Dhan Kumar Rai

0701CM171013

VI SEM

Assignment 1 on chemical process control

1a) Which control system doesn’t have a stability problem?

> An open loop stability system doesn’t have a stability problem as there are no fluctuations in outputs according to the
input given.

1b) What is the difference between absolute and relative stability?

> Absolute stability means whether system is stable or unstable. Relative Stability gives the degree of stability or how close
it is to instability.

1c) What is intact stability code?

> The International Code on Intact Stability, 2008 (2008 IS Code) presents mandatory and recommendatory stability criteria
and other measures for ensuring the safe operation of ships, to minimize the risk to such ships, to the personnel on board
and to the environment.

1d) What is stability in control systems?

> A system is said to be stable, if its output is under control. A stable system produces a bounded output for a given bounded
input.

2a) What is a stability criterion?

> In control theory, a stability criterion establishes when a system is stable. A number of stability criteria are in common use:

• Circle criterion

• Jury stability criterion

• Liénard–Chipart criterion

• Nyquist stability criterion

• Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion

• Vakhitov–Kolokolov stability criterion

• Barkhausen stability criterion

2b) How stability can be ensured from Routh?

> Routh Hurwitz criterion states that any system can be stable if and only if all the roots of the first column have the same
sign and if it does not has the same sign or there is a sign change then the number of sign changes in the first column is equal
to the number of roots of the characteristic equation in the right half of the s-plane i.e. equals to the number of roots with
positive real parts.
2c) Why is Routh’s stability criteria implemented?

> We can find the stability of the system without solving the equation. We can easily determine the relative stability of the
system. By this method, we can determine the range of K for stability.

2d) what is the necessary and sufficient condition for stability?

> The necessary condition is that the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial should be positive. This implies that all the
roots of the characteristic equation should have negative real parts. The sufficient condition is that all the elements of the
first column of the Routh array should have the same sign. This means that all the elements of the first column of the Routh
array should be either positive or negative.

2e) what are 3 types of stabilities?

> We can classify the systems based on stability as follows.

• Absolutely stable system

• Conditionally stable system

• Marginally stable system

3a) How do you read a root locus plot?

> Root locus is the locus of the characteristic equation we get by substituting suitable gain for the system. So, for the values
of K for which the locus remains in the LHP of the s-plane, the system remains stable.

3b) How do you find the root locus?

> Rule 1 − Locate the open loop poles and zeros in the‘s’ plane.

Rule 2 − Find the number of root locus branches.

Rule 3 − Identify and draw the real axis root locus branches.

Rule 4 − Find the centroid and the angle of asymptotes.

Rule 5 − Find the intersection points of root locus branches with an imaginary axis.

Rule 6 − Find Break-away and Break-in points.

Rule 7 − Find the angle of departure and the angle of arrival.

4a) What are the applications of root locus?

> Root locus technique is used to find the range of gain for the control system for which the system remains in a stable
condition.

5a) Can a transfer function be negative?

> Yes a transfer function can be negative if the system gives the response in opposite direction to the given input (inverse
response).
5b) What is K in transfer function?

> K refers to the gain of the transfer function.i.e, the ratio of the change in output to the change in input is known as the gain
(K) f the transfer function.

6a) Why do we need a transfer function?

> Transfer function gives the behavior of the output of the system to the given input. Thus, it gives the efficiency of response
of the system.

6b) What is damage stability?

> The study of damaged stability of a surface ship comes of use when the ship’s watertight hull is affected in a way that
allows water to flood any compartment within the ship’s hull. Since these changes the stability parameters of the ship, the
extent of which depends on the extent of damage and flooding, it is studied separately from intact stability.

7a) What is meant by transfer function?

> Transfer function is defined as the ration of the Laplace transform of the output in deviation variable to the Laplace
transform of input in deviation variable. It is characteristic to a system giving efficiency of its response to a given input.

7b) What is stability margin?

> The margin of values for tuning under which the system is stable are called stability margins. Most common stability
margins are gain margin and phase margin.

7c) What is relative stability in control systems?

> Relative stability id a measure to determine how fast system will become stable after a change given to the input. A system
having poles farther to the imaginary axis is considered relatively more stable than the system having poles near the
imaginary axis.

7d) Write advantages and disadvantages of root locus design approach.

> Advantages of Root Locus Technique

• Root locus technique in control system is easy to implement as compared to other methods.

• With the help of root locus we can easily predict the performance of the whole system.

• Root locus provides the better way to indicate the parameters.

One big drawback of root locus technique is that it cannot quantify stability, ie. it always states whether as k->infinity, or for
a particular k, the system becomes more or less stable. It doesn't say exactly how much, or give any value for quantitative
analysis.

7e) What is a frequency response?

> The frequency response is a representation of the system's response to sinusoidal inputs at varying frequencies. The
output of a linear system to a sinusoidal input is a sinusoid of the same frequency but with a different magnitude and phase.
7f) What is frequency response analysis?

> Analyzing the frequency response to find out its amplitude, range, bandwidth, frequency, phase difference, etc. is known as
frequency response analysis.

7g) Why frequency response analysis is done?

> Frequency response analysis is done to find the limits of stability of the system to the given input, thus tuning its
parameters accordingly.

7h) How do you plot a frequency response?

> Frequency response is plotted by two methods the Bode plot and the Nyquist plot.