Gas Turbine
Description of Auxiliary Systems
The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or
rights created by patent grant or registration of a utility
its content is not permitted without express written authority.
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including
model or design, are reserved.
Class: Confidential
Measuring and Supervisory Equipment
Combustion Chamber Instrumentation
Refer also to:
List of Control Settings (SREL) 3.1-2020
P+I Diagram, Gas Turbine 3.1-2600
P+I Diagram, Combustion Chamber 3.1-2602
List of Measuring Instruments 3.1-2620
Equipment List 3.1-2640
Settings, limits, and measuring ranges of the items of
equipment referred to here are given in the List of
Measuring Instruments, Equipment List, and List of
Control Settings (SREL). This description only gives
guideline values.
Task
The functions of the measuring instruments and the
items of the Equipment List associated with the
combustion chamber system are described in this
document. These measuring instruments are used to
detect the pressure drop across the combustion chamber,
combustion process instabilities (known as humming),
and flame out.
Pressure Drop across the Combustion
Chamber
Over time, the gas turbine can sustain wear (for
example, increased gaps in the combustion chamber hot
gas casing), a possible consequence of which is a
decline in the amount of air reaching the burners due to
increased gap losses. This in turn can jeopardize stable
premix combustion.
The relative combustion chamber pressure drop can
generally be considered an indication of combustion
chamber cooling air and combustion air flows. It is
dependent on the combustion chamber geometry, but
essentially independent of the momentary GT output. The
relative combustion chamber pressure drop changes as a
result of wear or damage to burner or combustion
chamber parts (changes in geometry, changes in flow
path cross-section). Long-term monitoring of the relative
combustion chamber pressure drop is performed to
assess the condition of the combustion chamber.
The differential pressure across each combustion
chamber ∆pCC is measured using differential pressure
transducers MBM11CP103 and MBM21CP103; the
compressor outlet pressure (gauge) pCII is measured
using pressure transducer MBA12CP101. This pressure
transducer is depicted in P+ID 3.1-2600, “Gas Turbine”.
These signals are used to calculate the relative
combustion chamber pressure drop (in percent):
∆pCC rel. = (∆pCC/pCII) * 100 %
Siemens AG
Energy Sector
The following functions are derived from this for
control and monitoring of the gas turbine:
Natural Gas and Fuel Oil Operation
– If the gas turbine is running in premix mode and the
relative combustion chamber pressure drop ∆pCCrel
≤PP.BK.01 (e.g., <1,0% limit value, changeover from
premix to diffusion mode) for more than 30s, the GT
must be changed over to diffusion mode.
– The changeover from diffusion mode to premix mode
may only be enabled if the relative combustion
chamber pressure drop is above limit PP.BK.01. If
∆pCCrel >PP.BK.01 (e.g., >1.1% limit, enable for
premix mode), either premix or diffusion mode is
permitted.
– If the relative combustion chamber pressure drop
remains below the limit value PP.BK.01 for more than
5s at speeds above turbine speed setting S.TURB.70,
the individual alarm “RELATIVE COMBUSTION
CHAMBER PRESSURE DROP <MIN” and the group
alarm “HYBRID BURNERS FAULTED” are
annunciated.
Monitoring of Measuring Points
If the sensors at measuring points MBA12CP101 or
MBM11CP103 and MBM21CP103 detect that the
measured value violates the respective upper or lower
limit, changeover from premix to diffusion mode is not
triggered and the individual alarm “HYBRID BURNER
DATA ACQUISITION FAULTED” and the group alarm
“TRANSMITTER FAULTED” are annunciated. If the
measuring point fault is not rectified after approximately
24 hours, the changeover from premix to diffusion mode
is made and an interlock activated that prevents
changeover back to premix mode.
Flame Monitoring
Fuel must never be fed to the gas turbine combustion
chambers for an impermissibly long period without
combustion taking place. The task of flame monitoring is
to determine whether the fuel is in fact burning in each
combustion chamber, i.e., whether flames are present. If
this is not the case, the fuel system trips, interrupting the
supply of fuel.
The combustion flames are monitored by four flame
detectors per combustion chamber and their associated
analog boards MBM11CR101/MBM21CR101 and
MBM11CR102/MBM21CR102. The output signals of
MBM11CR101-B02 and MBM11CR102-B02 are for
natural gas, those of MBM21CR101-B02 and
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 Gas Turbine
Description of Auxiliary Systems
MBM21CR102-B02 are for fuel oil. The radiant energy
emitted by the flames (UV to IR range) is detected and
passed on to analog boards in the control cabinet for
further processing. The two processing units are set such
that the lower level of radiant energy emitted by the two
ignition flames is not registered as a main flame. An
alarm is issued if one flame monitor signals “FLAME
OUT”; turbine trip is triggered if both flame monitors of
one combustion chamber signal “FLAME OUT”.
To avoid service interruptions due to active faults in
the flame monitors which trigger control functions, the two
flame monitors are integrated into the I&C system such
that trip is only triggered if both flame monitors signal that
flame intensity has dropped below the minimum limit
(“FLAME INTENSITY NOT >MIN”).
Burners
The burners depicted in the P+ID are not described in
The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or
rights created by patent grant or registration of a utility
its content is not permitted without express written authority.
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including
greater detail in this Section. These items are described
in the corresponding manual Sections pertaining to fuel.
Monitoring of Humming
Gas turbines equipped with hybrid burners may
sustain combustion instabilities manifested as elevated-
model or design, are reserved.
amplitude combustion chamber pressure fluctuations; this
phenomenon is also known as humming and has a
typical frequency range. Humming must be promptly
detected and effectively suppressed to prevent a further
Class: Confidential
Siemens AG
Energy Sector
Measuring and Supervisory Equipment
Combustion Chamber Instrumentation
increase in pressure fluctuation amplitudes and possible
consequential damage to components of the gas turbine.
Humming is detected by measuring the amplitudes of
combustion chamber pressure fluctuations using the two
dynamic pressure sensors MBM11CP102 and
MBM21CP102 and evaluating their output signals that lie
in a defined frequency range.
Monitoring of humming is only activated when the gas
turbine is running in the speed range intended for
continuous operation. Monitoring is blocked during
changeover between NG DM and NG PM.
The limits P.BRUMM.03 and P.BRUMM.04 are
stipulated for the effective value of combustion chamber
pressure oscillations; the respective measures to
eliminate combustion chamber humming are triggered if
they are exceeded.
Triggering occurs if one of the two instruments
MBM11CP102 or MBM21CP102 indicates that a limit has
been exceeded when monitoring of humming is active. A
corresponding fault alarm is annunciated in such cases
that cannot be reset until it has been acknowledged.
If the measure described in the foregoing is not
sufficient to eliminate combustion chamber humming, the
load setpoint of the gas turbine is abruptly reduced by the
increment E.LEIST.12 if limit P.BRUMM.04 is exceeded.
The pitch of the inlet guide vanes is not blocked, i.e., pilot
control of the IGVs remains active. Rapid changeover
from premix mode to diffusion mode is not performed and
is not prevented by an interlock.
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