FON

PRACTICAL
VIVA
FIRST YEAR GNM
VOCE
INSTRUMENTS
 INSTRUMENTS

• NAME • FORCEPS
• PARTS • SCISSORS
• SPATULA
• USES
• SPECULLUM
• AFTER CARE • RETRACTOR
• HOLDER
PRINCIPLE
CONTD..
PARTS OF INSTRUMENTS

• CATCH
• CLAMP
• CRUSH
ALLIS TISSUE FORCEPS
PARTS:
USES: To hold thin but tough tissues for
purpose of giving traction Can be used to
hold tissues like fibrous capsule of sac
being dissected E.g. holding
subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia
AFTER CARE: Clean with running
water, send for autoclaving
 BABCOCK FORCEPS

To hold soft and delicate tissues such as stomach, small/large bowel,

appendix, and fallopian tube
 STRAIGHT & CURVED ARTERY FORCEPS

As a hemostat, holding cut

edges, to open up abscess, hold
Mosquito Artery Forceps
free ends of the suture, hold cut
end of the sutures, breaking
loculi etc.
KOCHER’S FORCEPS

To hold securely superior

thyroid pedicle vessels Hold
retracting cut ends of vessels
in tough fibrous tissue Hold
ribs during rib resection To
cause artificial rupture of
gestational membrane
NEEDLE HOLDER

Used to hold and pass a

suturing needle through
tissue • Has groove to
hold needle within jaws
CHEATLE FORCEPS

Used for picking and

Transferring
SPONGE HOLDING FORCEPS

Holding Sponge or
gauze to clean the
operative field
BP HANDLE/KNIFE HOLDER

For making the surgical blade

handy and easy to use
providing grip The hole unit
along with the blade is called
scalpel.

BP=BARD PARKER
SURGICAL BLADE/KNIFE

For stab incisions

SUTURE CUTTING FORCEPS

Used to cut sutures on skin

and mucous membrane
STRAIGHT/CURVED SCISSORS

For Dissecting out soft tissues or connective

tissue planes For cutting soft tissues,
adhesions, bowel, etc.
 CURVED SCISSORS

For cutting bandages, lint gauze, rubber tubing’s, etc. To cut away
excess sutures materials after tying the knot
 TONGUE DEPRESSOR

ANGLED STRAIGHT

Used to depress the tongue to allow for examination of the

mouth and throat
 NASAL SPECULUM

SELF RETAINING SIMPLE

Used to examine the anterior part of the nose. It helps in widening

the opening of a nostril so that the inside of the nose can be clearly
& easily visible.
EAR SPECULUM
OTOSCOPE

An otoscope is a tool which

shines a beam of light to
help visualize and examine
the condition of the ear canal
and eardrum. Examining the
ear can reveal the cause of
symptoms such as an
earache, the ear feeling full,
or hearing loss.
 TOWEL CLIP
Mayo’s towel clip Doyen’s Cross action towel clip

Fix drapes in a manner to expose operative field only Also used to fix tubing’s
and cautery wire to drapes in a way that they don’t fall
HEAD MIRROR

A head mirror is mostly used for

examination of the ear, nose & throat.
It comprises a circular concave
mirror, with a small hole in the
middle, and is attached to a head
band.
 TUNNING FORK

To check a patient's hearing

Tuning forks, typically aluminum,
consist of a stem (handle) and two
prongs that form a U-shaped fork.
The tuning fork vibrates at a set
frequency after being struck on the
heel of the hand and is used
to assess vibratory sensation and
hearing (air conduction and bone
conduction).
PROCTOSCOPE

Used to diagnose haemorroids,

anal polyps, internal opening of
the perianal fistula.
Used to take biopsy from anal,
rectal growth.
Used in polypectomy.
CUSCO’S SPECULUM/VAGINAL
SPECULUM

Cusco's self-retaining bivalved speculum is a

surgical instrument used for vaginal and
cervical examination. It has a jaw that opens up
like a duck bill. ... Cusco's
speculum is used for introducing an
intrauterine contraceptive device, taking a Pap
smear, cauterization of vaginal erosion, and
colposcopic examination.
LARYNGOSCOPE

Used to look into your throat and larynx, or

voice box. This procedure is called
laryngoscopy. This is done to figure out why
you have a cough or sore throat, to find
and remove something that's stuck in there,
or to take samples of your tissue to look at
later.
It is used to do endotracheal intubation.
MOUTH GAG

For intraoral operations E.g.

Tongue excision, Prolonged
dental procedures To open
mouth in an unconscious
patient for toileting
 THUMB FORCEPS/ DISSECTING FORCEPS
NON TOOTHED TOOTHED
Plain: To hold delicate tissue like
peritoneum, vessels, bowel wall, etc
Used to hold tissue in place when applying
sutures • Used to gently move tissues out of
the way during exploratory surgery • Used to
insert packing into or remove objects from
deep cavities

Toothed: To hold tough sutures like skin,

fascia, rectus sheath while suturing.
PERCUSSION HAMMER

A reflex hammer is a medical

instrument used by practitioners to test deep
tendon reflexes. Testing for reflexes is an
important part of the neurological physical
examination in order to detect abnormalities in
the central or peripheral nervous
system. Reflex hammers can also be used for
chest percussion.
EQUIPMENT
IV CANNULA

An IV cannula is a technique that

is utilised in order to place a
cannula into a vein in order to
provide some form of venous
access. This sort of access will
allow medical professionals to get
a blood sample, as well as
infusing fluids to the patient to
avoid dehydration and at the
same time, providing vital
nutrients, medications,
chemotherapy and other
transfusion.
IV CANNULA
VACCUTAINER

These are the color coded

plastic tubes with rubber
stopper.
They are used to collect blood
for various investigation
 SPHYGMOMANOMETER
BP APPARATUS

ANEROID SPHYGMOMANOMETER
An instrument for measuring blood
pressure, typically consisting of an
inflatable rubber cuff which is
applied to the arm and connected to
a column of mercury next to a
MERCURY SPHYGMOMANOMETER
graduated scale, enabling the
determination of systolic and
diastolic blood pressure by
DIGITAL increasing and gradually releasing
SPHYGMOMANOMETER the pressure in the cuff.
Scale
with
numbers
Mercury
Column

Mercury
Reservoir
STETHOSCOPE

Stethoscope, medical
instrument used in listening
to sounds produced within
the body, chiefly in the heart
or lungs.
RYLE’S TUBE

A nasogastric tube is a
narrow-bore tube passed into
the stomach via the nose. It
is used for short- or medium-
term nutritional support, and
also for aspiration of stomach
contents - eg, for
decompression of intestinal
obstruction.
RYLE’S TUBE
Foley’s catheter

A Foley’s catheter is a flexible tube that a clinician

passes through the urethra and into the bladder to
drain urine.
Foley’s catheter
Suction Catheter

Suction catheters are flexible, long

tubes used to remove respiratory
secretions from the airway.
The purpose of suctioning is to
keep the airway clear of secretions
and to prevent plugging. The open
end is advanced through the airway
(Endotracheal or Tracheostomy Tube)
to remove secretions.
Suction Catheter
 URO BAG

Uro bag is most commonly called as urine drainage bags that collect urine. This uro
bag is attached to a catheter (tube) that is inside your bladder by a physician.
 SYRINGE & NEEDLE

HYPODERMIC SYRINGE TUBERCULIN SYRINGE NEEDLES OF VARIOUS SIZES

Syringe: A medical device that is used to inject fluid into, or withdraw fluid from, the body. A
medical syringe consists of a needle attached to a hollow cylinder that is fitted with a sliding plunger. The
downward movement of the plunger injects fluid; upward movement withdraws fluid.
PARTS OF A SYRINGE & NEEDLE

The higher the gauge number, the smaller the needle width. On the other hand, smaller numbers denote a
larger diameter or width. Larger diameter gauges have thicker needle walls and are stronger and more durable.
They provide for more viscous medications and support denser skin penetration.
 AMBU BAG
Bag valve mask

A bag valve mask, also known

as Ambu bag or as a manual
resuscitator or "self-inflating
bag" is a hand-held device
commonly used to provide
positive pressure ventilation to
patients who are not breathing
or not breathing adequately.
OXYGEN MASK

An oxygen mask provides a method

to transfer breathing oxygen gas from
a storage tank to the lungs. Oxygen
masks may cover only the nose and
mouth
TYPES:
•Simple face mask.
•Non re-breather face mask (mask with oxygen
reservoir bag and one-way valves which aims to
prevent/reduce room air entrainment)
•Nasal prongs (low flow)
•Tracheostomy mask.
NASAL PRONGS/CANNULA

The nasal cannula is a device

used to deliver supplemental
oxygen or increased airflow to
a patient or person in need of
respiratory help. This device
consists of a lightweight tube
which on one end splits into
two prongs which are placed
in the nostrils and from which
a mixture of air and oxygen
flows.
 2 Meter Mask Tube
Universal Adapter
To Oxygen Gas
Source

• Latex Free and BPA

Free
• Non-Toxic PVC &
Soft and Flexible Nasal Non Irritant
Prong
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE

The endotracheal tube serves as an

open passage through the upper
airway. The purpose of endotracheal
intubation is to permit air to pass
freely to and from the lungs in order to
ventilate the lungs. Endotracheal
tubes can be connected to ventilator
machines to provide artificial
respiration.
TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE

A tracheostomy is an opening created at

the front of the neck so a tube can be
inserted into the windpipe (trachea) to help
you breathe. If necessary, the tube can be
connected to an oxygen supply and a
breathing machine called a ventilator.
A tracheal tube is a catheter that is inserted
into the trachea for the primary purpose of
establishing and maintaining a patent
airway and to ensure the adequate
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
NEBULIZER

A nebulizer changes medication from a liquid to a

mist so you can inhale it into your lungs. The person
can inhale through a face mask or mouthpiece.
They come in electric or battery-run versions. They come
in both a portable size you can carry with you and a larger
size that’s meant to sit on a table and plug into a wall.
Both are made up of a base that holds an air compressor, a
small container for liquid medicine, and a tube that
connects the air compressor to the medicine container.
ORAL AIRWAY

An oropharyngeal airway (also known as

an oral airway) is a medical device called
an airway adjunct used to maintain or open
a patient's airway. It does this by
preventing the tongue from covering the
epiglottis, which could prevent the person
from breathing.
ECG MACHINE

An ECG recording machine will usually

show your heart rhythm and electrical
activity as a graph displayed electronically
or printed on paper.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
records the electrical signal from your heart
to check for different heart conditions.
Electrodes are placed on your chest to
record your heart's electrical signals, which
cause your heart to beat.
 DISPLAY WITH READINGS

MACHINE

ECG PAPER

ELECTRODE
LIMB LEADS WIRE PLUGIN

ELECTRODE
WIRES
CHEST LEADS
DEFIBRILLATOR

Defibrillators are devices that

restore a normal heartbeat by
sending an electric pulse or shock to
the heart. They are used to prevent
or correct an arrhythmia, a heartbeat
that is uneven or that is too slow or
too fast. Defibrillators can also
restore the heart's beating if the heart
suddenly stops.
Alarm knobe for ECG printout
selecting energy

Paddles
Synchronizer
Machine
ME DICATIONS
NAME : paracetamol

 Dose : 250, 500, 650, 1000, 4000 mg

 Route : oral, IV
 Action :anti-pyretic, analgesic
 Nurses responsibility :
• Assessment: Check the diagnosis & age of the patient. • Check the medication order. •
Check the diet & fluid order : To avoid medication If the patient is kept nil orally in
preparation for surgery &diagnostic tests.
• The maximum amount of paracetamol for adults is 1 gram (1000 mg) per dose and 4 grams
(4000 mg) per day. Taking more paracetamol could cause damage to your liver
Name : diclofenac sodium
 Dose: 25mg, 50mg, 75mg
 Route: oral, iv, IM
 Action: analgesic, anti- inflammatory
 Nurses responsibility :
•Take drug with food or meals if GI upset occurs.
•Take only the prescribed dosage.
•You may experience these side effects: Dizziness, drowsiness (avoid
driving or using dangerous machinery while using this drug).
•Report sore throat, fever, rash, itching, weight gain, swelling in ankles or
fingers, changes in vision; black, tarry stools.
Name : albendazole
 Dose: 400mg
 Route: oral
 Action: antiparasitic
 Nurses responsibility :
• It is advised to take this medicine with food.
• Do not take in larger amounts than advised/prescribed.
• Consult the doctor if you experience any undesirable effects.
• Ensure that the treatment course is completed.
• Do not stop the use of this medicine without consulting your doctor.
 Name: iron, folic acid, cytocobalamine
 Dose : 50mg, 100mg
 Route: oral, IV, IM
 Action: formation of iron elements & treat anemia
 Nurses responsibility:
•If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your
doctor.
•Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else's drugs.
•Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets.
•Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain
unless you are told to do so. Check with your pharmacist if you have questions about the
best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area.
•Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. Check with your
pharmacist. If you have any questions about iron sucrose, please talk with
your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
•If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or
get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how
much, and when it happened
Name :Chlorpheniramine Maleate

Dose: 4, 8,12, 16 mg
Route: oral, iv
Action: antiallergic or antihistamine
Nurses responsibility:
•Take as prescribed; avoid excessive dosage. Take with food if GI upset
occurs; do not cut, crush, or chew the SR preparations.
•Avoid OTC drugs; many contain ingredients that could cause serious
reactions if taken with this antihistamine.
•Avoid alcohol; serious sedation may occur.
•Avoid alcohol; serious sedation may occur.
•You may experience these side effects: Dizziness, sedation, drowsiness (use
caution driving or performing tasks that require
alertness); epigastric distress, diarrhea, or constipation (take with meals;
consult care provider if severe); dry mouth (frequent mouth care; sucking on
sugarless lozenges may help); thickening of bronchial secretions, dryness of
nasal mucosa (use a humidifier).
•Report difficulty breathing; hallucinations, tremors, loss of coordination;
unusual bleeding or bruising; visual disturbances; irregular heartbeat
Name :ranitidine hydrochloride
 Dose: Tablets—75, 150, 300 mg, syrup—15 mg/mL; injection—1, 25
mg/m
 Route: oral, IV
 Action: antihistamine
 Nurses responsibility :
•Administer oral drug with meals and at bedtime.
•Decrease doses in renal and liver failure.
•Provide concurrent antacid therapy to relieve pain.
•Administer IM dose undiluted, deep into large muscle group.
•Arrange for regular follow-up, including blood tests, to evaluate effects
NAME : ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM GLUCONATE
 Dose: 10mg, 20mg
 Route: oral, IV
 Action: antihyperlipidemic, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
 Nurses responsibility :
•Obtain LFTs as a baseline and periodically during therapy; discontinue drug if AST or
ALT levels increase to 3 times normal levels.
• Withhold atorvastatin in any acute, serious condition (severe infection, hypotension,
major surgery, trauma, severe metabolic or endocrine disorder, seizures) that may suggest
myopathy or serve as risk factor for development of renal failure.
•Ensure that patient has tried cholesterol-lowering diet regimen for 3–6 mo before
beginning therapy.
•Administer drug without regard to food, but at same time each day.
•Atorvastatin may be combined with a bile acid–binding agent. Do not
combine with other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or fibrates.
•Consult dietitian about low-cholesterol diets
NAME: SODIUM BICARBONATE
 Dose: 10, 20,40mg, 7.5 mg
 Route: oral, IV
 Action: ACE inhibitor
 Nurses responsibility :
•Alert surgeon and mark patient’s chart with notice that sodium bicarbonate is being
taken; the angiotensin II formation subsequent to compensatory renin release during
surgery will be blocked; hypotension may be reversed with volume expansion.
•Suggest use of a contraceptive. Pregnancy should be avoided; fetal damage can occur.
•Arrange to switch to a different drug if pregnancy occurs; suggest using barrier
contraceptives.
•Monitor patient closely for a fall in BP secondary to reduction in fluid volume
(excessive perspiration and dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea); excessive hypotension may
occur
NAME: POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

 Dose: 40-100 mEq

 Route: oral, IV
 Action:
 Nursing responsibility:
•Arrange for serial serum potassium levels before and during therapy.
•Administer liquid form to any patient with delayed GI emptying.
•Administer oral drug after meals or with food and a full glass of water to decrease GI
upset.
•Caution patient not to chew or crush tablets; have patient swallow tablet whole.
•Mix or dissolve oral liquids, soluble powders, and effervescent tablets completely in 3–8
oz of cold water, juice, or other suitable beverage, and have patient drink it slowly
•Arrange for further dilution or dose reduction if GI effects are severe.
•Agitate prepared IV solution to prevent “layering” of potassium; do not add potassium
to an IV bottle in the hanging position.
•Monitor IV injection sites regularly for necrosis, tissue sloughing, phlebitis.
•Monitor cardiac rhythm carefully during IV administration.
•Caution patient that expended wax matrix capsules will be found in the stool.
•Caution patient not to use salt substitutes
NAME : LIGNOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE

 Dose: 10ml, 20ml

 Route: topical
 Action: local anesthetic
 Nurses responsibility:
 Assess vital sign.
 Check for any adverse reaction
 Give before any operative surgery or procedure
 Give only when doctor prescribe.
 Check the region that is actually under anesthesia or not after giving
medication.
NAME : FRUSEMIDE

 Dose: 20, 40, 80 mg

 Route: oral, IV
 Action: loop diuretic
 Nurses responsibility:
•Profound diuresis with water and electrolyte depletion can occur; careful medical
supervision is required.
•Administer with food or milk to prevent GI upset.
•Reduce dosage if given with other antihypertensives; readjust dosage gradually as BP
responds.
•Give early in the day so that increased urination will not disturb sleep.
•Avoid IV use if oral use is at all possible.
•Do not expose to light, may discolor tablets or solution; do not use discolored drug or
solutions.
•Discard diluted solution after 24 hr.
•Refrigerate oral solution.
•Measure and record weight to monitor fluid changes.
•Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver and renal function.
•Arrange for potassium-rich diet or supplemental potassium as needed.
NAME: HYDROCORTISONE

 Dose: 100-500 mg
 Route: IV
 Action: antiallergic
 Nurses responsibility :
•Give daily before 9 AM to mimic normal peak diurnal corticosteroid levels and
minimize HPA suppression.
•Space multiple doses evenly throughout the day.
•Do not give IM injections if patient has thrombocytopenic purpura.
•Rotate sites of IM repository injections to avoid local atrophy.
•Use minimal doses for minimal duration to minimize adverse effects.
•Taper doses when discontinuing high-dose or long-term therapy.
•Arrange for increased dosage when patient is subject to unusual stress.
•Ensure that adequate amount of Ca2+ is taken if prolonged administration
of steroids.
•Use alternate-day maintenance therapy with short-acting corticosteroids
whenever possible.
•Do not give live virus vaccines with immunosuppressive doses of
hydrocortisone.
•Provide antacids between meals to help avoid peptic ulcer
NAME : ATROPINE SULFATE
 Dose: 0.4-0.6 mg
 Route: IV, IM, SC
 Action: anticholinergic, Antimuscarinic, parasympatholytic,
 Nurses responsibility :
•Ensure adequate hydration; provide environmental control (temperature) to prevent
hyperpyrexia.
•Have patient void before taking medication if urinary retention is a problem.
 Contraindicated with glaucoma or tendency to glaucoma.
NAME : DERIPHYLIN
 Dose: 2ml, 4ml
 Route: IV, IM
 Action: bronchodilator, muscle relaxants
 Nurses responsibility :
 Assess the vital sign specially PR, RR.
 Avoid breastfeeding for 2-4 hour after injection.
 Give injection only to check written order
 Do not give timed-release preparations with food; these should be given on an empty
stomach, 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals
 Avoid excessive intake of coffee, tea, cocoa, cola beverages, and chocolate. These
contain theophylline-related substances that may increase your side effects
NAME : diazepam
 Dose: 2-20mg
 Route: oral, IV, IM
 Action : antiepileptic
 Nurses responsibility :
•Do not administer intra-arterially; may produce arterio spasm, gangrene.
•Change from IV therapy to oral therapy as soon as possible.
•Reduce dose of opioid analgesics with IV diazepam; dose should be reduced by at least
one-third or eliminated.
•Carefully monitor PR, BP, respiration during IV administration.
•Monitor EEG in patients treated for status epilepticus; seizures may recur after initial
Monitor liver and renal function, CBC during long-term therapy.
•Taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy, especially in epileptic patients
NAME : METOPROLOL TARTARATE
 Dose: 50-200 mg
 Route: IV, IM, oral
 Action: B- blocker, antihypertensive
 Nurses responsibility :
•Do not discontinue drug abruptly after long-term therapy (hypersensitivity to catecholamines may have
developed, causing exacerbation of angina, MI, and ventricular arrhythmias). Taper drug gradually over 2
wk with monitoring.
•Ensure that patient swallows the ER tablets whole; do not cut, crush, or chew. Toprol XL tablets may be
divided at the score; divided tablets should be swallowed whole, not crushed or chewed.
•Consult physician about withdrawing drug if patient is to undergo surgery (controversial).
•Give oral drug with food to facilitate absorption.
•Provide continual cardiac monitoring for patients receiving IV metoprolol.
I V FLUIDS
Normal Saline (0.9% NS)
Normal Saline, NS, or NSS is the standard fluid
given in both boluses and as maintenance
fluids. Normal saline contains sodium chloride
(NaCl) and is isotonic. This means when given
through the IV, there should be no net movement of
fluid or electrolyte into or out of the cells.
This ensures that there is no unnecessary swelling
or shrinking of the cells when infused. Normal saline
is the cornerstone intravenous fluid because it can
be given for most situations, including:
•Hydration
•Maintenance Fluids
•Hyponatremia
•Hypotension or Shock
•Sepsis
•with Blood transfusions
Lactated Ringers (LR)
Lactated Ringers (LR) is another isotonic fluid that is
commonly given. It contains sodium lactate, potassium
chloride, and calcium chloride.
LR can be given for all of the indications that NS can be
given, including:
•Dehydration
•Maintenance Fluids when NPO
•Ongoing fluid losses
•Sepsis
•Allergic Reactions
LR should be avoided in:
•Severe liver or renal failure
•Metabolic alkalosis > 7.5
•Hyperkalemia or Hypercalcemia
•Blood transfusions (If run in the same line can cause
precipitation)
Dextrose Normal Saline
Dextrose solution is usually ordered for:
•Hypoglycemia
•Maintenance fluids
Dextrose is osmotically active, meaning it does cause the fluid to increase its
tonicity, and will lead to net fluid shifts out of the cells. However, dextrose is
rapidly metabolized, so the effective osmolarity tends to be higher than
the base fluid, but lower than the calculated osmolarity.
Common dextrose solutions include:
•D5W: Dextrose 5% in Water
•D10W: Dextrose 10% in Water
•D5NS: Dextrose 5% in NS
•D5LR: Dextrose 5% in LR
Dextrose should probably be given in:
•Hypoglycemia
•Alcohol intoxication
•Starvation ketosis
Dextrose should not be used in:
•Hyperglycemia
•Hypokalemia
 CIPROFLOXACIN

This medication is used to treat a variety of

bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin belongs
to a class of drugs called quinolone
antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth
of bacteria.
 METRONIDAZOLE

Metronidazole injection is used to treat

serious bacterial infections in different
areas of the body. It is also used to prevent
infections in the bowels before and after
surgery for some
patients. Metronidazole belongs to the
class of medicines known as antibiotics.
 MANNITOL

Mannitol I.V. (mannitol injection) is

a diuretic used to increase urine
production, and to treat or prevent
medical conditions that are caused
by an increase in body fluids/water
(e.g., cerebral edema, glaucoma,
kidney failure).
 ISOLYTE-P

This solution is indicated for use in adults as a

source of electrolytes, calories and water for
hydration, and as an alkalinizing agent.
Each 100 mL of Isolyte® S pH 7.4 (Multi-Electrolyte
Injection) contains: Sodium Chloride USP 0.53 g;
Sodium Gluconate USP 0.5 g - Sodium Acetate
Trihydrate USP 0.37 g; Potassium Chloride USP
0.037 ... Isolyte® S pH 7.4 is sterile, nonpyrogenic,
and contains no bacteriostatic or antimicrobial
agents.
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
 Clavicle or beauty bone

The clavicle is a sigmoid-shaped It

serves as a connection between the
axial and appendicular skeleton in
conjunction with the scapula, and each
of these structures forms the pectoral
girdle.
 sternum

The sternum is a partially T-shaped vertical

bone that forms the anterior portion of the
chest wall centrally. The sternum is divided
anatomically into three segments:
manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
The sternum connects the ribs via the costal
cartilages forming the anterior rib cage.
 SCAPULA
The scapula is a flat, triangular-shaped bone (colloquially as the "shoulder blade").
It is located in the upper thoracic region on the dorsal surface of the rib cage. It
connects with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint as well as the clavicle at the
acromioclavicular joint to form the shoulder joint.
 Spinal Cord:
different parts make up your spine:
Vertebrae: The spine has 33 stacked vertebrae
(small bones) that form the spinal canal. The
spinal canal is a tunnel that houses the spinal
cord and nerves, protecting them from injury.
Most vertebrae move to allow for a range of
motion.
• cervical 8, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, and
coccygeal 1(fusion of 4).
 Pelvis
The pelvis consists of the right and left hip bones, formed by the union of the
pubis, ischium, and ilium bones, together with the midline sacrum and coccyx.
Anteriorly, the hip bones meet to form the pubic symphysis. Posteriorly, the hip
bones unite with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joints
The humerus is a long bone which
consists of a shaft (diaphysis) and two
extremities (epiphysis). It is the longest
bone of the upper extremity
radius is one of two bones in your forearm.
The other is your ulna. The radius is opposite
your ulna, on the lateral (thumb) side of your
forearm. Your radius rotates over your ulna
when you stretch your arm straight out in
front of you with your palms facing down
 Ulna
Ulna in the anatomical position. The ulna is one of
two bones that make up the forearm, the other
being the radius. It forms the elbow joint with the
humerus and also articulates with the radius both
proximally and distally. It is located in the medial
forearm when the arm is in the anatomical position.
The femur is your thigh bone. It's the longest, strongest bone
in your body. It's a critical part of your ability to stand and
move. The femur is categorized as a long bone and comprises
a diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities)
that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee.
the tibia is one of two bones that comprise the leg. As the weight-
bearing bone, it is significantly larger and stronger than its
counterpart, the fibula. The tibia forms the knee joint proximally with
the femur and forms the ankle joint distally with the fibula and talus
The fibula is a long bone in the lower extremity that is positioned on
the lateral side of the tibia. The fibula is much smaller and thinner
than the tibia. It is located just behind the tibial head at the knee joint
and then runs down the lateral aspect of the leg until it reaches the
ankle joint
cerebrum is the largest part of your brain and handles conscious thoughts and actions.
Different areas within your cerebrum also have different responsibilities like language,
behavior, sensory processing and more.
the heart is a fist-sized organ that pumps
blood throughout your body. It's the
primary organ of your circulatory system.
Your heart contains four main sections
(chambers) made of muscle and powered
by electrical impulses.
The lungs are the major organs of the
respiratory system, and are divided into
sections, or lobes. The right lung has three
lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung,
which has two lobes. The lungs are separated
by the mediastinum. This area contains the
heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph
nodes.
The stomach is a J-shaped organ in the upper belly
(abdomen). It's part of the digestive system. It's between
the end of the food pipe (esophagus) and the start of the
first part of the small bowel (duodenum). The stomach is
much like a bag with a lining.
Anatomically the liver has four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate.
The quadrate lobe is located on the inferior surface of the right lobe. The
caudate lobe is located between the left and right lobes in an anterior
and superior location.
The five major functions of the liver include:
•Filtration.
•Digestion.
•Metabolism and Detoxification.
•Protein synthesis.
•Storage of vitamins and minerals.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist.
They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine.
Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing
wastes and extra water to make urine. kidneys remove waste, which
leaves your body as urine .
GFR”125 ml/min
The pancreas is a long, flat gland that lies in the abdomen
behind the stomach. It produces enzymes that are released
into the small intestine to help with digestion. It also contains
clusters of cells called islets
The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has three
main layers, the epidermis, the dermis and the
subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis is an elastic layer on the outside that is
continually being regenerated.
The dermis is the inner layer that includes the
following:
•Sweat glands – produce sweat that travels via sweat
ducts to openings in the epidermis called pores. They
play a role in temperature regulation.
•Hair follicles – are pits in which hairs grow. Hairs also
play a role in temperature regulation.
•Sebaceous glands – produce sebum (an oil) to keep
hairs free from dust and bacteria. Sebum and sweat
make up the 'surface film'.
The subcutaneous layer under the dermis is made up
of connective tissue and fat (a good insulator).
The eye is made up of three coats, which enclose the optically clear
aqueous humour , lens, and vitreous body. The outermost coat consists of
the cornea and the sclera; the middle coat contains the main blood supply
to the eye and consists, from the back forward, of the choroid, the ciliary
body, and the iris
Structure of ear :
1. Outer ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear
outer ear and middle ear are separated by your eardrum, and your inner ear houses
the cochlea, vestibular nerve and semicircular canals
Function of ear : Hearing and equilibrium