Nursing

 Is focused in supporting communities, families, and individuals in maintaining, restoring, or achieving a

state of optimum health and functioning.
 It is both a science and an art, which is practiced with earnest concern for the art of care and the science
of health, for the promotion of the quality of life.
 Is a caring, unique profession.
 It has been essential to the preservation of life.
 It is both DOING and THINKING
 The word NURSE- comes from a latin word NUTRIX- which means to nourish.
 Views of three important nursing organizations, What is nursing?
 American Nurses Association (ANA)
o Nursing is the “diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health
problems.”
 International Council of Nurses (ICN)
o (Henderson) The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health or it’s recovery, that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, (or to a peaceful death)
o Revised Definition; Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all
ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion
of health, prevention of illness, and the care of the ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy,
promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient
and health systems management, and education are also key roles.
 Association of Deans of the Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)
o Nursing is “a dynamic discipline. It is an art and a science of caring for individuals, families,
groups and communities geared toward promotion and restoration of health, prevention of
illness, alleviation of suffering and assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace.”
o It is focused on assisting the client as he or she responds to health-illness situations, utilizing the
nursing process and guided by ethico-legal, moral principles.

Personal and Professional Qualities of a Nurse

 Nurses are heterogeneous group of people with varying skills who perform activities designed to provide
care ranging from basic to complex in a growing number of settings.
 The nurse must have method, self sacrifice, watchful activity, love of the work, devotion to duty (that is
service of the good), the courage, the coolness of the soldier, the tenderness of the mother, the absence
of the prig (that is never thinking that she has attained perfection or that there is nothing better). She
must have a three-fold interest in her work;
o An intellectual interest in the case (knowledgeable)
o Hearty interest in the patient (sincere)
o A technical (practical) interest in the patient’s care and cure.
o She must not look upon patients as made for nurses, but nurses are made for patients.
 The ANA acknowledged six essential features of professional nursing;
1. Provision of a caring relationship that facilitates health and healing;
2. Attention to the range of human experiences and responses to health and illness within the
physical and social environments;
3. Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from an appreciation of the patient or
group’s subjective experience;
4. Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment through the use
of judgment and critical thinking;
5. Advancement of professional nursing knowledge through scholarly inquiry; and
6. Influence of social and public policy to promote social justice

 ANA redefined nursing in 2004;

 The protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and
injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response and
advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations.
 (Nightingale), the act of utilizing properly fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet environment,
and the proper choosing and giving of diet- all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.
 (Dock and Stewart), Events that give rise to higher degrees of consideration for those who are
helpless or oppressed, kindliness and sympathy for the unfortunate and for those who suffer,
tolerance for those of differing religion, race and color, which are all humanitarian.
 Has been called the oldest of the art and the youngest of the professions. (Donahue)
 The care and nurturing of healthy and ill people, individually or in groups and communities.
(Venes and Thomas)

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Why Define Nursing?
 Help the public understand the value of nursing
 Help differentiate activities of nursing from those of medicine
 Help students understand what is expected of them

Nursing: Profession, Occupation, or Discipline ?

 PROFESSION- Technical and scientific knowledge; be evaluated by a community of peers; have a service
orientation and a code of ethics (Starr, 1982)
 OCCUPATION- One’s regular, principal, or immediate business (Webster’s, 2003)
 DISCIPLINE- “A unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ultimately defines the
limits and nature of its inquiry” (p. 113)
 Profession- it’s self governed, that focuses on the ethical care of others.
 Discipline- that is driven by theoritical and practical aspects, demanding thorough knowledge of its
scientific basis and clinical skills.
o theoretical boundaries- are the questions that arise from clinical practice and are then
investigated thru research.
o practical boundaries- are the current state of knowledge and research in the field.

 Occupation- described as a job, in which nurses are wage earners, most of them work for
healthcare institutions rather than directly for physicians.

Criteria of a profession
 The knowledge of the group must be based on technical and scientific knowledge.
 The knowledge and competence of members of the group must be evaluated by a community of peers.
 The group must have a service orientation and code of ethics. (Starr)
 (Bixler)
1. Utilizes in its practice a well- defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge which is on the
intellectual level of higher learning,
2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service
by the use of the scientific method,
3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education
4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical services which are vital to human and social welfare.
5. Functions autonomously in the formation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity
thereby,
6. Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who
recognize their chosen occupation as a life work.
7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous
professional growth and economic security.

Characteristics of a Profession:
 Caring-Concerned with quality
 Education/ Theory -Characterized by knowledge
 Intellectual
 Skilled
 Self directed
 Code of ethics-Responsibility and accountability
 Autonomy- Able to make independent and sound judgments.
 Service-Dedicated to the improvement of human life
 Committed to the spirit of inquiry

The Qualifications and Abilities of a professional Nurse:

1. Has faith in the fundamental values that underlie the democratic way of life,
a. Respect for human dignity
b. Self-sacrifice for the common good
c. Strong sense of responsibility for sharing in the solution of the problems of the society
2. Has a sense of responsibility for understanding those with whom he/ she works or associates with
through the use of the following skills:
a. Utilizing relevant basic concepts of psychology
b. Working effectively through therapeutic relationship
c. Utilizing relevant basic concepts of psychology
3. Has faith in the reality of spiritual and aesthetic values and awareness of the value and the pleasure of
self-development through the pursuit of some aesthetic interests.

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 4. Has the basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to address present-day social problems, realistic,
incisive and well organized thoughts through the use of critical thinking. Critical thinking is securing,
appraising and organizing evidence.
5. Has skill in using written and spoken language, both to develop own thoughts and to communicate them
to others.
6. Appreciates and understands the importance of good health.
7. Has emotional balance. Is able to maintain poise and composure in trying situations.
8. Likes hard work and possesses a capacity for it.
9. Appreciates high standards of workmanship.
10. Accepts and tries to understand people of all sorts, regardless of race, religion and color.
11. Knows nursing so thoroughly that every client will receive excellent care.

Points to improve the status of nursing profession:

 Standardizing the educational requirements for the entry into practice
 Enacting uniform continuing education requirements
 Encouraging the participation of more nurses in professional organization
 Educating the public about the true nature of nursing practice.

Personal Qualifications of a Nurse

 Philosophy of Life
o It is concerned with those basic truths that contribute to personal growth in a systematic fashion
and with those principles that relate to the moral values that shape the facets of the character.
o Every person must develop a personal philosophy of life and plan for expanding his personal life.
o Theories of nursing can be taught, but not a philosophy of life or a philosophy of service.
 Good personality
o Personality consists of the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate one person from
another.
o It refers to the impression one makes on others which will include more than that which meets
the eye.
o It consists of a deeper traits which come from the heart and which infiltrate the real person if
one wishes to exert the magnetic influence on others.
o It is a result of integrating one’s abilities, desires, impulses, habits, and physical character into
harmonious whole.

How to develop one’s personality:

 Warmth of manner, a ready smile, sincere laugh, genuine interest in others.
 Complete sincerity.
 Sympathetic grooming: Neat hair style, appropriate dress, sufficient make-up and expressive hands; being
ever mindful of the people who see you.
 Components of Good Personality:
o Personal appearance- posture, grooming, dress and uniform
o Character- The nurse is basically a good person
 4 virtues emanating from the practice of charity- justice, prudence, fortitude,
temperance
o Attributes of character- honesty, loyalty, tolerance, judgment, reliability, motivation,
resourcefulness, moderation
o Attitude- acceptance, helpfulness, friendliness, firmness, permissiveness, limit setting, sincerity,
competence
o charm – cultivate the following to acquire charm; voice, manner, heart, intelligence, poise
 Development of poise- calmness and composure, face reality, avoid emotional flare-ups.
 Control temper- think before acting, avoid verbal and physical aggressiveness.

Roles and Functions of the Nurse

 Direct care provider
 Communicator
 Client/ family educator
 Client advocate
 Counselor
 Change agent
 Leader
 Manager
 Case manager
 Research consumer

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Nurses Make a Difference
Then and Now
1854- Uskudar ( now part of Istanbul, Turkey) in the Crimea- wounded soldiers, in hospital tents, cared for by
Florence Nightingale with 38 nurses
How they were cared for- Opening the tent and allowing in the air to fill the tent for the soldiers to breath
 Then they clean the tent, prepare clean beddings and bathe the wounded soldiers
 They assess and dress the wounds, fed the soldiers a nutritious meal and comfort those dying or in pain.
 They encouraged the healthier soldiers to help them write letters to their homes.
 Within a brief period of time the mortality rate dropped from 47% to 2%, & the morale improved
immeasurably.
 2006- Your local hospital
o There’s now the advance technology, a mechanical ventilator being used by the patient to
closely monitor the patient to have an easy and quick assessment if there’s an unusual
manifestation by the patient, laboratory exams are done fast, and easily referred to the
physician.
 2025- Local home
o A patient underwent cardiac surgery, was discharge on the next day, and the patient is now
under the care of a home care nurse.

EVOLUTION OF NURSING
Thought and Action

 Divided into Four Periods:

 Intuitive Nursing
 With the perception of knowledge which is pure, instinctive, and untaught.
 Dated from prehistoric times and lasted through the early Christian Era
 Nursing was performed out of feeling of compassion for others, out of desire to help
and out of wish to do good.
 Apprentice Nursing
 Nursing care performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses
 On-the-job training, nursing performed without formal education.
 This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the sixth century
through the crusades which began in the eleventh century to 1836 when the Deaconess
School of Nursing at Kaiserworth, Germany was established by Pastor Fliedner and his
wife.
 The beginnings of organized nursing (apprentice type) can be found in the military,
secular, and mendicant religious orders.
 Educated Nursing
 This began in June 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St.
Thomas Hospital in London
 The school had the first formal education for the preparation of a nurse.
 This period traces the growth of Nursing in the United States and includes the social
forces exerted and the trends resulting from wars, from an aroused social
consciousness, from the emancipation of women and from the increased educational
opportunities offered to women.
 The leadership of these women; Susan Anthony, Lucretia, Elizabeth Blackwell, and
Florence Nightingale, should be remembered, due to their crusades were monumental
significance in their fight for the right of women as human beings; suffrage, and an
opportunity for higher education and to practice the higher profession which included
law and medicine.
 Nightingale’s Concept of Nursing
 Nursing is an art; and if it is to be made an art requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a
preparation as any painter’s or sculptor’s work, for what is having to do with dead canvas or cold
marble, compared with, having to do with the living body- the temple of the God’s spirit…, it is
one of the fine arts, or the finest of arts.
 Admission requirements;
 Young women not less than 25 years of age, and not over 35
 Should be well-bred, sober, honest, truthful, trust-worthy, punctual, quiet, orderly,
clean, neat, patient, careful, and friendly.
 They were expected to read and write well, provided a course of class instruction and
practical training in the hospital to prepare them to earn for a living as efficient nurses

Nurses’ Educational Paths

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 Formal Process-consists of completing the initial and continuing education required for licensure.
o One must be a graduate of an accredited nursing education program and have successfully passed
the licensure exam.
o There are two ports to enter nursing;
 Licensed practical nursing (LPN) or (LVN)- practical nursing education to prepare nurses to
provide bedside care.
 Registered Nursing education which has five educational pathways; Diploma programs ,
Associate degree program, Baccalaureate degree programs (BSN), Master’s Degree, Doctoral
degree or nursing doctorate
o Informal Process- involves the gradual progression in skill and clinical judgment that allow the nurse
to advance in the profession, socialization in the informal education that occurs as you move into
your new profession.
 It is the knowledge gained from direct experience, observation in the real world, and
informal discussion with peers and colleagues.
 This socialization begins when you enter the educational program and continues as you
gather expertise.
 In essence, informal education complements formal education and creates clinical
competence.

Process of acquiring clinical skill and Judgment: by Patricia Benner

1. Novice- this phase begins with the onset of education, the novice is receptive to education and is learning the
rules.
2. Advanced beginner- nurses improve in performance after a considerable exposure to clinical situations, they
recognize the elements of the situation, begins to use more facts and is more sophisticated with the use of the
rules.
3. Competence- after several years of experience nurses achieve competence, have gained additional experience
and wrestle with more complex concerns.
o They are able to handle their patient load and prioritize situations
4. Proficient- they are now a resource for newer nurses, able to see the big picture, and can coordinate services
and forecast needs. More flexible and fluent in their role, they plan intuitively than consciously.
5. Expert- are able to see what need to be achieved and how to do it, they trust in and use their intuition, have
expert skills.
 Benner’s model deals with the development of clinical wisdom, this is achieved in progression not automatic.
It requires an ability to take in information from variety of sources.

Founding of Training Schools for Nurses in the Philippines

 Training for nurses began after the American occupation
 Mrs. Felipa de la Pena Gumabong, one of the first three trained nurses in the Philippines who finished the
training at the Union Mission Hospital (now Iloilo Mission Hospital) in 1906.
 Four natives (residents of Iloilo) started the course, no lectures nor classes
 The formal and organized preparation for nurses dates back 1907
 The basis for selection of students were:
o Education- completion of the 7th grade
o Good physical and mental health
o Good moral character
o Good family and social standing
o Recommendation from three well known citizens in the community
o Passing rigid competitive written examination

Regulation of Nursing Practice

 Nurse Practice Acts-are laws that regulate nursing practice.
 State Boards of Nursing-1.defining the practice of nursing, 2.establishing criteria, 3.determining activities
that are in the scope of nursing,4.enforcing the rules that governed nursing
 Licensure- an individual must be licensed as a nurse to practice nursing, (NLE/NCLEX).
 Professional standards- nursing is also governed by standards, to provide a means by which a profession
clearly describes the focus of its activities, the recipients of service, and responsibilities for which its
practitioners are accountable.

Contemporary Nursing
 Began at the end of the World War II
 Includes scientific and technological developments and many of the social changes occurring since 1945
 The dynamic period, of which you and I are expected to practice
 In order to meet the need for greater “know-how” on the part of the nurse, many additional collegiate
and junior college programs have been opened.

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  Emphasis on the nurse having broad knowledge of other disciplines
Images of Nursing Through the Decades
 Angel of mercy
 Handmaiden
 Battle-ax
• Sairy Gamp
• Nurse Ratched
 Naughty nurse
 Military battlefield caregiver
 Florence Nightingale
 Primarily Caucasian females
 Full-spectrum nurse

ANGEL OF MERCY
 Common image of a nurse, serene and content, shown with halo and other religious symbols
 Temples were made as health centers and place of worship, in Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome
 Priests and Priestesses- treated the ill with mixture of physical care, prayer and magical spells.
 Vedas- most ancient books of the Hindu Faith, provide a detailed description of Indian Healthcare
Practices, and distinct nursing occupation.
 Characa and Samhita- a physician, surgeon team, detail the roles of the physician, drugs, and the patient
o They indicated that nurses of that period were always male and part of the priestly order.
 Nursing responsibilities, knowledge of the preparation, compounding and administration of drugs,
wisdom, purity, and devotion to the patient.
 Visiting the sick in their homes by the deacons and deaconesses
 Hotel Dieu in Lyons, France- the oldest continuously existing hospital in the U.S., early Christian Hospital in
the 1st century, where all training programs for nurses were affiliated with religious orders until well after
the Civil war.
 Nurses cared for patients at great risk to their own lives, due to their exposure to infectious diseases,
which was the chief cause of Mortality(death).
 Creating nursing orders, establishing hospitals, and honoring the service provided by nurses.
 This period marks the transition from medieval to modern civilization, medicine was associated with
major advances in anatomy and physiology and a growing understanding of communicable disease.(15th
to 19th century).
 19th century, art, music, literature, and science flourished, nursing orders were often persecuted, they
fled to avoid being persecuted, but onward, religious groups gradually re-emerged as influential in society
and in nursing. Colleges and healthcare institutions are affiliated with religious groups.

Handmaiden
 Depicts the nurse as a woman assisting a male physician at the bedside of a patient,
o Physician in a dominant role, nurse awaiting in anticipation for the physician’s orders or supporting
the patient while the physician provides care.
o Initially the role of the nurse was limited, today nurses collaborate with all the members of the
healthcare team, providing care not only at the direction of physicians but along with them
o Employment status of most nurses is another factor considered in the validity of handmaiden image
of a nurse, they work for healthcare institutions rather than directly for physicians.
o Nurses never considered themselves to be handmaidens of physicians, accg. to Nightingale, that she
considered nurses the colleagues of physicians rather than their servants.
 Because nurses are devoted and obedient.
 Nightingale’s Major contributions:
o The establishments of nursing as a distinct profession
o Introduction of a broad-based liberal education for nurses
o Major reform in the delivery of care in hospitals
o The introduction of standards to control the spread of disease in hospitals
o Major reforms in health care for the military

Battle-Ax
 The values of service and devotion to the patient were lost when, from the 14th to the 16th century, (a
period called the renaissance), the influence of Christianity faded.
 Nurse Ratched personifies the contemporary image of the nurse as the battle-ax or torturer, treating her
patients with cruelty and disdain
 Sairy Gamp, personified the view of nurses that people held at that time: she was corrupt, harsh, and
frequently intoxicated .

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  Religious-affiliated nursing orders provided most care for the sick, however, as religion was abandoned
and replaced by science and philosophy, nursing orders dissolved and the knowledge of caring for the sick
was lost.
 Municipal authorities took over hospitals, and criminals, sentenced to care for the sick in the hospitals in
lieu of going to jail, assumed the nursing role.
 They were forced to care for large numbers of patients without the benefit of training, supplies,
assistance, or time off, these criminals often managed their workload by treating patients harshly and
drinking while on duty, most patients who entered such hospitals did not leave alive
 Nursing activities performed to preserved the patient’s health, may cause significant pain.

Naughty Nurse
 The sexy, risque nurse was an image that arose in the early part of the 20th century with burlesque shows
and persists in popular culture today.
 Ex.-1980s, a prime-time television show called The Nightingales portrayed nurses as sexy, mindless
women.
 The long running(1972-1983) hit series M*A*S*H prominently featured Hot Lips Houlihan and other
nurses, who were potential dates for the bright and talented surgeons.
 Get well cards often portray nurses in short skirts, fishnet stockings, high heels and cap, as do dime-store
novels, comic books, and even CDs.
 This image may be popular, but not founded in truth.
 Military Image:
o Nursing imagery is often military, nurses, throughout the century, were frequently portrayed in
uniform providing support at the battlefield,
o Are still depicted as warriors fighting disease
o Nurses on the battlefield- crusaders, called the Hospitalers, are specialized soldiers who at the end of
battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured, with the three orders predominated;
 The Knights of St.John-which established men’s and women’s branches throughout Europe,
one of which still exist in England.
 The Teutonic Knights- a strictly male order
 The Knights of St. Lazarus, which was established to care for the lepers.
 1861- until this time, nursing in the battlefield continued to the outbreak of Civil War.
 Army Nursing Service- was established by the U.S. gov’t.- its role was to organize nurses and hospitals and
coordinate supplies for soldiers,
o Many trained nurses joined, from religious orders that provided nursing education through
mentorship approach.
o Clara Barton- was one of the many volunteers from the laymen, who then organized her own, and
provided care in tents, set up close to the fighting, she later founded the American Red Cross.
o Harriet Tubman- helped in the escape of slaves from the underground railroad.
o Walt Whitman, a poet, and Louisa May Alcott- author,
o Dorothea Dix- the union’s Superintendent of Female Nurses during the civil war.
 Nurses fighting disease- the second military image portrays nurses warriors in the fight against disease.
 Florence Nightingale’s contributions in public health and epidemiology( the study of the distribution and
origins of disease), were among the first such efforts.
 Her notes in hospital;
o 1863-Nightingale stated, that air, lighting, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the
patient to recuperate
 The hospitals she designed to incorporate these ideas, had decreased rates of mortality and
nosocomial infection, and decreased length of hospital stay.
 Nosocomial infection- an infection associated with a healthcare facility.

o 1893- Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster- founded the Henry Street Settlement- in New York, to improve
the health and social conditions of the poor immigrants, which was considered the start of public
health nursing in the U.S.
o In figure 1-6, (p.9)- shows nurses as a warrior in the fight of disease, the nurse slaying a beast,
represents tuberculosis.
o Caucasian Women-refer to your book on (p10) table 1-2.

Full- Spectrum Nurse

 To be safe providers of care, nurses must carefully consider their actions ,in reality a substantial portion
of the nursing role involves thinking.
 Thinking Skills:
o Clinical judgment- Observing, comparing, contrasting, and evaluating client’s condition.

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 o Critical thinking, reflective thinking- Involves collecting and analyzing information and carefully
considering options for action.
o Problem-solving-Considering an issue and attempting to find a satisfactory solution

History of Nursing in the Philippines

 Early Beliefs and Practices- diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and
superstitions.
o Beliefs about causation of disease; another person (an enemy or a witch), evil spirits
o People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons.
o People believed in special Gods of healing, with the priest-physician (called “word doctor) as
intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (“Herbolarios”)
 Early care of the sick- early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health
and sickness.
 Herbicheros- the herbmen who practiced witchcraft, persons suffering from diseases without any
identified cause were believed to be bewitched by the “mangkukulam” or “mangangaway”.
 Pamao – the difficult childbirth and some diseases, were attributed to “nonos”, the midwife assisted in
childbirth, during labor, the “mabuting hilot” (good midwife), if childbirth becomes difficult, witches were
supposed to be the cause, they explode gunpowder from bamboo cane close to the head oif the sufferer
to disperse their influence.
 Velez College was opened in the school year 1952- 1953 with the late Ramona Cabrera as consultant
 Cabrera was a member of the first six graduate in 1911 out of the nineteen who were admitted to the
Philippine Training School for Nurses in 1907
 Classes then were held in the Philippine Normal School (now Philippine Normal University)
 The program covered a period of 4 years in instructions and clinical practice
 During the second class of “pensionadas”, working hours were reduced to six daily with one off every two
weeks.
 In 1909, the Bureau of Health who took over the supervision of the training course for nurses increased
the working hours to eight and also reduced the program to three years which merged two classes (1908-
1909), increasing the second graduates in 1912 to thirty five
 Changes in the curriculum of Philippine Schools and Colleges of Nursing became necessary as the
educational system of the country expanded and improved
 The program which started as a three-year course with a title “Graduate Nurse” has been changed to a
four-year baccalaureate curriculum conferring its graduate the degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

History of the School of Nursing

 School of Nursing was founded in 1952 by the late Mrs. Epifania Mendoza Velez with the support of her
husband, the late Dr. Jacinto Velez, Sr. and the cooperative efforts of the medical and Nursing Staff of the
said hospital.
 Graduate 26 full pledge nurses on April 2, 1955, the school was given Government Recognition (#88)
 1967-1968- change the Hospital School of Nursing curriculum to a five-year Baccalaureate Program
 The Baccalaureate Program was given government recognition #175 on June 4, 1973
 1976-1977, reconstruct the curriculum to a Four-Year Baccalaureate Program
 1998-1999, the College of Nursing together with the Colleges of Medical Technology, Occupational and
Physical Therapy and other health related programs implemented Commission of Higher Education
Memorandum #27 series of 1988, “The Common Two-Year Curriculum, an undergraduate program that
prepares students for entry into any of the health courses- Medicine, Radiologic Technology, Midwifery,
Medical Technology, Nursing, Occupational and Physical Therapy, Nutrition and Dietetics, Pharmacy,
Dentistry and Optometry
 2006-2007, CHED issued a memorandum effecting changes in the Medical Technology, Physical and
Occupational therapy Curricula regarding health-related subjects
 April 16, 2008 the Technical Committee for Nursing Education (TCNE) of the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) held one of the Regional orientation on CHED MEMO #5 S-2008 entitled “Policies and
Standards for the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program”. The BSN curriculum will be implemented
school year 2008-2009

Fields of Nursing
 Private Duty Nursing
- Provides direct patient contact and close nurse-patient relationships. The nurse remains at bedside and
gives individualized care required by the patient. The nurse identifies the physical, mental, spiritual and socio-
economic needs of the patient.
- The nurse may choose case and shift which can be 8 hrs. or 12 hrs. a shift
 Camp Nursing
- Requires the knowledge of food preparation, food handling, understanding of psychological problems
like homesickness, enuresis, sleeping disorders, care for injuries which require first aid and orthopedic problems

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 - needed during the summer months and during school vacations requiring day duty-subject to call in the
evening up to early morning
 Occupational Health Nursing/ Industrial Nursing
- Nursing practice in industry, commercial and government agencies where health care for employees are
provided
- May work day, afternoon and night shifts as care for the employees are needed
- Follows the eight-hour day’s work
- Direct nursing care may not be required
- An industry may have its own 10-bed hospital or may operate only on an out-patient clinic
- May encounter heavy paper work like completing insurance forms of all kinds
- Record keeping is important
- Nurses duties/ responsibilities include:
> administering first aid
> assisting physical examinations
> assessing employees’ health status
> detecting safety hazards as nurse serves in the safety committee
> counseling employee with family or mental health problems
> disseminating preventive medicine and information hazards of habit
forming drugs
> office management
 Public Health Nursing/ Community Health Nursing
- The public health nurse serves the citizens of geographically distinct area
- Provide services in the health center or in the home on a scheduled assignment basis
- Usually day duty or subject to call
- Implements government’s programs on health promotion and illness prevention
- Usually works with a team
 School Health Nursing
- One of the most important public health position in school nursing
- The nurse provides service at all levels of educational institution i.e., from kindergarten to college
- School nurse’s major function is prevention of disease through health education
- Has an opportunity for advancement
- Day duty- 8 hours day’s work
 Hospital Nursing
- Health care include general services such as medical, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics, nursery, operating
room, recovery, intensive care, burn unit, orthopedics, rehabilitation, neurosurgery, coronary etc. Out patient and
other areas that are organized in a hospital
- Duties include giving direct nursing care, assessing the patient’s condition, carrying out physician’s
orders, providing health education to patient’s, documenting care, and managing the delivery services of a unit/s
- Positions available- Director of Nursing Service/ Chief Nurse, Supervisor, Head Nurse, Staff Nurse,
Coordinator, Consultant
 Military Nursing
- Navy, Army, Airforce Nursing
- The Nurse Corps was created as a component of the Medical Services of the Commonwealth Act No. 385
- June 21, 1973- the Office of the Chief Nurse, AFP was activated as a technical staff of the General
Headquarters
- This set up bestows upon the Chief Nurse, AFP the prerogative to decide matters that purely concerns
the nursing profession
- The Nurse Corps is composed of the commissioned nurses of the regular and/or reserved components of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines and is constituted as follows: the Chief Nurse, etc (Robles and Dionisio 1992)
- Mission of the Nurse Cops is to provide the nursing care and services essential to the accomplishment of
the mission of the Medical Service
 Aerospace Nursing
- Role of aerospace nurse is as diverse and varied as its definitions. Her coworkers are physicians,
veterinarians, physiologists, bioenvironmental engineers and their respective technicians. She is concerned with
the promotion and maintenance of health and with the prevention of disease and injury rather than cure and
treatment. She is also involved with the total Air Force community, the workers, their families and the
environment in which they live and work.
 Independent Nurse Practitioner
- Takes health histories, does physical examinations, conducts screening tests, gives nursing care to
patient in their homes and assist patient in the prevention of illness
 Clinical Nurse Specialist
- Nurses socialized to be professional leaders and critical thinkers; motivated to learn and to teach others.
They contributed immensely to the improvement of basic nursing practice throughout the country