CONCRETE

- Cement, sand, gravel, and water.

- Curing – 28-60 days
- ACI (American Concrete Institute) – Compressive strength using UTM (Universal Testing Machine)
- ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials)

WSD (Working stress design) – Up to proportional limit

USD (Ultimate stress design) – Yield point to ultimate strength

 GRAVITY LOAD
1. Dead Load
2. Live Load
3. Impact Load
 Environmental Load
1. Wind Load
2. Seismic (Earthquake Load)
3. Water pressure or Hydrostatic pressure
4. Soil pressure or Hydrostatic pressure
5. Rain, Snow, Sand, Etc.

 Design Method
- Ultimate strength design (USD)
U = 1.4D – (1)
U = 1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr – (2)
U = 1.2D+1.6Lr+(1.0L or 0.8w) – (3)