Structural Design & Estimation Lecture Theater Building by Hamza

Structural Design & Estimation of Lecture Theater Complex of
QEC Sahiwal
SESSION: 2016–2020
Project Supervisor Engr. Asad Islam
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
QUAID-E-AZAM EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX SAHIWAL
Affiliated With
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE, PAKISTAN
FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Title: Structural Design & Estimation of Lecture

Theater Complex of QEC Sahiwal
Project Supervisor: Engr. Asad Islam
Submitted by: Group# 1
Group Members:
Hamza Rajab (G. L) 2016-uet-qet-ptk-civil tech-04

Syed Jahazaib Bukhari 2016-uet-qet-ptk-civil tech-15
Irfan Sohail 2016-uet-qet-ptk-civil tech-22
Aqib Bhatti 2016-uet-qet-ptk-civil tech-23
Khurram Shahzad 2016-uet-qet-ptk-civil tech-25
Class: BSc. Civil Engineering Technology 8th (semester)

Session 2016-20
DECLARATION
In accordance with the requirements for the degree of B.Sc. Civil

Engineering & Technology in Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, we present this report entitled Structural Design &
Estimation of Model C building of QEC Sahiwal. This report is a
record of original work done by us under the guidance of our mentor
Engr. Asad Islam
We declare that the work presented in the report is our own work, and
that to our knowledge this material has not been submitted either in
whole or in part, for a degree at this University or at any other such
Institution for the award of any type of work.
APPROVED BY
INTERNAL EXAMINER: _______________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ______________
__________________________________ __________________________________
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DEAN DEAN
Civil Engineering Technology Department Faculty of Civil Engineering
Acknowledgement
ALL the thanks and gratitude are only due to ALMIGHTY ALLAH.
The most gracious, the most Merciful and the most Beneficent, who
guided us in darkness and give us knowledge with which we can try
to conquer the universe and understand the law of nature. Respects
are for the beloved Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who enable
us to recognize us our creator.
We are extremely thankful to our project adviser, a very hard
working and qualified person ENGR. Asad Islam Head of Department
of Civil Engineering Technology in QEC Sahiwal, for the way he
trained us for future, his constant help. Guide ness and attention
though out the project. He was kind, understanding and sympathetic
us towards us. Indeed, working with him, he was a blessing for us.
At the end acknowledgements will remain incomplete, until the
encouraging role of our Parents, Brother and sister is not greatly
recognized and ultimately appreciated.
Dedication
Our dearest and most respected parents. Whose efforts and prayers are
great source of strength to us in every noble venture. Their love
inspired us to the higher idea of life.
ABSTRACT
This report provides a summary to our outcome which we gained during the time period of
our project. Actually, we were assigned to create the Structural Design & Estimation of the
Model C building. Our project was based on three phases. At the beginning our task was to
literature review and learning how to operate different software like AutoCAD, ETAB, MS
Office MathCAD. Then the next task was to design the Structure of lecture theater complex
according to the specifications.
Then in the first phase our task was to literature review of all structural elements like Beam,
Column, Slab, Foundation & its types and operate different software which helps in structural
design of lecture theater complex.
After completion of literature review then we start the design of structural elements like
Slab, Beam, Column & Foundation with of help of MathCAD. And Draw a Structural
Drawing of these elements on AutoCAD. After this we started the analysis of frame Structure
under Different loads on ETAB software to analysis the behavior of Structural elements.
The last phase of the project was Estimation of the project. In this part of the project we
started the calculation & acquiring the quantities of the elements of the building.
Table of Contents
Introduction..............................................................................................................................12
QEC:.....................................................................................................................................12
Problem Statement:..............................................................................................................13
Scope....................................................................................................................................13
Methodology........................................................................................................................13
Objectives.............................................................................................................................13
Literature Review.....................................................................................................................14
Introduction..............................................................................................................................14
Structural design...................................................................................................................14
Structural design process......................................................................................................14
Planning:...........................................................................................................................14
Design:.............................................................................................................................14
Philosophy of designing.......................................................................................................15
Design aids...............................................................................................................................15
Design codes and Standard...................................................................................................16
Material properties...............................................................................................................16
Design Load Considerations................................................................................................16
Structural Elements..............................................................................................................17
Beam.................................................................................................................................17
Types of Beams in Constructions.....................................................................................17
Based on Support Conditions...............................................................................................17
Simply Supported Beam...................................................................................................17
Fixed Beam.......................................................................................................................18
Cantilever Beam...............................................................................................................18
Continuous Beam.............................................................................................................19
Based on Construction Materials.........................................................................................19
Reinforced Concrete Beams.............................................................................................19
Steel Beams......................................................................................................................19
Timber beams...................................................................................................................20
Based on Cross-Section Shapes...........................................................................................21
Rectangular beam.............................................................................................................21
T-section beam.................................................................................................................21
L-section beam.................................................................................................................22
Steel cross sectional shapes include:................................................................................22
Based on Method of Construction........................................................................................23
Cast In-situ Concrete Beam..............................................................................................23
Precast Concrete Beam.....................................................................................................23
Example Design of T beam..................................................................................................27
Column.................................................................................................................................40
ACI Code of Limitation for column design.........................................................................40
Design Equation...................................................................................................................42
Axial Tension.......................................................................................................................42
Example............................................................................................................................43
Slab.......................................................................................................................................44
One-Way Slabs on Beams................................................................................................44
Two-way Slabs on Beams....................................................................................................45
Design limitation According to ACI CODE....................................................................46
Design of Two-way slab.....................................................................................................47
Minimum Slab Thickness Control Deflection......................................................................50
Foundation............................................................................................................................51
Foundation Depth.............................................................................................................51
Soil type............................................................................................................................51
Frost depth........................................................................................................................51
Groundwater table............................................................................................................51
Minimum depth................................................................................................................51
Foundation Materials............................................................................................................52
Foundation Load Transfer....................................................................................................52
Types of Foundation and their Uses.....................................................................................52
Shallow Foundation..........................................................................................................52
Deep Foundation..............................................................................................................52
Design Consideration...........................................................................................................53
Size of Footings................................................................................................................53
One-Way Shear (Beam Shear) (Vu1)...............................................................................54
Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear) (Vu1)........................................................................55
Two-way shear is a measure of the diagonal tension caused by the effect of the column
load on the footing. Inclined cracks may occur in the footing at a distance d/2 from the
face of the column on all sides.........................................................................................55
Designing Software..................................................................................................................56
AutoCAD.............................................................................................................................56
AutoCAD is a...................................................................................................................56
AutoCAD Use in Design......................................................................................................56
Clearer Details..................................................................................................................56
MathCAD.............................................................................................................................57
Mathcad Common Keystrokes.........................................................................................57
Mathcad Basics Worksheet Solution (pdf).......................................................................57
Functions..............................................................................................................................58
ETAB...................................................................................................................................59
Modeling of Structural Systems...........................................................................................59
Loading, Analysis, and Design.............................................................................................60
Output, Interoperability, and Versatility..............................................................................60
lecture theater complex............................................................................................................61
Structure Design lecture theater complex................................................................................62
Design...................................................................................................................................62
Design Beam lecture theater complex......................................................................................62
Continuous T Beam..............................................................................................................62
ACI Code..........................................................................................................................62
Reference..........................................................................................................................62
Design Data......................................................................................................................62
Design Continuous L Beam.................................................................................................74
Design Continuous L Beam.................................................................................................86
Design Simply Supported T Beam.......................................................................................98
Design Column of lecture theater complex............................................................................104
Square Column...................................................................................................................105
Rectangular Column...........................................................................................................106
Circular Column.................................................................................................................107
Section of Columns................................................................................................................108
Slab Design of lecture theater complex.................................................................................109
Checking for type slab....................................................................................................109
Select Case from Table...................................................................................................110
Depth of slab..................................................................................................................110
panel 1 x direction.........................................................................................................111
pane1 y Direction.........................................................................................................112
panel 2 x direction..........................................................................................................113
panel 2 y direction..........................................................................................................114
panel 3 x direction......................................................................................................115
panal 3 y ditrection......................................................................................................116
panel 4 y direction........................................................................................................117
panal 5 x directio.........................................................................................................118
panal 5 y direction........................................................................................................119
panel 6 y direction.........................................................................................................121
Area of Steel shown x direction.........................................................................................122
Area of Steel shown y Direction............................................................................................122
Design of Foundation of Lecture theater complex.............................................................123
Lay out of foundation.....................................................................................................123
Strip Footing...................................................................................................................123
Design Square Footing (12 x 12).......................................................................................124
Strip foundation Section.....................................................................................................140
Isolated Foundation Section...............................................................................................141
Estimation of Model C building.............................................................................................142
Cost Estimating Process.....................................................................................................142
Phase 2............................................................................................................................143
Phase 3............................................................................................................................144
Phase 4............................................................................................................................144
Results and Conclusions.........................................................................................................146
Lecture theater Complex....................................................................................................146
Grid of Lecture theater Complex........................................................................................146
Section A-A........................................................................................................................147
Section B-B........................................................................................................................148
Section C-C........................................................................................................................149
Beams and Column............................................................................................................150
Section of Beams Ground and 1st floor..............................................................................150
Section of Beams Top floor................................................................................................151
Section of Beams 2nd Floor...............................................................................................151
Column Section..................................................................................................................152
In Lecture theater Complex there three type of Column................................................152
Stair....................................................................................................................................153
Area of Steel shown x direction.........................................................................................154
Area of Steel shown y Direction........................................................................................154
Design of Foundation of Lecture theater complex.............................................................155
Strip Footing...................................................................................................................155
Estimation...........................................................................................................................156
Introduction
QEC:
The Quaid-e-Azam Educational Complex is a private college located at Pakpattan road 6 Km
from Pakpattan Chook Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. It offers undergraduate Programs i.e.
Engineering, Engineering & Technology, DPT, Pharm D, etc. It is affiliated with University
of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Its first Batch of B.Sc. Civil Engineering &
technology was started in 2011. Ever since QCET starts multiple degrees like B.Sc.
Engineering in Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, etc.
Problem Statement:
The capacity of the buildings of the organization is almost full at the time and new numbers
of students are going to join the organization. And the gap between the capacity of the
building and number of the students is going to shrink.
Due to the increase in the number of students by starting new programs, classes will be
difficult to manage because of the difference between available rooms and classes to be held.
This hurdle might cause problems for the organization. So, it is the need of the time to take
care of the complication.
So Immediate Actions are required to overcome the hitch. By constructing a new building.
Scope
Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical
design solution while ensuring that the final design of a building must be serviceable for its
intended function, habitable for its occupants and safe over its design lifetime.
Methodology
The following methodology will be opted in this project.
 Obtaining architectural details of Auditorium building in QEC.
 Obtaining geotechnical details of Auditorium building in QEC.
 Creating Structural design of Auditorium building in QEC by using ETAB.
 To Calculate the Quantities of the Auditorium building in QEC by manual calculation
Objectives
The objectives of the research are as under.
 Literature review.
 Design of Auditorium using ETAB and Manual Software.
 Preparation of drawings.
 Calculate the Quantities and cost Estimation of all civil works by using Manually
Method
Literature Review
Introduction
Structural design
Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity
of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce
a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. The
primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. If the structure is improperly
designed or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the
device will probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible serious
consequences. A well-engineered structure greatly minimizes the possibility of costly
failures.
Structural design process

A structural design project may be divided into three phases, i.e. planning, design and
construction.
Planning:
This phase involves consideration of the various requirements and factors affecting the
general layout and dimensions of the structure and results in the choice of one or perhaps
several alternative types of structure, which offer the best general solution. The primary
consideration is the function of the structure. Secondary considerations such as aesthetics,
sociology, law, economics and the environment may also be taken into account. In addition,
there are structural and constructional requirements and limitations, which may affect the
type of structure to be designed.
Design:
This phase involves a detailed consideration of the alternative solutions defined in the
planning phase and results in the determination of the most suitable proportions, dimensions
and details of the structural elements and connections for constructing each alternative
structural arrangement being considered.
Construction:
This phase involves mobilization of personnel; procurement of materials and equipment,
including their transportation to the site, and actual on-site erection. During this phase, some
redesign may be required if unforeseen difficulties occur, such as unavailability of specified
materials or foundation problems.
Philosophy of designing
The structural design of any structure first involves establishing the loading and other design
conditions, which must be supported by the structure and therefore must be considered in its
design. This is followed by the analysis and computation of internal gross forces, (i.e. thrust,
shear, bending moments and twisting moments), as well as stress intensities, strain, deflection
and reactions produced by loads, changes in temperature, shrinkage, creep and other design
conditions. Finally comes the proportioning and selection of materials for the members and
connections to respond adequately to the effects produced by the design conditions.
The criteria used to judge whether particular proportions will result in the desired behavior
reflect accumulated knowledge based on field and model tests, and practical experience.
Intuition and judgment are also important to this process.
The traditional basis of design called elastic design is based on allowable stress intensities
which are chosen in accordance with the concept that stress or strain corresponds to the yield
point of the material and should not be exceeded at the most highly stressed points of the
structure, the selection of failure due to fatigue, buckling or brittle fracture or by
consideration of the permissible deflection of the structure. The allowable – stress method
has the important disadvantage in that it does not provide a uniform overload capacity for all
parts and all types of structures.
The newer approach of design is called the strength design in reinforced concrete literature
and plastic design in steel-design literature. The anticipated service loading is first multiplied
by a suitable load factor, the magnitude of which depends upon uncertainty of the loading,
the possibility of it changing during the life of the structure and for a combination of
loadings, the likelihood, frequency, and duration of the particular combination. In this
approach for reinforced-concrete design, theoretical capacity of a structural element is
reduced by a capacity reduction factor to provide for small adverse variations in material
strengths, workmanship and dimensions.
Design aids
The design of any structure requires many detailed computations. Some of these are of a
routine nature. An example is the computation of allowable bending moments for standard
sized, species and grades of dimension timber. The rapid development of the computer in the
last decade has resulted in rapid adoption of Computer Structural Design Software that has
now replaced the manual computation. This has greatly reduced the complexity of the
analysis and design process as well as reducing the amount of time required to finish a
project. Standard construction and assembly methods have evolved through experience and
need for uniformity in the construction industry. These have resulted in standard details and
standard components for building construction published in handbooks or guides.
• Design Code and Standards
• Material Properties
• Design Load Considerations
• Load Combinations
Design codes and Standard
Many countries have their own structural design codes, codes of practice or technical
documents which perform a similar function. It is necessary for a designer to become familiar
with local requirements or recommendations in regard to correct practice. In this design we
follow the ACI-318-14 building design codes. All the Structure are design According to this
code.
Material properties
For a material to be considered as building material, it should have required engineering
properties suitable for construction works. These properties of building materials are
responsible for its quality and capacity and helps to decide applications of these material.
Such properties of building materials are categorized as follows.
 Physical properties
 Mechanical properties
 Chemical properties
 Electrical properties
 Magnetic properties
 Thermal properties
Design Load Considerations

An analysis of load consideration is a vital part of the structural design. Load considerations
will depend on the type of occupancy for the structure, as well as the height of the structure.
Three common loadings of a building include:
• Dead Load (DL): Typically composed of the self-weight of the member or a structure
• Super-imposed Dead Load (SDL): Comprises of the floor finishes and the weight of the
partitions,
• Live Loads (LL): Constitutes movable loads that the structure may carry.
Structural Elements
Structural elements mean those parts or elements of a building which resist forces and
moments and includes foundations, beams, columns, shear cores, slabs, roof trusses,
staircases, load bearing walls and all other elements designed to resist forces and moments
but exclude doors, windows and non-load bearing walls:
• Beams
• Column
• Slab/roof
• Foundation
Beam
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis.
Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result
in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the
beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce
internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their
manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their
material.
Different types of beams are used in the construction of buildings and structures. These are
horizontal structural elements that withstand vertical loads, shear forces, and bending
moments. Beams transfer loads that imposed along their length to their endpoints such as
walls, columns, foundations, etc.
In this article, different types of beams used in building construction will be discussed based
on their manner of support, cross-section shape (profile), length, and material.
Types of Beams in Constructions
There are different types of beams which are classified based on the following conditions
• Based on Support Conditions
• Based on Construction Materials
• Based on Cross-Section Shapes
• Based on Geometry
• Based on Equilibrium Condition
• Based on Method of Construction
Based on Support Conditions

Simply Supported Beam
It is one of the simplest structural elements that both ends rest on supports but is free to
rotate. It contains pinned support at one end and a roller support at the other end. Based on
the assigned load, it sustains shearing and bending.
Fig. 1: Simply supported beam
Fixed Beam
It is supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation. It is also called a built-in beam. The
fixed ends produce moments other than the reactions.
Fig. 2: Fixed beam
Cantilever Beam
If a beam is fixed at one end and set to be free at the other end, it is termed as a cantilever
beam. The beam distributes the load back to the support where it is forced against a moment
and shear stress. Cantilever beams allow the creation of a bay window, balconies, and some
bridges.
Fig. 3: Cantilever beam

Continuous Beam
A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed along its entire length.
Fig. 4: Continuous beam
Based on Construction Materials

Reinforced Concrete Beams
It is constructed from concrete and reinforcement as shown in Fig. 5. Sometimes reinforced
concrete beam is concealed in reinforced concrete slabs and it is called hidden beam or
concealed beam
Fig. 5: Reinforced concrete beam
Steel Beams
It is constructed from steels and used in several applications.
Fig. 6: Steel beam
Timber beams
The timber beam is constructed from timber and used in the past. However, the application of
such a beam in the construction industry is significantly declined now.
Fig. 7: Timber Beam

Based on Cross-Section Shapes
Several cross-sectional shapes of beams are available and used in different parts of structures.
These beams can be constructed from reinforced concrete, steel, or composite materials:
Reinforced concrete cross sectional shapes include:
Rectangular beam
This type of beam is widely used in the construction of reinforced concrete buildings and
other structures.
Fig. 9: Rectangular Reinforced concrete beam

T-section beam
This type of beam is mostly constructed monolithically with a reinforced concrete slab.
Sometimes, Isolated T-beam is built to increase the compression strength of concrete.
Added to that, inverted T-beam can also be constructed according to the requirements of
loading imposed.
L-section beam
This type of beam is constructed monolithically with a reinforced concrete slab at the
perimeter of the structure, as illustrated in Fig. 10.
Steel cross sectional shapes include:
There are various steel beam cross-sectional shapes. Each cross-sectional shape offers
superior advantages in a given condition compare with other shapes.
Square, rectangular, circular, I-shaped, T-shaped, H-shaped, C-shaped, and tubular are
examples of beam cross-sectional shapes constructed from steel.
Fig. 12: Steel beam cross sectional shapes

Based on Method of Construction
Cast In-situ Concrete Beam
This type of beam is constructed on the project site. So, forms are initially fixed, then fresh
concrete is poured and allowed to hardened. Then, loads would be imposed.
Fig. 18: Cast in situ beam

Precast Concrete Beam
This type of beam is manufactured in factories. So, the construction condition is more
controllable compare with on-site construction. Consequently, the quality of the concrete of
the beam would be greater.
Various cross-sectional shapes can be manufactures such as T- beam, Double T-beam,
Inverted T-beam, and many more.
Fig. 19: Precast concrete beam

Area of steel for Interior span Mu (+ve)
Example Design of T beam
Brick wall load
k/ft
Min. area of steel in

Area
Totalof steel for
fectered Exterior support Mu (-ve)
load
For 1st Case k-ft in

k/ft sq. in
Area of steel for First Interiorsq. support Mu (-ve)
Slab loadfactored bending
Total in momentin
in sq. in
RC k-ft
Effective flange width ps sq. in
f
Area of steel for Interior support Mu (-ve)
in
Brick
Exterior support Mu(-) in sq. in
psf sq. in
in k-
Floor Fenish in
For L beam Choose smaller one
Exterior span Mu(+)
in psf sq. in
in
k-ft
Total Dead Load sq. in
First Interior support Mu(-)
in psf
NA lies in Flange in
sq. in
As per architectural in
Area of steel for Exterior span Mu k-ft(+ve)
Factored load
in
Interior support
NA lies Mu(-)
in Flange
sq. in Ksf
For 1st Case k-ft
NA lies
Equelent in Flange
width of slab suported by beam
Interior span Mu(+) in sq. in
For 1st Case
NA lies in Flange k-ft
k/ft
For 1st Case sq. in

in
in
Depth of Beam .
For 1st Case
sq.
sq. in
in
i
Max. area of steel
Self waight of beaam in
in
in
NA lies in Flange sq. in k/ft
sq. in
sq.sq.
in in
in
Column
Columns are members used primarily to support axial compressive loads and have a ratio of
height to the least lateral dimension of 3 or greater. In reinforced concrete buildings, concrete
beams, floors, and columns are cast monolithically, causing some moments in the columns
due to end restraint. Moreover, perfect vertical alignment of columns in a multistory building
is not possible, causing loads to be eccentric relative to the center of columns. The eccentric
loads will cause moments in columns. Therefore, a column subjected to pure axial loads does
not exist in concrete buildings. However, it can be assumed that axially loaded columns are
those with relatively small eccentricity, e, of about 0.1 h or less, where h is the total depth of
the column and e is the eccentric distance from the center of the column. Because concrete
has a high compressive strength and is an inexpensive material, it can be used in the design of
compression members economically.
ACI Code of Limitation for column design

The ACI Code presents the following limitations for the design of compression members:
For axially as well as eccentrically loaded columns, the ACI Code sets the strength reduction
factors at φ = 0.65 for tied columns and φ = 0.75 for spirally reinforced columns. The
difference of 0.10 between the two values shows the additional ductility of spirally reinforced
(a) (c)
(b)
columns. The strength reduction factor for columns is much lower than those for flexure (φ =
0.9) and shear (φ = 0.75). This is because in axially loaded columns, the strength depends
mainly on the concrete compression strength, whereas the strength of members in bending is
less affected by the variation of concrete strength, especially in the case of an under
reinforced section. Furthermore, the concrete in columns is subjected to more segregation
than in the case of beams. Columns are cast vertically in long, narrow forms, but the concrete
in beams is cast in shallow, horizontal forms. Also, the failure of a column in a structure is
more critical than that of a floor beam.
• The minimum longitudinal steel percentage is 1%, and the maximum percentage is 8% of
the gross area of the section (ACI Code, Section 10.9.1). Minimum reinforcement is
necessary to provide resistance to bending, which may exist, and to reduce the effects of
creep and shrinkage of the concrete under sustained compressive stresses. Practically, it is
very difficult to fit more than 8% of steel reinforcement into a column and maintain
sufficient space for concrete to flow between bars.
• At least four bars are required for tied circular and rectangular members and six bars are
needed for circular members enclosed by spirals (ACI Code, Section 10.9.2). For other
shapes, one bar should be provided at each corner, and proper lateral reinforcement must
be provided. For tied triangular columns, at least three bars are required. Bars shall not be
located at a distance greater than 6 in. clear on either side from a laterally supported bar.
The arrangement of longitudinal bars in tied columns and the distribution of ties. Ties
shown in dotted lines are required when the clear distance on either side from laterally
supported bars exceeds 6 in. The minimum concrete cover in columns is 1.5 in.
• The minimum ratio of spiral reinforcement, ρs, according to the ACI Code, Eq. 10.5, and
as explained in Section 10.9.3, is limited to
ρs = 0.45 Ag Ach − 1 f c/fyt
where
Ag = gross area of section
Ach = area of core of spirally reinforced column measured to the outside
diameter of spiral
fyt = yield strength of spiral reinforcement (≤ 100 ksi; ACI Code, Section.
• The minimum diameter of spirals is 3 8 in., and their clear spacing should not be more
than 3 in. nor less than 1 in., according to the ACI Code, Section 7.10.4. Splices may be
provided by welding or lapping the deformed uncoated spiral bars by 48 diameters or a
minimum of 12 in. Lap splices for plain uncoated bar or wire = 72dp ≤ 12 in. The same
applies for epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire. The Code also allows full mechanical
splices.
• Ties for columns must have a minimum diameter of 3 8 in. to enclose longitudinal bars of
no. 10 size or smaller and a minimum diameter of 1 2 in. for larger bar diameters (ACI
Code, Section 7.10.5).
• Spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of 48 times the tie diameter, 16 times the
longitudinal bar diameter, or the least dimension of the column. Table 10.1 gives spacings
for no. 3 and no. 4 ties. The Code does not give restrictions on the size of columns to
allow wider utilization of reinforced concrete columns in smaller sizes.
Design Equation
The nominal load strength of an axially loaded column was given in Eq. 10.1. Because a
perfect axially loaded column does not exist, some eccentricity occurs on the column section,
thus reducing its load capacity, P0. To take that into consideration, the ACI Code specifies
that the maximum nominal load, P0, should be multiplied by a factor equal to 0.8 for tied
columns and 0.85 for spirally reinforced columns. Introducing the strength reduction factor,
the axial load strength of columns according to the ACI Code, Section 10.3.6, are as follows:
r
Pu = φPn = φ(0.80)[0.85fc (Ag − Ast ) + Ast fy ]
for tied columns and

r
Pu = φPn = φ(0.85)[0.85fc (Ag − Ast ) + Ast fy ]
Axial Tension
Concrete will not crack as long as stresses are below its tensile strength; in this case, both
concrete and steel resist the tensile stresses, but when the tension force exceeds the tensile
strength of concrete (about one-tenth of the compressive strength), cracks develop across the
section, and the entire tension force is resisted by steel. The nominal load that the member
can carry is that due to tension steel only
Tn = Astfy
Tu = φAstfy
where φ is 0.9 for axial tension: -
Tie rods in arches and similar structures are subjected to axial tension. Under working loads,
the concrete cracks and the steel bars carry the whole tension force. The concrete acts as a
fire and corrosion protector. Special provisions must be taken for water structures, as in the
case of water tanks. In such designs, the concrete is not allowed to crack under the tension
caused by the fluid pressure.
Example
Determine the allowable design axial load on a 12-in. square, short tied column
reinforced with four no. 9 bars. Ties are no. 3 spaced at 12 in. Use
fcr = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
Solution
Using Eq.
r r
Pu = φPn = φK[0.85fc Ag + Ast (fy − 0.85fc )]
For a tied column, φ = 0.65, K = 0.8, and Ast = 4.0 in.2
Pu = φPu = 0.65(0.8)[0.85(4)(12 × 12) + 4(60 − 0.85 × 4)] = 372 K
4/144
Check steel percentage: ρg = = 0.02778
144
= 2.778%. This is less than 8% and greater
than 1%.
Slab
A reinforced concrete slab is a crucial structural element and is used to provide flat
surfaces(floors and ceilings) in buildings. On the basis of reinforcement provided, beam
support, and the ratio of the spans, slabs are generally classified into one-way slab and two-
way slab. The former is supported on two sides and the ratio of long to short span is greater
than two. However, the latter is supported on four sides and the ratio of long to short span is
smaller than two.
Varying conditions and stipulations ask for the selection of appropriate and cost-effective
concrete slab, keeping in view, the type of building, architectural layout, aesthetic features,
and the span length. Concrete slabs, therefore, are further classified into one-way joist
slab, flat slab, flat plate, waffle slab, hollow core slab, precast slab, slabs on grade, hardy
slab, and composite slab.
One-Way Slabs on Beams
Cast in situ method is used to construct one-way slabs on beams which involves fixing of
forms followed with the installation of reinforcements, and finally the pouring of fresh
concrete.
One-way slabs on beams are most suitable for spans of 3-6m, and a live load of 3 to 5KN/m2.
They can also be used for larger spans with relatively higher cost and higher slab deflection.
Additional formwork for the beams is however needed.
Fig. 1: One-way Slab on Beams

Two-way Slabs on Beams
The construct of this type of slab is similar to that of one-way slab on beams, but it may need
more formworks since two-way slabs are supported on all sides. Slabs on beams are suitable
for spans between 6 and 9m, and live loads of 3-6KN/m2 . The beams increase the stiffness
of the slabs, producing relatively low deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is
needed.
Fig. 6: Two-way Slab on Beams

Design limitation According to ACI CODE
The following limitations are specified by the ACI Code:
1. A typical imaginary strip 1 ft (or 1 m) wide is assumed.
2. The minimum thickness of one-way slabs using grade 60 steel according to the ACI
Code, Table 9.5a, for solid slabs and for beams or ribbed one-way slabs should be
equal to the following:
3. For simply supported spans: solid slabs, h = L/20 (ribbed slabs, h = L/16).
4. For one-end continuous spans: solid slabs, h = L/24 (ribbed slabs, h = L/18.5).
5. For both-end continuous spans: solid slabs, h = L/28 (ribbed slabs, h = L/21).
6. For cantilever spans: solid slabs, h = L/10 (ribbed slabs, h = L/8).
7. For fy other than 60 ksi, these values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +0.01fy ), where fy
+
is in ksi. This minimum thickness should be used unless computation of deflection
indicates a lesser thickness can be used without adverse effects.
8. Deflection is to be checked when the slab supports are attached to construction likely
to be damaged by large deflections. Deflection limits are set by the ACI Code,
Table 9.5b.
9. It is preferable to choose slab depth to the nearest 1 in. (or 10 mm).
10. Shear should be checked, although it does not usually2 control.
11. The principal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the slab
thickness nor more than 18 in. (ACI Code, Section 7.6.5).
12. Straight-bar systems may be used in both tops and bottoms of continuous slabs. An
alternative bar system of straight and bent (trussed) bars placed alternately may also
be used.
13. In addition to main reinforcement, steel bars at right angles to the main must be pro-
vided. This additional steel is called secondary, distribution, shrinkage, or temperature
reinforcement
Design of Two-way slab

An exact analysis of forces and displacements in a two-way slab is complex, due to its highly
indeterminate nature; this is true even when the effects of creep and nonlinear behavior of the
concrete are neglected. Numerical methods such as finite elements can be used, but
simplified methods such as those presented by the ACI Code are more suitable for practical
design. The ACI Code, Chapter 13, assumes that the slabs behave as wide, shallow beams
that form, with the columns above and below them, a rigid frame. The validity of this
assumption of dividing the structure into equivalent frames has been verified by analytical
and experimental research. It is also established that factored load capacity of two-way slabs
with restrained boundaries is about twice that calculated by theoretical analysis because a
great deal of moment redistribution occurs in the slab before failure. At high loads, large
deformations and deflections are expected; thus, a minimum slab thickness is required to
maintain adequate deflection and cracking conditions under service loads. The ACI Code
specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs: 1. The direct design method, DDM
(ACI Code, Section 13.6), is an approximate procedure for the analysis and design of two-
way slabs. It is limited to slab systems subjected to uniformly distributed loads and supported
on equally or nearly equally spaced columns. The method uses a set of coefficients to
determine the design moments at critical sections. Two-way slab systems that do not meet the
limitations of the ACI Code, Section 13.6.1, must be analyzed by more accurate procedures.
2. The equivalent frame method, EFM (ACI Code, Section 13.7), is one in which a three-
dimensional building is divided into a series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by cutting
the building along lines midway between columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building and treated floor by
floor, as shown in Fig. 17.4.
Two ACI Code procedures are based on the results of elastic analysis of the structure as a
whole using factored loads. A modified approach to the direct design method was presented
in the commentary of the 1989 Code as the modified stiffness method, or MSM. It is based
on specific distribution factors introduced as a function of the stiffness ratio, αec, for
proportioning the total static moment in an end span. This method is explained later. In
addition to the ACI Code procedures, a number of other alternatives are available for the
analysis and design of slabs. The resulting slabs may have a greater or lesser amount.of
reinforcement. The analytical methods may be classified in terms of the basic relationship
between load and deformation as elastic, plastic, and nonlinear
 In elastic analysis, a concrete slab may be treated as an elastic plate. The flexure,
shear, and deflection may be calculated by the fourth differential equation relating
load to deflection for thin plates with small displacements, as presented by
Timoshenko and Krieger Finite difference as well as finite element solutions have
been proposed to analyze slabs and plates In the finite element method, the slab is
divided into a mesh of triangles
 For plastic analysis, three methods are available. The yield line method was
developed by Johansen to determine the limit state of the slab by considering the yield
lines that occur in the slab as a collapse mechanism. The strip method was developed
by Hellebore The slab is divided into strips, and the load on the slab is distributed in
two orthogonal directions. The strips are analyzed as simple beams. The third method
is optimal analysis. There has been considerable research into optimal solutions. Dhir,
and others Munday presented methods for minimizing reinforcement based on plastic
analysis. Optimal solutions are complex in analysis and produce complex patterns of
reinforcement.
 Nonlinear analysis simulates the true load deformation characteristics of a reinforced
concrete slab when the finite element method takes into consideration the nonlinearity
of the stress–strain relationship of the individual elements In this case, the solution
becomes complex unless simplified empirical relationships are assumed. The
preceding methods are presented very briefly to introduce the reader to the different
methods of analysis of slabs. Experimental work on slabs has not been extensive in
recent years, but more research is probably needed to simplify current design
procedures with adequate safety, serviceability, and economy.
Minimum Slab Thickness Control Deflection
The ACI Code, Sections 9.5.3.2 and 9.5.3.3, specifies a minimum slab thickness in two-way
slabs to control deflection. The magnitude of a slab’s deflection depends on many variables,
including the flexural stiffness of the slab, which in turn is a function of the slab thickness, h.
By increasing the slab thickness, the flexural stiffness of the slab is increased, and
consequently the slab deflection is reduced Because the calculation of deflections in two-way
slabs is complicated and to avoid excessive deflections, the ACI Code limits the thickness of
these slabs by adopting the following three empirical limitations, which are based on
experimental research. If these limitations are not met, it will be necessary to compute
deflections.
For afm larger than 0.2 but not larger than 2, the slab thickness must not be less than the
values of equation-1:
Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams

Moreover, the minimum thickness of any two-way slab without interior beams should not be
less than the following:
 For slabs without drop panel 125 mm.
 For slabs with drop panel 100 mm.
Furthermore, both (afm) and (af) will be zero when beams are not employed as in the case of
flat plates. Lastly, ACI Code equations applied to calculate slab thickness take the panel
shape, the influence of span length, the flexural stiffness of beams, and the yield stress of
steel reinforcement into consideration.
Foundation
Foundation design is the creation of a construction plan for a building foundation. It is a
highly specialized function and usually performed by a structural engineer. The foundation is
the structural base that stands on the ground and supports the rest of the building. Therefore,
foundation design must involve extensive study of the ground below the foundation as well
as the design and materials used on the foundation itself.
Foundation Depth
There are many types of building foundations. With the exception of slab-on-grade
foundations, which are laid at ground level, most foundations may be installed at a variety of
depths. The required depth of any foundation can depend on several factors:
Soil bearing capacity. This determines how much load (weight or force) the existing soil
can withstand.
Soil type.
Different types of soil have different properties that can affect their suitability for supporting
a foundation.
Frost depth.
The depth to which the soil freezes in the coldest time of the year, known as the frost depth
or frost line, often is used to determine the minimum depth for many types of foundations.
Groundwater table.
A high groundwater table can limit the foundation depth as well as the type of foundation
that can be used. Groundwater height is usually included in a soil study.
Minimum depth.
Disregarding other factors, the minimum depth of a foundation typically is not less than 18
inches to allow for the removal of topsoil and variations in ground level.
Foundation Materials
Foundations typically are built with masonry, such as concrete block or brick, or with poured
concrete. Masonry materials offer high compressive strength and are much more resistant to
damage from moisture and soil than wood and metal materials. A masonry foundation
typically extends above the ground to protect other building materials from moisture and
other damaging effects of ground contact. Masonry foundations usually are reinforced
internally with metal rebar or other materials. Contractors will often use hydraulic cement to
seal around pipes or raceways that penetrate the masonry or concrete foundation.
Some building foundations are built with treated wood posts or piers. In this case, the
foundation supports are driven deep into the earth and/or rest on rock or concrete pads. Posts
and piers often are used when building on or near water or where the land is prone to
flooding.
One of the most important foundation materials is the base, or subbase, of inorganic material
laid directly under the foundation. In general, submerged soil and clay have limited bearing
capacity and cannot handle the loads imposed by a building. Therefore, soils are dug away
and replaced with a dry and uniform dense material, such as gravel or crushed stone that
offers maximum shear resistance and bearing capacity. Base materials also promote drainage
of subsurface water and do not expand with high levels of moisture, as soil does.
Foundation Load Transfer

Foundations must be designed so that loads imposed by the building are transferred
uniformly to the contact surface to transmit the sum of the dead load, live load, and wind load
to the ground. The net loading capacity coming into the soil should not exceed the bearing
capacity of the soil. Foundation design also must take into account expected settling from the
building to ensure that all movement is controlled and uniform to prevent damage to the
structure. In addition, the overall design of the foundation, superstructure, and
characteristics of the ground should be studied to identify potentially beneficial construction
strategies.
Types of Foundation and their Uses

Following are different types of foundations used in construction
Shallow Foundation
There are some types which are as under.
Individual footing or isolated footing
Combined footing
Strip foundation
Raft or mat foundation
Deep Foundation
There are some types which are as under.
Pile foundation
Drilled Shafts or caissons
Well foundation
Design Consideration
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil safely. The
design procedure must take the following strength requirements into consideration:
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
2. One-way shear
3. Two-way shear, or punching shear
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
5. Bearing capacity of columns at their base and dowel requirements
6. Development length of bars
7. Differential settlement
Size of Footings
The area of the footings can be determined from the actual external loads (unfactored forces
and moments) such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded. In general, for vertical
loads
total service load (including self-weight)

Area of footing =
allowable soil pressure, qa
or
P (total)
Area =
qa
where the total service load is the unfactored design load. Once the area is determined, a
factored soil pressure is obtained by dividing the factored load, Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L, by the area
of the footing. This is required to design the footing by the strength design method.
qu = Pu/ area of footing

The allowable soil pressure, qa, is obtained from soil test and is based on service load
conditions.
One-Way Shear (Beam Shear) (Vu1)
For footings with bending action in one direction, the critical section is located at a distance
d from the face of the column. The diagonal tension at section m–m in can be checked as was
done before in beams. The allowable shear in this case is equal to
Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear) (Vu1)
Two-way shear is a measure of the diagonal tension caused by the effect of the column load
on the footing. Inclined cracks may occur in the footing at a distance d/2 from the face of the
column on all sides. The footing will fail as the column tries to punch out part of the footing
The ACI Code, Section 11.11.2, allows a shear strength, Vc, in footings without shear
reinforcement for two-way shear action, the smallest of
Designing Software
Software which are used in Design process.
 AutoCAD
 MathCAD
 ETAB
AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.
Developed and marketed by Autodesk,[1] AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as
a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Before
AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe
computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics
terminal. Since2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as
AutoCAD 360.
AutoCAD Use in Design

Design Lines, arcs and circles are the building blocks used to bring your ideas to life. In
previous versions of AutoCAD, what you saw on the screen was not always as crisp as what
you plotted to paper. In this release, you’ll find many design elements that provide a stunning
visual experience for users.
Clearer Details
The details in your designs are now viewed more clearly with visual enhancements such as
Line Fading and enhanced readability with true curves instead of line segments. With reality
computing enhanced, there is now the ability to orient your work more precisely with the
point cloud. Maneuver between horizontal and vertical planes more quickly with Dynamic
UCS. In addition, snap to edges, intersections, corners, and centerlines can now be used to
quickly create geometry using point cloud object snaps.
Shaping Up Shapes in 2D and 3D
Isoline curves can now be extracted through a specified point on a surface or face of a solid to
determine the contour lines of any shape. The tool displays a preview of the resulting spline
before you pick the point. You can specify the direction of the isolines, either in the U or V
direction. Previously you were limited to clicking inside a bounded area to select multiple
objects, but no longer. Now you can select 2D and 3D curves for a quick and easy PressPull
operation. These 3D free-form design tools help generate design ideas in almost any form
imaginable. PressPull faces, edges, and vertices to model complex shapes and add smooth
surfaces. Solid, mesh, and surface modeling give you flexibility and control when designing
in 3D. The navigation bar includes frequently used tools such as steering wheels, view cube,
and show motion, as well as pan, zoom, and orbit. If you need to analyze the continuity,
curvature, and draft of 3D solids and surfaces, then the surface tool was made for you. The
Zebra analysis projects stripes onto a 3D model to analyze surface continuity. Use the new
viewport controls to change viewport settings, views, and visual styles directly on the
viewport canvas.
MathCAD
Mathcad is a tool to arrange, calculate, and visualize engineering calculations. A Mathcad
sheet has values, equations, plots, and functions that are written and displayed in a manner
that is similar to how they are written in a textbook or reference manual. As inputs in the
worksheet are updated, all dependent calculations are updated. Mathcad is a different
computational tool than a full programming language like MATLAB or Python or even a
spreadsheet language like VBA. In general, Mathcad is best suited to symbolic or numerical
analysis to replace an engineering graphing calculator or calculation pad. It is not as well
suited to handle large amounts of tabular data or when computational speed is a priority.
Instead, it is useful to derive symbolic expressions, visualize data, and quickly prototype a
problem that is typical of engineering homework.
In order to be effective at Mathcad, several common shortcut keys must be learned to
facilitate the entry of expressions into the worksheet. A list of common expressions and a test
worksheet are included below.
Mathcad Common Keystrokes
As a first exercise, the class steps through each of the following examples contained in a zip
file as Mathcad Basics.xmcd. Please download the following zipped archive, extract the
Mathcad worksheet and be prepared to step through the example.
 Mathcad Basics Worksheet (xmcd)
 Mathcad Basics Worksheet (pdf)
At the end of this lecture a student should be able to:
 Evaluate mathematical expression numerically
 Assign variables and use them in subsequent calculations
 Distinguish between the different types of Mathcad "equal signs" and use each
appropriately
 Construct complex mathematical equations involving ()'s, exponents, square roots,
etc.
 Perform symbolic algebraic manipulations using both the menu-based method and
toolbar method.
 Format Mathcad sheets for readability by highlighting regions, changing answer
precision, and aligning regions
The solutions to the first lecture examples are in the following PDF document. The Mathcad
basics worksheet should eventually look similar to the following after the first lecture
material.
Mathcad Basics Worksheet Solution (pdf)
It is important to understand the basics as the course subsequently covers functions, arrays,
graphing, calculus, equations, solve blocks, and more advanced data analysis techniques.
Functions
As mentioned earlier, PTC Mathcad contains over 400 built-in functions which you can type
in directly or select from the Functions tab. Functions can have required and optional inputs.
The Functions tab provides Tool Tips to explain the functions and their inputs and the F1 key
will take you to the corresponding Help page to explain how to use the function.
In addition to the built-in functions, users can create their own user-defined functions. They
have a name, input variables (or arguments) in parentheses, a definition operator, and the
expression you would like to be evaluated.
ETAB
ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-story building analysis and
design. Modeling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods and
solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of
structure. Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions may be evaluated
using ETABS. For a sophisticated assessment of seismic performance, modal and direct-
integration time-history analyses may couple with P-Delta and Large Displacement effects.
Nonlinear links and concentrated PMM or fiber hinges may capture material nonlinearity
under monotonic or hysteretic behavior. Intuitive and integrated features make applications
of any complexity practical to implement. Interoperability with a series of design and
documentation platforms makes ETABS a coordinated and productive tool for designs which
range from simple 2D frames to elaborate modern high-rises.
Modeling of Structural Systems

Fundamental to ETABS modeling is the generalization that multi-story buildings typically
consist of identical or similar floor plans that repeat in the vertical direction. Modeling
features that streamline analytical-model generation, and simulate advanced seismic systems,
are listed as follows:
 Templates for global-system and local-element modeling
 Customized section geometry and constitutive behavior
 Grouping of frame and shell objects
 Link assignment for modeling isolators, dampers, and other advanced seismic
systems
 Nonlinear hinge specification
 Automatic meshing with manual options
 Editing and assignment features for plan, elevation, and 3D views
Loading, Analysis, and Design
Once modeling is complete, ETABS automatically generates and assigns code-based loading
conditions for gravity, seismic, wind, and thermal forces. Users may specify an unlimited
number of load cases and combinations.
Analysis capabilities then offer advanced nonlinear methods for characterization of static-
pushover and dynamic response. Dynamic considerations may include modal, response-
spectrum, or time-history analysis. P-delta effect account for geometric nonlinearity.
Given enveloping specification, design features will automatically size elements and systems,
design reinforcing schemes, and otherwise optimize the structure according to desired
performance measures.
Output, Interoperability, and Versatility

Output and display formats are also practical and intuitive. Moment, shear, and axial force
diagrams, presented in 2D and 3D views with corresponding data sets, may be organized into
customizable reports. Also available are detailed section cuts depicting various local response
measures. Global perspectives depicting static displaced configurations or video animations
of time-history response are available as well.
ETABS also features interoperability with related software products, providing for the import
of architectural models from various technical drawing software, or export to various
platforms and file formats. SAFE, the floor and foundation slab design software with post-
tensioning (PT) capability, is one such option for export. CSI coordinated SAFE to be used
in conjunction with ETABS such that engineers could more thoroughly detail, analyze, and
design the individual levels of an ETABS model.
lecture theater complex
Model C building Architecture plan was provided by Group 5 and our Group was assigned to
prepare Structural design and estimate of this building.
The main feature of the building is we use the riser of the seating as beam which continues
throughout the building. Because we use this for the distribution of load. Model C building is
a 2-story building which is used for educational purpose. The frontal right side of the building
are Staff offices and left the side includes individual washroom for boys and girls. The
capacity of one class room is 120 students and the building has 18 room 6 rooms each story.
In this building most column are of the size (18x 18 in sq) and the main beam column is (42 x
18 in) and corridor circular column has 18in dia. Building’s top roof is flat and ground floor
or 1st story roof is stepped. Offices or washroom roofs are flat. All the elements of the
building are design according to ACI 318-14.
Model C building foundation is isolated and strip footing.
Structure Design lecture theater complex
Design
A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the
implementation of an activity or process, or the result of that plan or specification in the form
of a prototype, product or process. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a
design.
Design Beam lecture theater complex

Continuous T Beam
ACI Code
We use the ACI Code 318-14 for the design T of beam.
Reference
Notes on ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Concrete Structural, Part1,3rd
Edition,
Design Data
fc’ = 3,000 psi normal weight concrete
fy = 60,000 psi
Typical Floor Level, Live load, Lo = 60 psf (Educational building)
In this Model C Building we design the T Beam Which Highlight with Blue Color
Design T Beam
ft Beam 1 Length
ft Beam 2,3 Length Live Load
in Slab Thicknes
in Brick blast thicknes f Hight of brick
in Floor Fenish Thicknes f Width of brick
Self waight of beaam
Depth of Beam
Max. area of steel
k/ft
Area of steel for Exterior support Mu (-ve)
i
Brick For
wall1st
load
Case k-ft in sq. in
in sq. in
Area of steel for First Interiork/ftsupport Mu (-ve)
sq. in
sq. in
Min. area of steel k-ft in in sq. in
Total fectered load
in in
in
k/ft
c<hf in
sq.
sq. in
in
Total factored bending moment sq. in
1 =NA lies in Flange sq. in
in
Effective flange width f
c<hf in
in
Exterior support Mu(-) sq. in
For T beam
NA
Area oflies inCase
steelFlange
for Exterior span Mu
For 1st
i k- (+ve)
sq. in
Exterior span Mu(+) sq. in
in in
sq. in
in
k-ft
c<hfsupport
in
Area of1st
For steel for Interior
Case in Mu (-ve) sq. in
FirstNA
Interior sq. in
lies in support
Flange Mu(-)
sq. in
k-ft
in
Interior support Mu(-) sq. in

sq. in
For 1st Case in in
k-ft
InteriorAsspan
perMu(+)
architectural design sq.
in sq. in
in
k-ft
in
in in sq. in
in
in
c<hf
c<hf
Area of
NAsteel
lies infor Interior span Mu
Flange sq (+ve)
in
NA lies in Flange sq.sq.
in in
in
in
For 1st Case
sq. in
sq. in
Section T Beam
Design Continuous L Beam
ACI Code
We use the ACI Code 318-14 for the design L of beam.
In model C Building the black Highlight Lines represent the Main Beam is & in this beam the
Secondary Beam Load act on it so we use ETAB to analysis this beam and Moments of this
Continuous L type Beam.
In this section we find the Moments of beam and analysis in MathCAD to Find the Area of
Steel
Exterior support Mu(-)
k- in
Exterior span Mu(+)

For 1st Case sq. in
i k-ft
in sq. in
First Interior support Mu(-)
in sq. in
Area of steel for As
Exterior in
per architectural
support Mudesign
(-ve) sq. in
Floor Fenish sq. ink-ft
in
k-ft
Interior support Mu(-) psf
Area of steel for Interior
in support Mu (-ve)
in in k-ft
sq. in
Self waight
Interior spanC<Hf
ofMu(+)
beaam
Max. area of steel in
NA lies in Flange k-ft
sq. in k/ft
in
For 1st Case
sq. in
Depth of Beam in sq.sq.
in in
Total
Area fectered
of steel load
for Exterior in Mu sq.
span in
(+ve)
Design Continuous L Beam
ACI Code
We use the ACI Code 318-14 for the design L of beam.
In model C Building the black Highlight Lines represent the L Type Beam and this beam
design according to ACI 318 -14.
ft Beam 1 Length
ft Mu(+)
Interior span Beam 2,3 Length Live Load
in Slab Thicknes
As per architectural design
in Load
Trapozoidal Brick
on blast thicknes
one side k-ftMu (-ve) f Hight of brick
Area of steelin for Floor
Exterior support
Fenish Thicknes f Width of brick
k-ft
in
Depth of Beam Beamin Width
in
k/ft
Area
Max.of
areasteel
of for Interior support Mu (-ve)
steel
Slab load ofC<Hf
Self waight beaam
RC sq. in
i
NA lies in Flange ps
in k/ft
Brick For 1st Case sq. in
in sq. in
psf sq. in
Brick wall load
Area
Floor of steel for Exterior span Mu sq.
Fenish (+ve)
in
sq.k/ft
in
psf
in in
C<Hf
Total Dead
Total Load load
fectered inMu (+ve)
Area of
NAsteel
lies infor Interior span
Flange
in psf
sq. in
For 1st Case
C<Hf sq. in k/ft
Design Simply Supported T Beam
ACI Code
We use the ACI Code 318-14 for the design T of beam.
In the Model C building we design Simply Supported T beam.
ft Beam 1 Length
ft
Trapozoidal Beam
Load
As per architectural 2,3side
on design
on Length Live Load
in Slab Thicknes
in Brick blast thicknes f Hight of brick
Area of steel
in Floor Fenish Thicknes f Width of brick
in sq. in
k-ft in k/ft
Beam Width
Self waight of beaam in
Max. area of steel
Slab load
sq. in
RC k/ft
ps
in
Brick
Brick wall load
in sq. in
psf
k/ft
Floor Fenish
sq. in
psf
Total fectered load
C<Hf
Total Dead Load k/ft
Total
NA factored
lies in Flange psfsq. in
bending moment
Design Column of lecture theater complex
ACI Code
We use the ACI Code 318-14 for the design of Square Column.
Square Column
Rectangular Column
Circular Column
Square Column
kip
ksi i
ksi i
ft
Slenderness ratio
r= Short column
z= long column
-ve mean column Concrete

Bear the load of Building So
we use 1% of Steel
according Column Area
Sq.i
Sq.i
Sq.i
Rectangular Column
kip Sq.
kip i
kip i
ft
Slenderness ratio
r= Short column
z= long column

Bear the load of Building So Sq.i
we use 1% of Steel
according to Column Area
Circular Column
kip Section of Columns
kip
kip
ft i
i
Slenderness ratio
r= Short column
z= long column

Bear the load of Building So
we use 1% of Steel
according to Column Area
Sq.i
Sq.i
Slab Design of lecture theater complex
Checking for type slab Panel 1

13.875
lx= 13.875ftly = 18.25ft m= =0.75
18.25
Panel 2
13.875
lx=13.875ftly=19.76ft m= =0.70
19.76
panel 3
lx= 18.25ft ly=19.333
18.25
m= =0.94
19.333
panel 4
lx=18.75ft
18.25
ly= 24.89ft m= =0.75
2489
panel 5
9.63
lx = 9.63 ft ly= 16.52ft m= =0.58
16.52
panel 6
lx=9.63ft
9.63
ly=16.52ft m= =0.58
16.52
Select Case from Table panel 1=case 4panel 2 =case 4panel 3 =case 8panel 4 =case 2
panel 5 =case 4panel 6 = case 8 Slab thickness
inner paremeter 64.25 67.27
panel =1 = = =0.389 ft=4.72∈¿5∈¿panel=2= =0.40=4.8∈¿
165 165 165
75.16 8.728
panel=3= =0.45=5.4=6∈¿panel=4= =0.5=6 ∈¿
165 165
52.3
panel=5= =0.31=3.8=4∈¿ panel=6=4in
165
Depth of slab
h=6in so for sorter d= 6-1=5in for longer d=6-1.5= 4.5in Load
5 75 lb 3 30 lb
RCC= ×150= 2 Brick blast = ×120= 2
12 ft 2 ft
2 24 lb
FF = ×144= 2
12 ft
0.0129 k
Total load =129 lb/f t 2=
f t2
LL =60lb/f t 2
factored load=1.2DL+1.6LL
250.08lb
=1.2×129+1.6 ×60=
ft
200
Minimum are of steel P=
fy min
2
As min = P b h=0.00331 0=0.2376i n ❑
panel 1 x direction
Cx=0.054 m= 0.75 case= 4 d =5
2 2
M+¿ DL=c xd × 1.2 q dl × l x =0.054 ×1.2 × 0.129× 813.875 ¿

¿ 1.61 kft C xll =0.065
2 2 2.81 k
× 1.6q ¿ ×l x =0.065 ×1.6 ( 0.06) ×13.87 5 =1.20 k−ft ¿ +¿=1.61+1.20 = ¿ −¿=C x ¬¿ q× ×l x ¿ ¿
M +¿=C M
2
xLL
ft
¿ M
3.27 k
¿ 0.068 ×0.250 ×13.87 5 2= a=3
ft
Mu ×12000 2.81× 12000
As = =0.17 in 2
a 3
0.9 × fy d −
2 ( )
0.9× 60000 5−
2 ( )
as × fy 0.17 ×60000
a= = =0.33∈¿
0.85× fc . b 0.85 ×3000 ×12
As= 0.129i n 2a=0.25 in 2 As=0.128i n2 As<Asmin
So, Select As min
#4@11” c/c
For M−¿¿ Mu=3.27kfta=0.5in As=0.15i n 2a=0.29 As=0.14a=0.27 As=0.149i n2a=0.49∈¿
As> As min
So Select As
#4 @ 6 '' c/c
pane1 y Direction
2 2
m=0.75 case d=45 M+¿ = C ydl × 1.29 DL × l y=0.016× 1.2 ( 0.129 ) ×18.2 5 =0.82 kft ¿
2 2
y ×1.6 9 ×l y =0.020 ×1.6 ( 0.06 ) ×18.2 5 =0.63 kft ¿
M+¿=c
¿
¿ ¿
+ ¿¿
+¿+ M ¿ ¿
M +¿= M DL ¿
= 0.82 + 0.63 = 1.45kft
2 2
M −¿= C yng ×9x × l y=0.022× 0.25 ×18.2 5 =1.831kft ¿
Mu 1.45
As= = =0.107i n2
Area of steel for M +¿=a=3 ¿
3 a
0.9× 60000× 4.5−
2 ( )
∂ fy d−
3 ( )
Asfy 0.107
a= = =0.20
0.85 fc ×b 0.85 ×3000 × 12
As=0.07i n2a=0.13 As=0.07i n2
As<Asmin
#4 @ 15''c/c
so we Asmin
a = 3¿
Area of steel for M−¿
As= 0.13a= 0.25As=0.09a =0.17 A = 0.09i n 2 As<Asmin #4 @15''c/c
so we use A s min
panel 2 x direction
m= 0.70 lx=13.875 case 4 d =5
2 2 2 2
+ ¿¿
+¿+ M¿ ¿
x ×1.29 dl ×l x =0.058 ×1.29 ( 0.129 ) ×13.87 5 =1.72 kft ¿
M +¿=c M +¿=Cx × 1.69× l x =0.071× 1.6 ( 0.06 ) ×13.87 5 =1.31 kft ¿
M +¿= M
dl DL ¿
Dl ¿
1.72 +1.31 =3.03kft

2 2
−¿=Cx × 9 x ×l x =0.073× 0.250× 13.875 =3.51 kft ¿
M
Mu 3.03
As= = =0.19 in2
a=3
( a2 ) ( a2 )
+¿=3.03¿
Area of steel for M ∂ fy d− 0.9× 60000 5−
Asfy 0.19× 60000

a= = =0.37 As=0.139a=0.27 As=0.139 Asmin = 0.237
0.85× fc × b 0.85× 3000 ×12
As<Asmin so we use Asmin # 4 @11''c/c
−¿¿
Area of steel for M
As× fy
As=3.51a= =0.43 As=0.16a=0.31 As=0.16 As< Asmin
0.85 fc ×b
so we use Asmin #4@11''c/c
panel 2 y direction
m=0.70 case 4 ly= 19.76 d= 4.5
+ ¿=0.84+0.67=1.51 kft ¿
2 2 +¿+ M ¿ ¿ 2 2
×1.29 × l y =0.014 × 1.2 ( 0.129 ) ×19.7 6 =0.67 ¿
M +¿=Cx
¿ M +¿= M
DL ¿
M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l y =0.017 × ( 0.25) ×19.7 6 =1.65kft ¿
Mu 1.51× 12000
As= = =0.11
a = 3 Area of steel for M ❑+¿ ¿
a 3
( )
fy d−
2
0.9 ×60000 × 4.5
2 ( )
Asfy 0.11 ×60000
a= = =0.21 A=0.07a=0.13 As=0.07
0.85 fc ×b 0.85 ×30000 ×12
As<Asmin so we use Amin #4 @ 11'' c/c
Area of steel M−¿¿
As=0.12a=0.23 As=0.08a=0.15 As=0.08
As<Asmin so we use Asmin # 4@16 c/c
panel 3 x direction
m= 0.95 cause 8 lx =18.25
2 2 2 + ¿=2.69¿
+¿+ M¿
M ❑DL =Cx ×1.29 × l x =0.028( 0.129) 1.2× 18.25=1.45kft ¿ M +¿=Cx
¿
× 1.6 ×l x =0.039 × ( 0.06) 18.2 5 =1.24 kft ¿
M +¿= M
+¿ DL ¿
¿
M ❑ =CX × 9 x ×l x2 =0.034 ×0.250 × 18.252=2.831kft Area of steel

❑
M +¿=2.69 kft ¿ As=0.17
a=0.33 As=0.12a=0.24 A=0.12 A smin As< A s min
¿ 4 @15' ' c /c Area of steel M−¿ ¿a=0.33As=0.13a=0.25As=0.12a=0.13
As=0.12 Asmin=0.273As<Asminso we use Asmin
#4 15''c/c
panal 3 y ditrection
m=0.95 case 8 d= 4.5 l y ❑=19.33
2 2 2 2 + ¿=1.50+1.21=2.71¿
+¿+ M L
×1.29 × l y =0.016 × ( 0.129 ) × 19.3 3 =1.50 kft ¿ × 1.69× l y =0.034× 1.6 ( 0.60 ) ×19.3 3 =1.21¿ ¿
M +¿=Cx
DL M +¿=Cx
¿ M +¿= M DL ¿
2 2
a=3 ¿
M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l y =0.050 ×0.250 ×19.3 3 =4.7 kft ¿ Area of steel M As=0.20a=0.39 As=0.13
+¿
a=0.25 As=0.13 As min As< A s min so we use As min

#4@ 16c/cArea of steel M +¿¿ As=0.34a=0.66 As=0.24a=0.47
As=0.240 As<As min so we use As
# 4 @ 15 ''c/c
panel 4 x direction
m=0.75 case 2 d= 5 ; lx=18.75
×1.29 × lx=0.035× 1.29( 0.129 ) 18.75=1.9 kft ¿ 2
× 1.69× l x =0.056 ×1.6 ( 0.06 ) ×18.7 5 =1.89 ft ¿
2
M +¿=Cx
DL M +¿=Cx
¿ M +¿=1.9+1.89=3.79¿
2
M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l y =0.062 ×0.250 ×18.75=5.44 kft ¿ Area 0f steel M As=0.24a=0.47 As=0.17a=0.33

+¿¿
As=0.17 A smin As< A s min so we use Asmin

¿ 4 @15' ' c /c
Area of steel M−¿¿ As=0.34a=0.66 As=0.25a=0.490 As=0.25
As>As a min so we use As
#4@14''c/c
panel 4 y direction
2 2
× 1.29l y =0.11 ×1.2 ( 0.129 ) × 24.8 9 =1.05 kft ¿
m = 0.75 case 2 ; d=4.5 ly=24.89M +¿=Cx
DL
2 2 + ¿=1.05+1.07=2.02kft ¿
+¿+ M ¿ ¿ 2 2
× 1.6 ×l y =0.018 ×1.6 ( 0.06 ) 24.8 9 =1.07 ¿
M +¿=Cx
¿ M +¿= M DL ¿
M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l y =0.020 ×0.250 ×24.8 9 =3.09 kft ¿
Area of steel M+¿ ¿ As=0.14a=0.27 As=0.10a=0.16

As=0.10 A smin As<A smin
¿ 4 @20' ' c /c
Area of steel M−¿ ¿ As=0.22a=0.45 As=0.16a=0.32 As=0.16 As<A s min

so we use Asmin
#4@20''c/c
panal 5 x directio n
2 2
× 1.29× l x =0.066 ×1.2 ( 0.129 )× 9.6 3 =0.94 kft ¿
m=0.60 case 4 d=5 lx= 9.63 M +¿=Cx
DL
2 2 2
M +¿=Cx
¿
× 1.69× l x =0.84 ×1.6 ( 0.06) × 9.63=0.74 kft ¿
M +¿=0.94 +0.74=1.68 kft ¿ M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l x =0.080× 250× 9.6 3 =1.85kft ¿
Mu
As= =0.106 Asfy
Area of steel M +¿¿
a a= =0.041 As=0.08a=0.02
( )
fy d −
3
0.85 fc ×b
As=9.08 A smin
As<Asmin
¿ 4 @8' ' c/c
so we use A s min
Area 0f steel M−¿¿ As=0.11a=0.043 As=0.09a=0.03 As=0.09

As<A s min so we use Asmin
¿ 4 @8' ' c/c
panal 5 y direction
m=0.60 case 4 ; d=4.5 ly=16.52
2 2 2 2 + ¿=0.66¿
+¿+ M¿
× 1.29× l y =0.009× 1.2( 0.129 ) ×16.5 2 =0.38 kft ¿ × 1.69× l y =0.11×16 ( 0.06 ) ×16.5 2 =0.28 kft ¿ ¿
M +¿=Cx
DL M +¿=Cx
¿ M +¿= M DL ¿
2 2
M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l y =0.010 × ( 0.25) ×16.5 2 =0.678 kft ¿
Area of steel M +¿ ¿
As=0.04a=0.015As=0.03As= 0.03 As<A s min
so we use Asmin #4@13''c/c❑

As<Asmin #4@13'' c/c
panel 6 x direction
m= 0.60 case 8 d =5; l x2=9.63
2 2 2
Cx ×1.29 ×l y =0.060× 1.2 ( 0.129 ) × 9.6 3 =0.86 kft ¿
M +¿=
DL M +¿=Cx
¿
× 1.69× 9.63 =0.72 kft ¿
M +¿=0.86 +0.72=1.58 kft ¿
2 2
M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l x =0.072(0.250 )× 9.63 =1.66 kft ¿
Area of steel M +¿¿ As=0.10a=0.039 As=0.08a=0. .029 As=0.08As< Asmin
¿ 4 @8' ' c/c

Area of steel M−¿ ¿ As=0.12a=0.04 As=0.09a=0.032As=0.04 As< Asmin
#4 @8c/c
panel 6 y direction
m= 0.60 casde d=4.5 ; ly =16.52
2 2 2 2 −¿ =0.38 +0.28=0.66kft ¿
+¿+ M¿
× 1.29× l y =0.009× 1,2 ( 0.129 ) ×16.5 2 =0.38 ¿ × 1.69× l y =0.11×1.6 ( 0.06 ) × 16.52 =0.28 kft ¿ ¿
M +¿=Cx
DL M +¿=Cx
¿ M +¿= M DL ¿
M =Cx × 9 x × l y 2=0.016 × ( 0.25 ) ×16.5 22=1.09 kft
Area of steel M +¿¿ As=0.041a=0.016 As=0.029a=0.012 As=0.29

As<Asmin so we use Asmin
#4@13 c/c

As<A s min #4@13c/c
Area of Steel shown x direction
Area of Steel shown y Direction

Design of Foundation of Lecture theater complex
Lay out of foundation
In Lecture theater Complex three are 3 type of footing are design Square Rectangular or
Stripe.
Square Footing
In Lecture theater Complex there are three type of square footing according to Column Load
9 x 9 ft
11 x11 ft
12 x 12 ft
The 9 x 9 footing is located on corner of the building and the 11 x 11 footing is located edges
of the building. The 12 x 12 footing is located on the interior and edges columns of the
building.
Strip Footing
In lecture theater Complex the strip footing 8ft by 14ft given in the corridor portion of the
building
Design Square Footing (12 x 12)
Design Square Footing single Column 12 x 12

f Side of single size of
Double Side of Footing
CheckArea
depth due to one-way shear action: The critical
of Steel
Net
section isUpward kipsd from the face of the column
Pressure
at a distance in
Development length
Design Rectangular i of dowels in compression:
Footing
Column For Single
Size
i Distance edge from footing
Check depth due to two-way shear. If no shear
The design procedure for rectangular reinforcement is used, two-way
footings is similarshearto
determines
that
ksi in sq
the critical of
footing depth required. kips
square footings,kstakingFor an assumed
Allowable total depth
into Soil Pressure of 24 in., calculate d to the
ft Distance edge from footing
centroid ofconsideration
the top layer of the steel bars toacting
be placed
the forces ioninthe
the two directions
footing withindirection
in each
cover
the footing.
Check Bearing
Let the bars to be used be no. 6iks Stress
bars for calculating d: Column Size
separately.
in
k
ks
ks Allowable Soil Pressure
The (a
depth Bearing
required strength,
for one-wayN1, shear
at the is base of the column
Length of footing
ks assumed to be 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
The depthlength
Minimum required for one-way shear is
of ldc
in columns, and 20 for corner columns. bar dia #6
ks in
Ro k
Thevalue
base ofsee
theinfooting
Design
Tableis 4f ft below final grade
Square Footing in single Column in
TheArea
baseofofSteel
the footing is 4 ft below final grade in
Solutio
Check the Required
depth for d
Solutio 2 kips shear action (punching shear). The
two-way in
f in
Side
ofof single
critical section (bis at a distance
Bearing strength, N2, in size
footing is of
Calculate effectivei Soil Pressure Column Sizein sq
Double Side of Footing
d/2 fromCalculate theeffective
the face
Calculate ofbending
the column moment
Soil and sides:
on four
Pressure steel reinforcement. The
critical section in
Assume a totalisdepth
Net(bUpward
at the
Bearing face of of
strength,
ksof footing
Pressure
the
Allowable
column.
2>N2,
ft The distance
of footing
2in Pressure
Soil is in from
edge Shrinkage
Assume
of
Footing Shrinkagefooting
a
Dimensiontotal is
depth of footing of 2 ft in
in in Not Critical
ks ks weight of the
Therefore ks weight of the
f ksisteel reinforcement.
Calculate the bending moment and The
critical section is at the ks face of the column. The distance from
Net Upward Mi Mi Pressure ks Thecover in sq of the soil
weight
edge of footing is i
ks Thek weight of the soil
assumed to be 40 for interior f columns, 30 for edge
Therefore,
Check depth due to N2 = 2N1
two-way = 2892
shear. K. Because
If columns,
no shear Pu
reinforcement < is Effective
N2,
used, bearing
and 20 for corner columns. Soilstrength
two-way is
shear determines
four
the critical no. 4Flexure
footing dowels
depth extending
required. For anks 22 in. into
assumed total column
depth of and
24 in.,footing.
calculate Note
d to thethat ld is
adequate.Required d1 >2
centroidless
of The
the Flexure
than
top d which
layer theissteel
adequate.
base ofofthe bars is
footing to 4beftplaced
belowin final
the two directions within the footing.
grade
Let the bars to be Calculate
used be
Area oftheno. 6 bars
Dowles for calculating
area of the footing d: Effective Soil
Check depth due to one-way shear action: The critical in
Check the depth due to one-way shear.
Solutio > 2 The critical section isinat abar dia #6
section Therefore
is at a distance in d from the face of the columnin sq
Min
distance d from the face of the column. In the longitudinal direction,
Min Calculate the area of the footing in in
Calculate effective Soil Pressurein i Distance edge from k footing
Therefore i C.C
Check Bearing psi
Required
Assume a total d depth
2 ofStress
footing of 2 ft ft Distance psi in
edgedistance
from footing
Design steel reinforcement
Development lengthinin ofthe shortin
dowels direction.
compression: The from
in
the face of the column to the edge of the footing is
Therefore, N2 = 2N1 = ks 2892 K. Because Pu weight = 617 Kof<the N2, bearing
(a
Therefore, Bearing
N2 = 2N1 strength,
= 2892 N1, at the Pu
K. Because base = 617of the
K< in column
N2, bearing
strength is adequate. k
strength is adequate. in
in ft in
Assume one side length is 15 ft i of NottheCritical
Area of Dowels ks The weight soil
Area of Dowels k
The depth required for ft one-way shear is
f in sq
Development length of the main reinforcement: i k ld
Design steel reinforcement in the longitudinal direction. k- The
Effective Soil in
critical section
Area
Development of is atlength
Steel the face of ofdowels in compression:
Provided ld (long direction) k
the support. The distance from the edge of the footing is
Required
Calculate the d1
area of the footing in
Strip foundation Section
Isolated Foundation Section
Estimation of Model C building
Cost Estimating Process

Construction estimating is an integral facet of the construction process. Construction
estimators are responsible for researching, crafting, and presenting a comprehensive cost
analysis of a construction project. Creating a detailed cost estimate is a time consuming and
laborious process. In this article, we’ll break down this process by showing how a
construction cost estimate is created, and what a cost estimator does along each step of the
way. Getting a better understanding of the construction estimating process is essential to
understanding the vital role of construction estimators. Highlighting the complexity of the
work that goes into construction cost estimating also reaffirms the fact that estimators need
the right tools and information to do their job correctly.
Before we dive into the estimation process, it is first helpful to understand that each
construction project is unique. The individual characteristics of a construction project
including the client’s vision, the design team’s input, the availability of labor and materials,
and budgetary considerations can all have an impact on the job of the estimator. As such, not
every estimate is the same, and not every estimator does the job the same way. With this in
mind, we've broken the estimation process into four different phases which we will examine
in greater detail in the subsequent sections.
In the first phase, the estimator works closely with the architect or design team and the client
to gain an understanding of the client’s wishes and the intended scope of the project. In the
second phase, the estimator will seek to compile a comprehensive list of all of the materials
required for the project, including their quantity, cost, weight, and any other considerations
that may have an impact on the completion of the project. They will also attempt to
determine the length of time that a project will take and weigh risk factors that may impact
the project timeline. In the third phase, the estimator will work closely with the contractor
and in some cases a worker’s union to determine the labor needs of the project. During this
phase, the estimator and contractor may take into consideration the availability of
subcontractors and conduct a bid analysis. In the last phase, the estimator will present a
detailed cost analysis to the various parties involved in the project, including the client,
design team, and contractor. If their bid is then secured, the estimator continues to assure that
the project stays within budget throughout the construction process until the project is
complete.
Phase 1
In the first phase of the construction estimating process, the estimator must work with the
client and architect or design team to gain an understanding of the scope of the project. This
phase usually involves first meeting with both parties to discuss the project, find out the
client’s desired and expectations, and begin to go over the project’s blueprints or schematics
with the architect. During the first phase of the estimate, the estimator will probably want to
visit the actual building site to visualize the project as well as begin accounting for logistical
concerns such as material storage, access, and shipping concerns. During this phase,
estimators may also begin to assess any environmental considerations that may have an
impact on the cost or length of completion time for the project. These include the presence of
any protected habitats or species, environmental regulatory requirements including federal,
state, and local ordinances, and even the local weather, such as large amounts of seasonal rain
or snow. Each of these environmental factors can introduce significant delays for project
completion, as well as influence unique requirements for storage and material transportation.
The first phase of the estimating process is primarily centered on the estimator becoming
familiarized with the project and other parties they will be working with. The estimator seeks
to assess the scope of the project as well as the desired timeframe that the client wants the
project completed within. An essential part of the process during the first phase is building
lines of open communication between the client, architect, and estimator as this will be
crucial as the project progresses and challenges need to be discussed and addressed. This
highlights the fact that estimators need to be effective at articulating and communicating with
others, as well as be adept at understanding and working alongside the client and architect.
Phase 2
The second phase of the estimation process is where the construction cost estimator begins to
dive into the nuts and bolts of the project, both literally and figuratively, to create a detailed
cost analysis. The second phase revolves around creating a comprehensive list of all of the
materials required for the construction project and determining a projected timeline for
project completion. The list of materials necessary for a construction project is often referred
to as a Material Takeoff or merely a takeoff. The takeoff is a crucial element to the estimation
process that requires compiling massive amounts of information, performing complex
mathematical equations, and carefully weighing many factors that could impact the necessary
materials for a project.
To create a takeoff, a construction cost estimator must carefully examine the blueprints or
schematics for a project to determine all of the materials needed to complete the project. This
list must include everything from the concrete for the foundation to the finishing materials
such as light switches and outlet covers. Any material required for cleaning up the job site
after project completion is also incorporated into the takeoff. For each different material, the
estimator must determine and take note of key information that will impact the overall cost of
the project. This information can vary depending on the project and the materials needed, but
often includes things like the number of specific materials, weight, volume, size, and storage
considerations. Additionally, estimators must assign a cost to the material which requires
working jointly with vendors to get quotes and to anticipate any future fluctuations in
material cost that might result in going over budget.
During the second phase, the estimator will also work towards fleshing out a realistic timeline
for project completion. If this timeline doesn’t align with the client’s expectations, they may
work with the client and design team to address the issues that are impacting the completion
date. Accurately assessing the timeline for completion is both difficult and crucial. Although
it is generally recognized that construction projects regularly encounter unforeseen delays,
estimators must do their best to provide a client with a firm completion date. For some
projects, hitting project completion by the target date is essential to project success with a
failure to do so negatively impacting the contractor’s financial future. Estimators must
account for a variety of factors that can result in delays for project completion. These include
accounting for possible delays resulting from inclement weather, manufacturing or shipping
delays, holidays and other mandatory days off, and regulatory or environmental
considerations.
Phase 3
During the third phase of the construction estimating process, the estimator will seek to
determine the labor requirements and costs of the project. Determining the labor
requirements for a project is very time-consuming. During this phase, the estimator will
usually work closely with construction managers and subcontractors to determine precisely
how many workers will be required. In some cases, estimators will also be required to work
with a union representative, which may introduce additional labor considerations. When
calculating labor requirements estimators must take into account the size and scope of the
project, the intended timeframe for project completion, and the necessity and availability of
specialized or skilled labor needed to complete the project. The estimator will need to
consider local, state, and federal labor regulations, as well as union labor requirements in
addition to factoring in non-work days such as holidays. Lastly, estimators will need to work
with the other parties involved to accurately and comprehensively assess the labor costs for
the project. This requires noting each specific position, their required time on the project, the
cost of that labor, and any impact overtime or holiday pay may have. Estimators will also
need to compare bids from subcontractors and select the most suitable subcontractors for the
project.
Additionally, during the third phase, the estimator may apply any markups to the estimate to
ensure that a profitable bid has been submitted. Some estimators may apply markups
throughout the estimation process, but frequently a comprehensive cost analysis is attained
and then markups are applied. Markups are an essential part of the estimation process
because they ensure that the bid remains profitable for the contractor. Markups are also
important because the extent of markups can have an impact on whether the client chooses a
bid. Estimators that work directly for contractors must ensure that their estimates incorporate
enough markups to ensure that a bid is profitable, while at the same time crafting an estimate
that is competitive and likely to be chosen. Balancing these two considerations is a
problematic aspect of the estimator's job, and illustrates the expertise, knowledge, and skills
required of an estimator.
Phase 4
During the fourth phase of the construction cost estimating process the estimator will present
the detailed estimate and cost analysis of the project to the client, architect, and project
managers. The fourth phase is where all of the work that the estimator has put into crafting
their estimate comes to fruition. Clients often take multiple bids from different contractors,
and then compare the different estimates with an eye towards the cost, the
comprehensiveness of the estimate, the quality of the contractor's past work, the timeline for
completion, and the contractor’s history of completing projects on time. The level of detail
and accuracy in an estimate can mean the difference between securing a bid and being
rejected. Other factors can play a role in the selection process as well. The relationship
between the client, architect, project management team and estimator can have a significant
impact on the likelihood that a bid will be accepted.
An important and often underappreciated aspect of an estimator’s job is the need to produce
high-quality reports and conduct in-depth presentations and analysis during the final phase of
the estimation process. Estimators must make sure that their estimate and the data supporting
it are presented clearly and can be understood by both industry professionals and the client.
The estimator must be able to communicate effectively regarding the challenges that may
arise during the construction process and explain how these are accounted for in their
estimate. The final presentation of an estimate can be a challenging process in and of itself.
Estimators must have excellent communication and social skills, and be able to work
collegially with the other parties involved in the project.
It is crucial to understand that once all parties agree upon an estimate, the estimator’s job is
not over. They must continue to work in an oversight capacity for the duration of the project
to ensure that it stays on budget. If unexpected or unforeseen circumstances arise, the
estimator may have to make adjustments to the final projected cost and communicate these
changes to the other parties involved in the project. Because of this, estimators are integrally
involved in the construction process from the design phase all the way to project completion.
As the detailed explanation of the estimation process illustrates, crafting a comprehensive and
accurate estimate is a time-consuming process that requires a high amount of skill,
knowledge, and technical expertise. One avenue of cutting down on the time it takes to create
an estimate is through the use of commercial construction cost estimating software like
ProEst. Construction cost estimating software doesn’t replace the estimator, but instead
helps streamline their workflow and gives them the tools they need to complete their job
more quickly and effectively. Construction cost estimating software can significantly reduce
the time it takes to craft an estimate from beginning to end, while also allowing estimators to
utilize time-saving tools like digital takeoffs and flexible markups. By streamlining the
process of creating estimates, contractors can save time creating estimates and spend more
time exploring further business opportunities.
Results and Conclusions
Lecture theater Complex
Grid of Lecture theater Complex

Section A-A
Section B-B
Section C-C
Beams and Column
Plan of beam and column
Section of Beams Ground and 1st floor

Section of Beams Top floor
Section of Beams 2nd Floor

Column Section
In Lecture theater Complex there three type of Column

Square 18 x 18 inches
Rectangular 42 x 18 inches
Circular dia 18 inches
In this building all the column Area of Steel is negative that’s mean Lecture theater building
column is load bearing. but we add 1% area of steel of column area.
In other way we use minimum are steel.
Stair
Area of Steel shown x direction
Area of Steel shown y Direction

Design of Foundation of Lecture theater complex
In Lecture theater Complex three are 3 type of footing are design Square Rectangular or
Stripe.
Square Footing
In Lecture theater Complex there are three type of square footing according to Column Load
9 x 9 ft
11 x11 ft
12 x 12 ft
The 9 x 9 footing is located on corner of the building and the 11 x 11 footing is located edges
of the building. The 12 x 12 footing is located on the interior and edges columns of the
building.
Strip Footing
In lecture theater Complex the strip footing 8ft by 14ft given in the corridor portion of the
building
Estimation
LECTURE THEATHER COMPLEX OF QUAID-E-AZAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY SAHIWAL
Measurement
Item Uni
Description No Widt Heigh Qty
No t Length
s h t
{1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8}
20.0
Estimation of wall of building
1
External walls
Total External Wall Cft 1 443.80 0.750 14 4659.90
Lobeey wall
internal Wall Cft 1 119.21 0.750 14 1251.71
External walls Cft 1 89.26 0.750 14 937.23
Partition wall
Partition wall for Room Cft 7 40.75 0.750 14 2995.13
Short walls for Girls washroom Cft 2 5.56 0.38 14 58.38
Long walls of G.wash room & stair Cft 3 15.75 0.375 14 248.06

Vertical
Short walls for Boys washRoom Cft 4 6.06 0.375 14 127.26
Long walls of B.wash room Cft 2 11.06 0.375 14 116.13
Horizontal Long wall Cft 1 23.75 0.375 14 124.69
Office Short wall Cft 4 10.06 0.375 14 211.31
Office Short wall Cft 1 10.06 0.750 14 105.66
Office Long wall Cft 1 40.75 0.375 14 213.94
wall Beside R/L of Stair Cft 2 16.00 0.750 14 336.00
Total PARTITION Wall Cft TOTAL 4536.55
20.0 Column Cft
2
Square Cft 32 14.00 1.500 1.5 1008.00
Circular Area
Circular Cft 5 1.767 14 123.69
Rectangular Cft 7 1.5 3.5 14 514.50
Total Column TOTAL 1646.19
20.0 Beam

3
B-1 Cft 2 15.375 1.500 1.5 69.19
B-2 Cft 1 250.77 1.500 1.5 564.2325
B-3 Cft 1 181.74 3.500 1.5 954.135
B4+B5+B6+B6' Cft 13 18.75 1.500 1.5 548.4375
B-7 Cft 2 18.55 1.500 1.5 83.475
B-8 Cft 5 19.13 1.500 1.5 215.15625
B-9 Cft 1 124.18 1.500 1.5 279.41
B-10 Cft 1 90.00 1.500 1.5 202.50
B11 Cft 2 39.60 1.500 1.5 178.20
B12 Cft 4 15.38 1.500 1.5 138.38
B-13 Cft 2 26.75 1.5 1.5 120.38
B-14 Cft 2 15.60 1.5 1.5 70.20
B-15 Cft 2 15.38 1.5 1.5 69.19
B-16 Cft 2 23.92 1.500 1.5 107.64

B-17 Cft 1 236.56 0.750 0.75 133.07
B-18 Cft 1 225.20 0.750 0.75 126.68
B-19 Cft 1 214.12 0.750 0.75 120.44
B-20 Cft 1 202.80 0.750 0.75 114.08
B-21 Cft 1 191.52 0.750 0.75 107.73
B-22 Cft 1 171.58 0.750 0.75 96.51
B-23 Cft 1 160.20 0.750 0.75 67.58
Total Beam Calculation Cft TOTAL 4366.59
Total Estimate Cft GRAND 17398.17

TOTAL
DOME Cft 1 37.25 0.375 7.68 107.28

Structural Design & Estimation Lecture Theater Building by Hamza

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Structural Design & Estimation of Lecture Theater Complex of

Project Supervisor Engr. Asad Islam

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

QUAID-E-AZAM EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX SAHIWAL

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

Title: Structural Design & Estimation of Lecture

Project Supervisor: Engr. Asad Islam

Submitted by: Group# 1

Hamza Rajab (G. L) 2016-uet-qet-ptk-civil tech-04

Class: BSc. Civil Engineering Technology 8th (semester)

In accordance with the requirements for the degree of B.Sc. Civil

INTERNAL EXAMINER: _______________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ______________

Structural design process

Design Load Considerations

Based on Support Conditions

Fig. 2: Fixed beam

Fig. 3: Cantilever beam

Fig. 4: Continuous beam

Based on Construction Materials

Fig. 5: Reinforced concrete beam

Fig. 7: Timber Beam

Fig. 9: Rectangular Reinforced concrete beam

Fig. 12: Steel beam cross sectional shapes

Fig. 18: Cast in situ beam

Fig. 19: Precast concrete beam

Brick wall load

Min. area of steel in

For 1st Case k-ft in

For 1st Case sq. in

ACI Code of Limitation for column design

for tied columns and

fcr = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

For a tied column, φ = 0.65, K = 0.8, and Ast = 4.0 in.2

Pu = φPu = 0.65(0.8)[0.85(4)(12 × 12) + 4(60 − 0.85 × 4)] = 372 K

Fig. 1: One-way Slab on Beams

Fig. 6: Two-way Slab on Beams

Design of Two-way slab

Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams

Foundation Load Transfer

Types of Foundation and their Uses

total service load (including self-weight)

qu = Pu/ area of footing

AutoCAD Use in Design

Modeling of Structural Systems

Output, Interoperability, and Versatility

Design Beam lecture theater complex

Interior support Mu(-) sq. in

Design Continuous L Beam

Exterior support Mu(-)

Exterior span Mu(+)

In the Model C building we design Simply Supported T beam.

-ve mean column Concrete

-ve mean column Concrete

-ve mean column Concrete

Checking for type slab Panel 1

M+¿ DL=c xd × 1.2 q dl × l x =0.054 ×1.2 × 0.129× 813.875 ¿

M −¿= C yng ×9x × l y=0.022× 0.25 ×18.2 5 =1.831kft ¿

1.72 +1.31 =3.03kft

Asfy 0.19× 60000

M ❑ =CX × 9 x ×l x2 =0.034 ×0.250 × 18.252=2.831kft Area of steel

a=0.25 As=0.13 As min As< A s min so we use As min

M −¿=Cx × 9 x ×l y =0.062 ×0.250 ×18.75=5.44 kft ¿ Area 0f steel M As=0.24a=0.47 As=0.17a=0.33

As=0.17 A smin As< A s min so we use Asmin

INTERNAL EXAMINER: _ EXTERNAL EXAMINER: