Healthcare provider summary of steps of CPR for Adults, Children and Infants.

Component Adults Children Infants

(Age 1 year to puberty)
Scene Safety Make sure the environment is safe for rescuers and victim
Recognition Check for responsiveness
of Cardiac No breathing or only gasping (ie, no normal breathing)
Arrest No definite pulse felt within 10 seconds
(Breathing and pulse check can be performed simultaneously in less than 10 seconds)

Activation of If you are alone with no Witnessed Collapse

Emergency mobile phone, leave the victim Follow steps for adults and adolescent on the left.
Response to activate the EMS and get
System the AED before beginning CPR. Unwitnessed Collapse
Give 2 minutes of CPR
Otherwise, send someone and Leave the victim to activate the EMS and get the AED.
begin CPR immediately; use Return to the child or infant and resume CPR; use the
the AED as soon as it is AED as soon as it is available
available.
Compression- 1 or 2 rescuers 1 rescuer
Ventilation 30:2 30:2
ratio without
advanced 2 or more rescuers
airway 15:2
Compression- Continuous compressions at a rate of 100-120/min.
Ventilation Give 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths/min).
ratio with Asynchronous with chest compressions
advance About 1 second per breath
airway Visible chest rise
Compression 100-120/min
rate
Compression At least 2 inch (5cm) At least 1/3 AP diameter of At least 1/3 AP
depth chest diameter of chest about
About 2 inch (5cm) 1 ½ inch (4cm)
Chest recoil Allow full recoil of chest after each compression; do not lean on the chest after each
compression
Minimizing Limit interruptions in chest compressions to less than 10 seconds.
interruptions
Compression Minimize interruptions in chest compressions
interruptions Attempt to limit interruptions to <10 seconds

Defibrillation Attach and use AED as soon as available

Minimize interruptions in chest compressions before and after shock;
Resume CPR beginning with compressions immediately after each shock.
American Heart Association 2015 Guidelines.
Compression depth should be no more than 2.4 inches (6cm).
Abbreviations: AED, automated external defibrillator; AP, anterior-posterior; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Top 5 Changes to CPR

1. Compression rate: 100-120- A higher upper rate limit was added as CPR as quality decreases with >120
compression per minute.
2. Maximize compression time: Increase emphasis has been placed on minimizing the time without
compressions to maximize coronary perfusion.
3. Deep, but not too deep: An upper limit on the depth of chest compressions has been added. They should
be between 5cm (2inch) and 6cm (2.5inch). Deeper can be harmful.
4. Directive dispatchers: Callers can receive increased guidance from emergency dispatchers regarding
when to begin CPR. Dispatchers can also utilized social media applications to direct nearby assistance.
5. Audiovisual feedback: Feedback to lay-rescuers may improve CPR. When available, audiovisual devices
may be used to optimized CPR quality.

Top 3 Changes in BLS

1. Not breathing? Naloxone!- The administration of naloxone (IM or IN) by trained BLS providers is
reasonable in patients with abnormal breathing and suspected opioid ingestions.
2. Opioid overdose education: Training to treat an opioid overdose can be provided to opioid abusers and
their close contacts.
3. Manual Spinal Immobilization: In suspected spinal cord injuries, lay rescuers should manually
immobilize the spine with their hands rather than using immobilization devices.