://www.eagles.org/pr
ograms/eagle-facts/all-about-eagles.php). The American Eagle Foundation. Archived from the original (http://
www.eagles.org/programs/eagle-facts/all-about-eagles.php) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
18. Rutledge, Hope. "Eagles of the World" (http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/eagle/eagle6.html). American Bald
Eagle Information. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140528060325/http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/ea
gle/eagle6.html) from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014. from Grambo, Rebecca L.
(1999). Eagles (https://archive.org/details/eagles00gram). Voyageur Press, Inc.
19. Lerner, H. R. L.; Mindell, D. P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae
based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346.
doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.04.010). PMID 15925523 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15925523).
20. Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (9 May 2006). "Accipitridae" (http://tolweb.org/Accipitridae/26375/200
6.05.09). The Tree of Life Web Project. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141223171046/http://tolweb.
org/Accipitridae/26375/2006.05.09) from the original on 23 December 2014.
21. Bouglouan, Nicole. "The booted eagles throughout the world: introduction" (http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/arti
cle-booted-eagles-intro.html). Oiseaux-birds. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140517040832/http://
www.oiseaux-birds.com/article-booted-eagles-intro.html) from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved
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22. Bunce, M.; et al. (2005). "Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's
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26. Psalm 103 (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf108.ii.CIII.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150
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Service. Archived from the original (https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/law/le65.html) on 10 October 2007.
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7/12/2020 Eagle - Wikipedia

28. Sin, Lena (30 April 2006). "Charges laid in eagle-poaching case" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090531090
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29. Larco Herrera, Rafael and Berrin, Kathleen (1997) The Spirit of Ancient Peru Thames and Hudson, New
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Further reading
Collinson, Martin. "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western
Palaearctic lists (http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/search?id=9283)". British Birds, vol. 99 (June 2006), pp. 306–
323.

External links
PBS Nature: Eagles (https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/eagles-introduction/3089/)
Eagle photos (http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?keyword=eagle) on Oriental Bird Images
Eagle videos (http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/hawks-eagles-accipitridae) on the Internet Bird Collection
Web of the Conservation Biology Team-Bonelli's Eagle, of the University of Barcelona (http://www.ub.edu/alig
aperdiguera)
Decorah Eagles: 24/7 Live Webcam from The Raptor Resource Project (http://www.ustream.tv/decoraheagle
s)
EagleCAM: White-bellied Sea Eagles Live Webcam at Discovery Centre in Sydney, Australia (http://www.sea
-eaglecam.org/video.html)
"Eagle" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Eagle). New
International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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