CHAPTER 17

 Power outage from 4pm to Sunday

 Homework No.4 is due next week on Monday also Homework no. 5
 5 HomeWorks all together

ELECTRIC CURRENT
- FOR THIS DISCUSSION CHARGES ARE SET IN CONTIOUS MOTION
- We need to know rate of flow
- Electrical term is circuit
- Circuit- path of electricity

In a glass sheet there is a big drop of mercury. No motion is observed in mercury . There is no external
force acting on the mercury. The moment the sheet goes at an incline, the mercury drops. A situation
where the drop cannot stay on the top and it continuous with its motion. Charges are set the same way
where a situation is created to make the charges move.

Cylinder picture – blue

- The electrons are not moving straight. Its moving randomly by bombardment with themselves.
- A stampede of electron gets created
- Drift speed of 1 single electron- type of velocity created by electron stampede
o Tiny circles of electrons in pink tube are knocked out electrons in tube.
o How many e are there in a certain volume
o D- length to compute the volume
o Area x length= volume  we are concerned with the volume
o Q= neAd= total mobile charge in length d of the conductor
o t= time for charge to sweep across a current measuring point
o N= number of charges e per unit of volume
o I= Q/t= neAd/ d Vd
- Current- net movement of electron bunch per unit time or number of charges per unit time
o Delta Q/ Delta t = current
o Q= total charge contained in volume

Mechanism of how continuous motion is created

- Cables are made up of metals with electrons that are freely moving.
- Potential difference is made with a closed path. The path is created for them to move around.
- Multiple electrons are knocked out and are moving around due to the differences in potential
energy in the circuit.

Circuit elements  picture in teachers notes

Voltage picture
The figure is explaining that the direction of current starts in the positive terminal . The positive charge
does not carry current. The current flows through the holes.

Simple electric circuits

- There are cars and trucks parked on the road. You are watching them from far away like a
rooftop.
- If the first car moved away, the rest of the car moves forward also. The empty spot is moving
the car. Same way the empty spot is allowing the current to move.
- What is creating the hole ? The electrons leave one spot and that’s what creates the hole.
- Can the electron stay there? No because there is a potential difference. A battery is continuously
pushing all the charged particles so the electrons cannot stay in one area and therefore keeps
moving.
- Why do we use the motion of the holes? The e are negatively charged .

Current flow with yellow light bult

- Electron flow
- Direction of the arrow is opposite. That explains the discussion.

- Ohm did a quantitative experiment that established

 As you increase the voltage (by inc cells), the current increases
o As you increase the voltage difference, you can increase the current.
o They are proportional to one another.
o Delta V is prop to delta I or Delta V – Delta I R
o V= IR  Ohms law
o V is potential difference (volt as unit v )
o I is the current (ampere is unit)
o R is the resistance of the conductor. Ohm is the symbol for the resistance
o 1 oHm= 1volt
1 ampere

Collissions…
 Resistance does change with temperature
 It does not remain constant all the time but there is a wide range that it is constant
 For most materials, resistance remains constant over a wide voltage or current.
 V= I/R according to Ohms Law.

Graph with linear value

 See graph with linear value
 As voltage inc, current increases
 If you change the polarity of the circuit, the direction of the current gets reversed.
  Aka ohmnic circuit- meaning ff ohms law totally straw
 Gradient = ratio of V/R
 Valves only allows electricity to flow in one direction

Drawing with ammeter

- That’s what a basic electrical circuit looks like
Ammeter: measures amps; measures the current
Voltmeter- measures voltage drop in the resistor
Ammeter needs to be attached to any part of the circuit as long as circuit flows there. It is placed along
with the circuit.

Voltage is connected parallel to the resistance or across the resistance

Appropriate resistance needs to be created to make sure you get the same resistance that takes care of
all the component parts.

V= I(R+ r)
 There is always a resistance that can be found in the battery (r )
 r- internal resistance due to battery electrodes; rust can get to them
see problem in blue

Boxed resistance-
Some books use the box to replace the zig zag method in the drawing

See calculation in blue

Req= equivalent resistance

Series- has highest component resistance
Parallel- has lowest component resistance

Quesiont Multiple choice- A

If all these resistance are connected in series with a volutage supply o f80 V with internal resistance (r )
of 0.4 ohm,how much current will flow through the batter?

Given V= 80V, Req = 60ohm, I= ?

I = 80/60.2 ohm=1.328A
OHMs lae
E= IR
I= E/R
R= E/I

Ohms’s law: V= IR
Electrical force between 2 charges is FqR= electrical work
Field- unit test charge is used ; so E q is used due to test charge
V= IR
Or I= V/R
Electrical work= Fqr
Electric potential V q = Eqr = kqr which is the equivalent of mechanical work done on a unit test charge
against the field

How do we relate power and work

Power= Rate of work done or work done per unit time
From electrical point, Power = W/t = (work/time)
t= IV
Current (voltage of battery)
= I (IR) = I2R
Power = joules/sec= Watt
In the past we found Coulombs (Volts) = Nm = joule
CV=Nm= J
Now we found IV= Watt= Nm/s
Our electric bills are made based on the unit kilowatt hour (kWh)
Rate of our electric bills- 30c/kWh

Resistance it changes with temperature.

RT= R0 (1+ sigma (T-T0)
 See graph with Resistance changes in temperature
 Thinner one offers higher resistance.
 The higher cross sectional area allows for the electrons to move around more,
 less collision means less resistance
 resistance comes from intercollission among the electrons so you want to reduce that
 choose short cable and large diameter cable to reduce the resistance.

Resistivity= resistance per unit time per unit cross section

R VS. t GRAPH FOR SUPERCONDUCT

Kirchoff’s law
At absolute zero, substances that are superconducters lose their resistance. Only for specific materials
that are specific conductors.
 - Used for complex circuits with multiple sources of voltages or 1 source of voltage with clockwise
and counterclowise flow of motion
- Cannot use ohms law for this
- Current law (KCL): Ii= (I2+I3)= 0
Or I1= I2 + I3
- At any junction, what is getting in is what is getting out
- I1= current getting in ; ( +)
- I2= current getting out (-)
-
- KCL

KIRCHOOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) OR Loop law

- Sum of all voltages is still 0
- If you go upstream (against flow of current)= )+)
- If you downstream with flow of current t= (-)

Joule law
P= IE
P= E2/ R
P= I2 R

E= voltage in volts
I current in amperes (Amps)
R- resistance in ohms
P- power in watts …

No. 14 in hw 5
Calculate the current fl;owing through the battery in each of the figures below.

Second figure.
Start from the furthest branch R6 and R 7 which are both 2ohm= 4 ohm. They are in parallel.

The 2 ohm is in series with r4 which is 10 ohm. 10+ 2 ohm= 12 ohm.

1 branch = 4 ohm.
2nd branch 4 ohm
3rd branch = 12 ohm
Tob branch
12 each in a parallel circuit means that it will be divded by 2= 6 ohm
Overall circuit is 10 ohm
 Double check this number.
Current through bather= v/r
Physics 7 test 2
Test 2 practice
35.

CONTNUATION OF KIRCHOFFS LAW

- Charges leaving junction is negative
- All net charges = 0
- Sum total of charges= 0. Sum of entering = sum of going out

Rounding the loop

Downstream = -
Opposite of direction of current = upstream
I 1- downstream

I3 is also downstream
Negative To positive = +
5-560

Second loop- clockwise

downstream
I3 x 1200-7v

phys y hw 5

ex 1

FINISHING CH. 18
Charging and discharging of capcitor
We have a circuit that has a circuit and a capacitance
2 way key can connect or skip the battery
2 way key is connected to A

The main circuit is original circuit . The capacitor will be in touch with the positive plate of the battery
will be charged with positive charge. The other one will be charged negatively. Extra electrons will be in
lower plate and a deficiency of electrons will be found in the upper plate.

The charging process will continue until the voltage difference between 2 plates = the voltage of the
supply. At that point, the capacitor will keep on getting charged. At that point then the current becomes
0. Since the net change = 0 .

The battery is sending current in this direction.

The capacitor ‘s upper place will be charged positively.

The charge against the capacitor, before the key was on was 0. There was no charge. Once the key has
been turned on, then it gets charged. See pink diagram.
CV= highest amount of potential difference between 2 plates is equal to the voltage of the battery.
As current keeps going through the surface, it does not continue for long and then dies away soon.
Charge exponentially increases up to the point where the charge on the plates is = voltage

A= Q(1-e - t/R/C)  Equation for battery charging (DISCHARGING EQUATION)

The plates are now fully charged so the capacitor is capable of discharging. It does not long though since
the capacitor is not a source of voltage. The battery is the source of the voltage. So eventually without a
voltage from the battery it will die down.

b- charging capacitor charging process

b- discharging capacitor discharging process

Battery- a storage of resultant forces.

If capacitor is 0 then it means that it is fully charged. See diagram below pink table.

CHAPTER 19- MAGNETISM

1 lost electron= + charge
2 poles = N and S
They get attracted as N and S
A magnet does not break uniformly
Magnetic lines of force meaning in electricity when an electric fields exists due to a positive test charge.

Magnetic needle – shows a deflection of north and south pole from the usual north and sound direction
that means due to a magnetic field.
There is no such thing as a radially outward or inward north and sound
Geographic north pole is actually magnetically south
Geographic south pole is actually magnetically north pole

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES

1. NO 2 Lines’ cut each other. They always maintain their lines of force.
2. Field values are less if the lines are far apart/.

EFFECT OF A MAGNETIC FIELD ON A MOVING PART

Put a tiny test charge n a magnetic field. If there is a movement, then there is a magnetic field.
If u gently drop it, it will not show an attraction by magnetic pull. But if you have a high velocity, u will
see the deflection

Generating a Uniform magnetic field

In electricity we found that the electric force on a charge q placed in a n electric field
E is Fq= qE, Fq and E being in the same direction
B- magnetic field
E- Electric field
Rule for determining moving charge
- Right hands screw rule
- If you are turning V to Bthe advancement of the right hand screw gives you the direction of the
force
See conventional direction of B lines. End of arrow is source. Pointed part is direction.

If field is away from the plane of the paper, the tip shows that (.)
(x) towards the plane of the paper

Dots are magnetic field . the dots say that the field is coming towards us.
The x means that it is away from us

Unit of B= Newton
Coulomb
FB= qvB
Q charge
V speed- vector
B magnetic field – vector

Magnetic field modifies the velocity of the charged particle

See charge on paper.

From V to B. with the X and y drawn in.

X—indicates uniform magnetic field. That piecers the plane of the paper. The direction of the force is
not tangentiall but radially inward.
The force is centripetal force. Uniform circular motion is experienced in centripetal force.

Magnitude of magnetic force = qvB

As you are tightening the screw, the screw is turning upward .

Ex. 1.
v= 8.00 x qo to the 6th power along x axis.
B= 2.50 T
Magnetic field = W /m 2
Electric field N
Electric force (N/C)

FB= qvB sin theta

Sin 90 = 1

qvB= mv = mv or r=
r r

See figure above ampere’s rule

Isotopes- diff mass, same charges

Charges are thrown in magnetic filed
V is towards us,
The defection is downward

FB is downward
M1 and m2
M2 has a higher mass than m1
This is known as mass spectrometer

What if v and B are not exactly perpendicular

The path happes on a tubular pattern.
F= q L/T sin theta
qT- I
F= ILB sin thetha
L is length of conductor inside the magnetic field

Electric field is opposite of magnetic fieled. See plates in ion source diagram

AMPERES Law
- With a single charged particle, and a current carrying conductor, there is now a loop. What will
be its magnetic force
- Magnetic field and F are parallel
- ILB defines the direction of the magnetic force.
- See drawn out figure with N and S pole
- The loop constant experiences rotational motion around a vertical axis./