6<1236,6

%HFDXVHRIFXUUHQWWUHQGVLQWKHGHVLJQLIURWDWLQJPDFKLQHU\WRZDUGVKLJKHUUXQQLQJ
VSHHGVPDQXIDFWXUHUVDUHQRZWHQGLQJWRSURGXFHPDFKLQHVZKLFKRSHUDWHFORVHUWR
ODWHUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGVWKDQKDVLQWKHSDVWEHHQQHFHVVDU\&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHHIIHFW
RIRYHUKXQJFRXSOLQJVXSRQWKHFULWLFDOVSHHGVDQGYLEUDWLRQDPSOLWXGHVRIVXFK
PDFKLQHVLVEHFRPLQJDQLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQGXULQJFRXSOLQJ
VHOHFWLRQ6LPLODUO\KLJKHUUXQQLQJVSHHGVSURGXFHODUJHUXQEDODQFHIRUFHVDW
FRXSOLQJVZKLFKFDQLQWXUQSURGXFHLQFUHDVHGYLEUDWLRQDPSOLWXGHV7KHVXEMHFWRI
FRXSOLQJEDODQFLQJLVQRWZHOOGRFXPHQWHGSDUWLFXODUO\IRUFRXSOLQJVFDUULHGE\
IOH[LEOHVKDIWVDQGFRXSOLQJEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVWHQGWRYDU\IURPRUJDQLVDWLRQWR
RUJDQLVDWLRQ'LJLWDOFRPSXWHUVLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKPRGHUQDQDO\VLVWHFKQLTXHV
SURYLGHDPHDQVRIDVVHVVLQJWKHVHHIIHFWVEXWWKLVDSSURDFKFDQEHLQFRQYHQLHQWDW

WKHLQLWLDOFRXSOLQJVHOHFWLRQVWDJH


7KLVSDSHUWKHUHIRUHDWWHPSWVWRLGHQWLI\DQGTXDQWLI\WKHPDLQIDFWRUVZKLFK
LQIOXHQFHWKHODWHUDOYLEUDWLRQVRIPDFKLQHVDQGWRSURGXFHJXLGDQFHIRUFRXSOLQJ

VHOHFWLRQEDVHGXSRQWKHVHIDFWRUV7ZRPDLQDUHDVDUHGLVFXVVHG


 7KHZD\VLQZKLFKFRXSOLQJPDVVDQGWKHDPRXQWRIRYHUKDQJDIIHFWWKHFULWLFDO

VSHHGVRIWZREHDULQJIOH[LEOHURWRUVDUHTXDQWLILHGDQGWKHUHVXOWVDUH
SUHVHQWHGLQWKHIRUPRIDJHQHUDOJXLGDQFHFKDUW

 $PHWKRGLVVXJJHVWHGZKHUHE\H[LVWLQJZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGEDODQFLQJFULWHULDIRU
ULJLGURWRUVPLJKWEHDGDSWHGWRSURYLGHEDODQFLQJFULWHULDIRUFRXSOLQJVFDUULHG
E\IOH[LEOHURWRUV

Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


127$7,21

DEF 'LPHQVLRQOHVVFRQVWDQWVGHILQHGLQ)LJD
GG (IIHFWLYHVKDIWGLDPHWHUV±VHH$SSHQGL[7DEOHV$DQG$
H 0DVVHFFHQWULFLW\
HF  $OORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\RIFRXSOLQJDVVHPEO\
HI $OORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\IRUDVXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRU
HP (IIHFWLYHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\DWEDODQFLQJSODQHV
HU $OORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\IRUDULJLGPRWRU
(,(, (IIHFWLYHVKDIWIOH[XUDOULJLGLWLHV±VHH)LJ
)VU)VI )RUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHVXSSRUWVIRUDULJLGURWRUDQGDVXE
FULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUUHVSHFWLYHO\
)XU)XI 5RWDWLQJFHQWUDOXQEDODQFHIRUFHIRUDULJLGURWRUDQGDIOH[LEOH
URWRUUHVSHFWLYHO\
// %HDULQJFHQWUHGLVWDQFHDQGOHQJWKRIFRXSOLQJRYHUKDQJ
UHVSHFWLYHO\
PP (IIHFWLYHFHQWUDOPDVVRIURWRUDQGHIIHFWLYHFRXSOLQJPDVV
UHVSHFWLYHO\
PVPWPRPF 0DVVHVUHTXLUHGIRUFULWLFDOVSHHGFDOFXODWLRQVGHILQHGLQ
$SSHQGL[7DEOH$
1 1RUPDORSHUDWLQJVSHHGRIURWRUUHYPLQ
1E 5RWDWLRQDOVSHHGDWZKLFKURWRULVEDODQFHGUHYPLQ
1F /DWHUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGRIURWRUDVVHPEO\UHYPLQ
1FR /DWHUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGRIURWRUDORQHDVFRPSXWHGE\FRQYHQWLRQDO
PHWKRGVRUEDVHGRQPDQXIDFWXUHUVLQIRUPDWLRQUHYPLQ

7 6XSSRUWWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\ >11F @


,1752'8&7,21

7KHPDLQIXQFWLRQVRIDIOH[LEOHFRXSOLQJDUHWRWUDQVPLWWRUTXHDQGWRDOORZ
PLVDOLJQPHQWDQGLQWKHSDVWLWKDVRIWHQEHHQDGHTXDWHWRVHOHFWDFRXSOLQJSXUHO\
RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHVHWZRIDFWRUV+RZHYHUZLWKWKHFXUUHQWWUHQGWRZDUGVKLJKHU
WRUTXHVDQGURWDWLRQDOVSHHGVLWLVEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\DSSDUHQWWKDWYLEUDWLRQ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVFDQSODFHDFRQVLGHUDEOHOLPLWDWLRQXSRQPDFKLQHSHUIRUPDQFHDQG
WKDWIOH[LEOHFRXSOLQJVFDQSOD\DGHWULPHQWDOUROHLQWKLVUHVSHFW'LJLWDOFRPSXWHUVLQ
FRQMXQFWLRQZLWKPRGHUQDQDO\VLVWHFKQLTXHVSURYLGHDPHDQVRIDVVHVVLQJWKH
YLEUDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIFRXSOHGPDFKLQHVRIWHQZLWKTXLWHDKLJKGHJUHHRI
DFFXUDF\+RZHYHUDWWKHLQLWLDOFRXSOLQJVHOHFWLRQVWDJHWKLVDSSURDFKFDQEH
LQFRQYHQLHQWHYHQLIDFRPSXWHUSURJUDPLVDYDLODEOH0RUHRYHUFRPSXWHUDQDO\VHV
E\WKHLUYHU\QDWXUHDUHDLPHGDWSDUWLFXODUDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGGROLWWOHWRDVVLVWWKH
GHVLJQHULQIRUPXODWLQJDVLPSOHJHQHUDOFRXSOLQJVHOHFWLRQSURFHGXUH
Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

8QIRUWXQDWHO\JHQHUDOWKHRUHWLFDOVWXGLHVRIWKHHIIHFWVRIFRXSOLQJVXSRQPDFKLQH
YLEUDWLRQVKDYHEHHQIHZDQGDGGHGWRWKLVLVWKHIDFWWKDWWKHSK\VLFDOIDFWRUVZKLFK
OLPLWWKHDFFHSWDEOHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVRIDURWDWLQJPDFKLQHDUHQRWFOHDUO\XQGHUVWRRG
&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHDYDLODEOHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVXEMHFWRIPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQVDQGWKH
HIIHFWVRIIOH[LEOHFRXSOLQJVXSRQWKHVHYLEUDWLRQVWHQGVWRUDQJHIURPKLJKO\
PDWKHPDWLFDOWKHRUHWLFDOVWXGLHVWRDYDULHW\RIH[SHULHQFHEDVHGVWDQGDUGVZLWK
UHPDUNDEO\OLWWOHFRQQHFWLQJWKHVHWZRH[WUHPHV7KLVSDSHULVWKHUHIRUHLQWHQGHGWR
ILOOWKLVJDSDQGKRSHIXOO\WRSURYLGHWKHGHVLJQHUZLWKVXIILFLHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRDOORZ
KLPWRVHOHFWDFRXSOLQJIRUDSDUWLFXODUDSSOLFDWLRQZLWKRXWWKHQHHGLQJWRUHVRUWWR
GLJLWDOFRPSXWDWLRQVDWOHDVWIRUWKHLQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQVWDJH

7KHHIIHFWVRIDQRYHUKXQJIOH[LEOHFRXSOLQJXSRQWKHYLEUDWLRQVRIFRXSOHGPDFKLQHV
FDQEHVHSDUDWHGLQWRWZRFDWHJRULHV

L 7KHPDVVJHRPHWU\DQGORFDWLRQRIWKHFRXSOLQJDIIHFWWKHODWHUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGV
RIWKHV\VWHPZKLFKLQWXUQDIIHFWWKHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOV

LL 7KHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVDUHDOVRGLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHDPRXQWRIFRXSOLQJ
XQEDODQFH

7KHVHDUHWKHUHIRUHWKHREYLRXVDUHDVWRFRQVLGHUZKHQDWWHPSWLQJWRIRUPXODWH
FRXSOLQJVHOHFWLRQPHWKRGVDQGLQWKLVSDSHUWKH\DUHWUHDWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\V

L 7KHHIIHFWVRIDQRYHUKXQJFRXSOLQJXSRQWKHFULWLFDOVSHHGVRIDPDFKLQHDUH
H[DPLQHGE\XVLQJDPRGHOZKLFKDOWKRXJKVLPSOHWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWQRWRQO\
WKHPDVVDQGSRVLWLRQRIWKHFRXSOLQJEXWDOVRWKHURWRUPDVVWKHVKDIWVWLIIQHVV
EHWZHHQWKHEHDULQJVDQGWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHRYHUKXQJVHFWLRQRIVKDIW$
VLPSOHDSSUR[LPDWHPHWKRGIRUFKHFNLQJWKHILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGRIPDFKLQHVZLWK
RYHUKXQJFRXSOLQJVLVWKHQSUHVHQWHGDQGVRPHJHQHUDOFRQFOXVLRQVDERXWWKH
GHVLUDEOHIHDWXUHVRIVXFKDV\VWHPDUHPDGH

LL &RXSOLQJEDODQFLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHLQYHVWLJDWHGE\H[DPLQLQJVHYHUDOH[LVWLQJ
PDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQDQGEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVLQDQDWWHPSWWRLGHQWLI\D
IXQGDPHQWDOIDFWRUZKLFKOLPLWVWKHOHYHORIYLEUDWLRQVZKLFKDUHDFFHSWDEOH
%DVHGRQWKLVOLPLWLQJIDFWRUWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQJRHVRQWRVKRZKRZH[LVWLQJZHOO
HVWDEOLVKHGEDODQFLQJFULWHULDIRUµULJLG¶URWRUVFRXOGEHPRGLILHGIRUµIOH[LEOH¶
URWRUVRSHUDWLQJEHORZWKHLUIXQGDPHQWDOIOH[XUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGVDQGWKH
DUJXPHQWVDUHWKHQH[WHQGHGWRFRYHUWKHEDODQFLQJRIFRXSOLQJV%\XVLQJ
VLPSOHPHWKRGVRIDQDO\VLVWKURXJKRXWWKHVDOLHQWIDFWRUVZKLFKDIIHFWFRXSOLQJ
EDODQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWREVFXUHGE\PDWKHPDWLFDOFRPSOH[LW\

7KHWHUPLQRORJ\XVHGLQWKLVVXEMHFWDUHDLVDOLWWOHFRQIXVHGDQGGHVHUYHVVRPH
GLVFXVVLRQ6RPHPDFKLQHPDQXIDFWXUHUVXVHWKHWHUPµIOH[LEOH¶WRGHVFULEHDVKDIW
RSHUDWLQJDWDVSHHGJUHDWHUWKDQLWVILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHG6LPLODUO\WKH\GHVFULEHD
VKDIWUXQQLQJDWDVSHHGEHORZLWVILUVWFULWLFDODVµVWLII¶7KHWHUPLQRORJ\XVHG
WKURXJKRXWWKLVSDSHULVWKHFODVVLFDOWHUPLQRORJ\LQZKLFKDµVWLII¶RUµULJLG¶VKDIWLVRQH
ZKLFKGRHVQRWGHIOHFWXQGHUWKHDFWLRQRIYLEUDWLRQDOH[FLWDWLRQIRUFHV2EYLRXVO\QR
VXFKVKDIWFDQH[LVWEXWDVKDIWUXQQLQJDWDVSHHGRIOHVVWKDQDERXWDTXDUWHURILWV
ILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGDSSUR[LPDWHVWRDµULJLG¶VKDIW7KXVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWHUPLQRORJ\
XVHGLQWKLVSDSHUDOOUHDOVKDIWVDUHµIOH[LEOH¶7KHWHUPVµVXEFULWLFDO¶DQGµVXSHU
FULWLFDO¶DUHWKHQXVHGWGHQRWHDVKDIWUXQQLQJHLWKHUEHORZRUDERYHLWVILUVWFULWLFDO
VSHHGUHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVWHUPLQRORJ\KDVEHHQXVHGWKURXJKRXWEHFDXVHLWLV
EHOLHYHGWRFRQYH\DPRUHDFFXUDWHLPSUHVVLRQRIWKHWUXHVLWXDWLRQ


Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk






7+(())(&762)&283/,1*68321/$7(5$/&5,7,&$/63(('6


)LJVKRZVDVLPSOHPRGHORIDSDLURIWZREHDULQJURWRUVFRQQHFWHGE\DVSDFHU
W\SHIOH[LEOHFRXSOLQJ,WFDQEHVKRZQWKDWWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHYLEUDWLRQVRIRQH
URWRUDIIHFWWKRVHRIWKHRWKHUURWRULVUHODWHGWRWKHPDVVPVRIWKHVSDFHUVRWKDWD
PDVVOHVVVSDFHUZRXOGWRWDOO\SUHYHQWDQ\VXFKHIIHFW,QSUDFWLFHPRVWPRGHUQ
FRXSOLQJVLQFRUSRUDWHVSDFHUVZKLFKDUHUHODWLYHO\OLJKWLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHZHLJKW
DWHDFKRIWKHSRLQWVRIDUWLFXODWLRQ,WLVWKHUHIRUHUHDVRQDEOHWRDVVXPHWKDWWKHWZR
URWRUVYLEUDWHLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGWRFRQVLGHUHDFKDVDVHSDUDWHURWRUFDUU\LQJKDOIRI
WKHWRWDOPDVVRIWKHFRXSOLQJVSDFHUDVVHPEO\DVVKRZQLQ)LJD7KLVVLPSOH
PRGHOWUHDWVHDFKURWRUDVDWZRPDVVV\VWHPZKLFKWKHUHIRUHKDVWZRFULWLFDO
VSHHGV7KHPRGHVKDSHVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRHDFKRIWKHVHFULWLFDOVDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQ
WKHILJXUHDQGIRUWKHPDMRULW\RIDSSOLFDWLRQVLWLVWKHILUVWFULWLFDOEHLQJWKHORZHVWRI
WKHVHVSHHGVZKLFKZLOOEHLPSRUWDQWIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIURWRUYLEUDWLRQVLQ
VHUYLFH7KLVILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHIXQGDPHQWDOFULWLFDOVSHHGRIWKH
URWRUPRGLILHGWRDORZHUYDOXHE\WKHPDVVRIWKHRYHUKXQJFRXSOLQJ

$PHWKRGRIXVLQJWKLVPRGHOLQRUGHUWRFDOFXODWHDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHDPRXQWE\ZKLFK
WKHFRXSOLQJUHGXFHVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOFULWLFDOVSHHGRIWKHURWRULVJLYHQLQWKH
$SSHQGL[7KLVPHWKRGLQYROYHVUHODWLYHO\VLPSOHIRUPXODHDQGKDVWKHLPSRUWDQW
IHDWXUHWKDWLWXVHVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOFULWLFDOVSHHGRIWKHURWRUDORQHLHZLWKRXWD
FRXSOLQJPDVVDVFDOFXODWHGE\FRQYHQWLRQDOGHVLJQPHWKRGVLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQH
DQHTXLYDOHQWVKDIWGLDPHWHUEHWZHHQWKHEHDULQJV,WFDQWKHUHIRUHWDNHLQWRDFFRXQW
VKDIWVWLIIHQLQJHIIHFWVIURPVHDOVRURWKHUVXFKIHDWXUHV

)RUJHQHUDOGHVLJQJXLGDQFHLWLVDOVRXVHIXOWRKDYHVRPHLQGLFDWLRQDVWRZKLFKRI
WKHYDULRXVIHDWXUHVRIWKHPDFKLQHDQGFRXSOLQJGHVLJQDUHOLNHO\WRKDYHWKH
JUHDWHVWHIIHFWRQWKHFULWLFDOVSHHGDQGWKLVLVJLYHQLQ)LJEZKLFKLVEDVHGRQ
UHVXOWVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHPHWKRGVGHVFULEHGLQWKH$SSHQGL[DQGJLYHVDQ
LQGLFDWLRQRIWKHUHGXFWLRQLQFULWLFDOVSHHGGXHWRWKHYDULRXVIHDWXUHV6KDIW
RYHUKDQJKDVDJUHDWHUHIIHFWWKDQFRXSOLQJPDVVEXWTXLWHVPDOOFRXSOLQJPDVVHV
FDQKDYHDODUJHHIIHFWLIWKHRYHUKXQJSRUWLRQRIWKHVKDIWLVRIUHODWLYHO\VPDOO
GLDPHWHU)LJEVXJJHVWVWKDWLGHDOO\WKHURWRUVKDIWDQGFRXSOLQJVKRXOGDOZD\V
EHVHOHFWHGVRWKDWµD¶LVOHVVWKDQ:KHUHWKLVFDQQRWEHDFKLHYHGDQGKLJKHU
YDOXHVRIµD¶KDYHWREHDFFHSWHGWKHFRXSOLQJPDVVEHFRPHVSURJUHVVLYHO\PRUH
FULWLFDO,WFDQDOVREHVHHQIURP)LJEWKDWLWLVHVVHQWLDOWRNHHSYDOXHVRIµF¶V
KLJKDVSRVVLEOHDQGSUHIHUDEO\JUHDWHUWKDQDERXW







Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

 )OH[LEOH5RWRUV&RQQHFWHGE\D6SDFHU±7\SH&RXSOLQJ),*















'LPHQVLRQOHVV
3DUDPHWHUV

D //

E PP

F (,(,





D 6LPSOLILHG0RGHORID5RWRUZLWKDQ2YHUKXQJ&RXSOLQJ



1& &ULWLFDOVSHHGZLWKFRXSOLQJ1&2 &ULWLFDOVSHHGZLWKRXWFRXSOLQJ





Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

 E$Q,QGLFDWLRQRIWKH5HGXFWLRQLQ&ULWLFDO
6SHHGGXHWRWKH)LWWLQJRID&RXSOLQJ
),*



7+(5(48,5('67$1'$5'2)&283/,1*%$/$1&(

)RUKLJKVSHHGVKDIWVWKHURWDWLQJIRUFHVJHQHUDWHGE\DIOH[LEOHFRXSOLQJGXHWR
XQEDODQFHFDQEHTXLWHODUJHSDUWLFXODUO\DWWKHWRSHQGRIWKHVSHHGUDQJHEHFDXVH
WKHFHQWULIXJDOIRUFHVGXHWRXQEDODQFHLQFUHDVHDVWKHVTXDUHRIWKHURWDWLRQDO
VSHHG,WLVWKHUHIRUHSRVVLEOHIRUKLJKOHYHOVRIYLEUDWLRQDQGKLJKEHDULQJIRUFHVWR
H[LVWHYHQIRUDURWRUZKLFKLVRSHUDWLQJZLWKDVDIHPDUJLQRQLWVFULWLFDOVSHHG$VD
JHQHUDOUXOHWKHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVDQGEHDULQJIRUFHVLQFUHDVHDVWKHFULWLFDOVSHHGLV
DSSURDFKHGDQGWKHUDWHRILQFUHDVHVWDUWVWREHFRPHUDSLGLQWKHUHJLRQRIDERXW
RIWKHILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHG,WLVQRWXQFRPPRQIRUPRGHUQKLJKVSHHGPDFKLQHVWR
RSHUDWHLQWKLVUHJLRQDQGLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHDQDFFHSWDEO\ORZOHYHORIYLEUDWLRQ
FDUHIXODWWHQWLRQPXVWEHSDLGZKHQVHOHFWLQJDFRXSOLQJWRWKHDPRXQWRIFRXSOLQJ
XQEDODQFHZKLFKFDQEHWROHUDWHGDQGDOVRWRZKHWKHURUQRWWKHGHVLUHGOHYHORI
EDODQFHFDQEHDFKLHYHGIRUDSDUWLFXODUFRXSOLQJGHVLJQ

7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVDYDLODEOHIRUURWDWLQJPDFKLQHVEXWQRQHRI
WKHVHDSSHDUVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHUDWLRRIUXQQLQJVSHHGWRILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHG
&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHGHVLJQHUIDFHGZLWKWKHWDVNRIVHOHFWLQJDFRXSOLQJIRUIOH[LEOH
URWRUPDFKLQHU\VSHFLI\LQJLWVDOORZDEOHXQEDODQFHDQGDOVRVSHFLI\LQJWKHPHWKRGRI
EDODQFLQJKDVRQO\DYHU\OLPLWHGDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQWRZRUNIURP7KLVVHFWLRQRI
WKHSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRSURYLGHWKHQHFHVVDU\LQIRUPDWLRQE\GHYHORSLQJDSRVVLEOH
PHWKRGIRUDVVHVVLQJFRXSOLQJEDODQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVZKLFKWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWQRW
RQO\PDFKLQHFODVVEXWDOVRWKHUDWLRRIUXQQLQJVSHHGRIWKHPDFKLQHU\WRLWVILUVW
FULWLFDOVSHHGVXEFULWLFDOPDFKLQHVRQO\)RXUPDLQVWHSVDUHLQYROYHG

 ([LVWLQJPDFKLQHEDODQFLQJDQGYLEUDWLRQVWDQGDUGVDUHH[DPLQHGLQDQDWWHPSW
WRLGHQWLI\DSRVVLEOHNH\IDFWRUZKLFKOLPLWVWKHDOORZDEOHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVRI
PDFKLQHVLQVHUYLFH,WLVIRXQGWKDWWKHG\QDPLFIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKH
EHDULQJVDSSHDUVWREHVXFKDIDFWRU

 7KHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWWKLVIDFWRUFDQEHXVHGWRGHILQHPDFKLQHEDODQFLQJ
UHTXLUHPHQWVLVYHULILHGE\GHYHORSLQJDULJLGURWRUEDODQFLQJFULWHULRQIURPDQ
H[LVWLQJPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQVWDQGDUGXVLQJDGGLWLRQDOWKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDO
GDWD

 2QWKHEDVLVRIWKHVHILQGLQJVDPHWKRGRIPRGLI\LQJH[LVWLQJZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG
EDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVIRUULJLGURWRUPDFKLQHVWRLQFOXGHURWRUIOH[LELOLW\HIIHFWVLV
VXJJHVWHG

 7KHDUJXPHQWVDUHWKHQH[WHQGHGWRVXJJHVWEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVIRUFRXSOLQJV
FDUULHGE\VXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUV

7KHUHVXOWLQJPHWKRGLVVXPPDULVHGODWHULQWKHSDSHUEXWLQRUGHUWRSURYLGHWKH
GHVLJQHUZLWKWKHQHFHVVDU\µIHHO¶IRUWKHVXEMHFWWKHDERYHVWHSVDUHGLVFXVVHGLQ
JUHDWHUGHWDLOLQWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQV

Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


6RPH([LVWLQJ%DODQFLQJDQG9LEUDWLRQ6WDQGDUGV

$ORJLFDOPHWKRGRIDVVHVVLQJWKHDOORZDEOHGHJUHHRIXQEDODQFHLVWRUHODWHLWWRWKH
OHYHOVRIYLEUDWLRQZKLFKDUHNQRZQWREHDFFHSWDEOH7KHUHDUHYDULRXVPHWKRGVRI
DVVHVVLQJDOORZDEOHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVEXWWKHVHDUHXVXDOO\EDVHGRQPHDVXUHPHQWV
VXFKDVWKHYLEUDWLRQYHORFLW\RIWKHEHDULQJKRXVLQJVZKLFKQHHGWREHUHODWHGWRWKH
DPRXQWRIXQEDODQFHLIWKH\DUHWRSURYLGHWKHEDVLVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEDODQFLQJ
FULWHULD,QRUGHUWRGRWKLVVRPHRIWKHH[LVWLQJEDODQFLQJDQGPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQOHYHO
VWDQGDUGVKDYHEHHQH[DPLQHGLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHDIXQGDPHQWDOIDFWRUZKLFKOLQNV
WKHP7KHYDULRXVVWDQGDUGVFRQVLGHUHGDUHRXWOLQHGEHORZ

 %DODQFLQJ6WDQGDUGV

)LJVKRZVDFRPSDULVRQRIWKUHHW\SHVRIEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGZKLFKDUHLQFRPPRQ
XVH2QHRIWKHEHWWHUNQRZQLV9',5HILQZKLFKWKHDOORZDEOHPDVV
HFFHQWULFLW\µH¶RIWKHURWRULVUHODWHGWRWKHRSHUDWLQJVSHHGµ1¶IRUYDULRXVFODVVHVRI
PDFKLQH+RZHYHUWKLVFRGHRISUDFWLFHLVLQWHQGHGIRUµULJLG¶URWRUPDFKLQHVRQO\$
VLPLODUVWDQGDUGIRUIOH[LEOHURWRUVZDVWREHSURGXFHGDWDODWHUGDWHEXWWKLVWRWKH
DXWKRU¶VNQRZOHGJHKDVQRW\HWDSSHDUHG2QHRIWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJIHDWXUHVRI
9',LVWKHJHQHUDOIRUPRIWKHFULWHULDZKLFKLV
   H1 DFRQVWDQW      
 
7KLVOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSLVH[SODLQHGLQ9',DVEHLQJEDVHGXSRQµVWDWLVWLFDO
HYLGHQFH¶DQGµSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFH¶2IWKHWHQPDFKLQHFODVVHVLQ9',TXDOLW\
FODVVHV4DQG4DUHSUREDEO\WKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHIRUWKHW\SHRIKLJKVSHHG
PDFKLQHU\RILQWHUHVWDWWKLVFRQIHUHQFHEXWDVKDVDOUHDG\EHHQVWDWHGDSSO\WRULJLG
URWRUPDFKLQHVRQO\




Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


1)&UDLJXH5HIRIWKH9DQ.DUPDQ*DV'\QDPLFV)DFLOLW\7HQQHVVHH
GHVFULEHVWKHLUURWRUEDODQFLQJFULWHULDWKXV³,IWKHFHQWULIXJDOIRUFHFUHDWHGE\DQ
XQEDODQFHZHLJKWH[FHHGVRIWKHZHLJKWRIWKHURWDWLQJDVVHPEO\WKHUHVXOWLQJ
YLEUDWLRQVZLOOEHH[FHVVLYH´1RIXUWKHUH[SODQDWLRQLVJLYHQEXWLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKLV
VWDWHPHQWLVEDVHGXSRQSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHJDLQHGZLWKKLJKVSHHGFRPSUHVVRUV
7KLVFULWHULRQHIIHFWLYHO\UHODWHVWKHDOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\WRWKHµVTXDUH¶RIWKH
URWRUVSHHG5RWKIXVV5HISRLQWVRXWWKDWWKLVW\SHRIFULWHULRQLVJDLQLQJ
SRSXODULW\LQWKH86$

0DULQHLQVWDOODWLRQVDUHFRPPRQO\EDODQFHGWR%6UHI±RIWHQUHIHUUHG
WRDVWKHµPDULQHVWDQGDUG¶±ZKLFKWDNHVWKHIRUP

.[:HLJ KWOE
 $OORZDEOH8QEDODQFHR]LQEDODQFLQJSODQH  
6KDIW6SHHGUHYPLQ
 

ZKHUH. IRUWXUELQHURWRUDVVHPEOLHVLQFOXGLQJWKHFRXSOLQJKXEEXWH[FOXGLQJWKH
VSDFHUDQG. IRUWKHFRXSOLQJVSDFHU7KLVVWDQGDUGFDQDOVREHH[SUHVVHGLQ
WHUPVRIDQHIIHFWLYHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\DVVKRZQLQ)LJ

%HDULQJLQPLQGWKDWWKHVHWKUHHW\SHVRIEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGDUHFRPSDUHGRQD
ORJDULWKPLFVFDOHLQ)LJWKHDPRXQWRIYDULDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPFDQEHVHHQWREH
TXLWHODUJH,WLVWKHUHIRUHH[WUHPHO\GLIILFXOWWRNQRZZKLFKWRXVHIRUDSDUWLFXODU
DSSOLFDWLRQ







 9LEUDWLRQ6WDQGDUGV

$FRPPRQO\XVHGFRGHRISUDFWLFHIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHDFFHSWDELOLW\RIPDFKLQH
YLEUDWLRQOHYHOVLQVHUYLFHLV9',5HIZKLFKXWLOL]HVWKHYLEUDWLRQYHORFLW\RI
WKHEHDULQJKRXVLQJVRIWKHPDFKLQHDVWKH\DUGVWLFNVLQFHWKLVLVFRQVLGHUHGWR
UHIOHFWWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHYLEUDWLRQVDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJIDWLJXHVWUHVVHV7KH
DVVHVVPHQWFKDUWVJLYHQLQWKDWVWDQGDUGDUHEDVHGSDUWO\XSRQWKHRUHWLFDO
FRQVLGHUDWLRQVEXWPDLQO\XSRQDJUHDWGHDORIXVHUH[SHULHQFH7KLVFRGHRI
SUDFWLFHLVH[WUHPHO\XVHIXOIRUDVVHVVLQJPDFKLQHVDOUHDG\LQVHUYLFHEXWLWKDVWKH
GLVDGYDQWDJHWKDWLWLVYHU\GLIILFXOWWRXVHDWWKHGHVLJQVWDJHZKHQDWWHPSWLQJWR
GHWHUPLQHWKHDFFHSWDEOHGHJUHHRIURWRUXQEDODQFHEHFDXVHWRGRVRZRXOGUHTXLUH
DNQRZOHGJHRIWKHG\QDPLFVWLIIQHVVDQGHIIHFWLYHPDVVRIHDFKEHDULQJSHGHVWDO

$QRWKHUYLEUDWLRQFULWHULRQKDVEHHQJLYHQE\(UVNLQH5HI7KLVDSSOLHVWRURWRUV
UXQQLQJLQSODLQMRXUQDOEHDULQJVDQGXVHVWKHYLEUDWLRQDPSOLWXGHRIWKHMRXUQDO
UHODWLYHWRWKHEHDULQJFOHDUDQFHDVWKHEDVLVIRUYLEUDWLRQDVVHVVPHQWVHH7DEOH
(UVNLQHVWDWHVWKDWMRXUQDODPSOLWXGHVPXFKJUHDWHUWKDQWKRVHJLYHQLQ7DEOH
UHSUHVHQWDEQRUPDORSHUDWLRQ7KHVHYDOXHVDUHEDVHGXSRQH[SHULHQFHUDWKHUWKDQ
XSRQWKHRUHWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKH\DSSO\WRERWKVWLIIDQGIOH[LEOH
URWRUPDFKLQHV




Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

  
6KDIW6SHHG -RXUQDO$PSOLWXGH

1UHYPLQ 5DGLDO&OHDUDQFHRI %HDULQJ
  
7DEOH(UNLQH¶V  
9LEUDWLRQ&ULWHULRQ  

$OWKRXJKQRREYLRXVVLPSOHUHODWLRQVKLSH[LVWVEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRYLEUDWLRQVWDQGDUGV
ERWKDUHEDVHGXSRQYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVPHDVXUHGDWWKHEHDULQJV6LQFHWKHVHYLEUDWLRQ
OHYHOVDUHVWURQJO\GHSHQGHQWXSRQWKHURWDWLQJIRUFHVWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHEHDULQJVLW
VHHPVUHDVRQDEOHWRFRQFOXGHWKDWLWLVWKHVHWUDQVPLWWHGIRUFHVZKLFKDUHWKHNH\WR
GHILQLQJWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVIRUVDWLVIDFWRU\RSHUDWLRQRIWKH
PDFKLQH

7KH'HYHORSPHQWRID5LJLG5RWRU%DODQFLQJ&ULWHULRQ

,IDVLVVXJJHVWHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQWKHURWDWLQJIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKH
EHDULQJVLVDNH\IDFWRULQGHILQLQJDFFHSWDEOHPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOVWKHQLWIROORZV
WKDWE\UHODWLQJWKHVHIRUFHVWRWKHDPRXQWRIXQEDODQFHLWVKRXOGEHSRVVLEOHWR
GHYHORSURWRUEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVIURPH[LVWLQJPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQVWDQGDUGV
0RUHRYHUEHFDXVHDOORIWKHYDULRXVYLEUDWLRQDQGEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVRXWOLQHG
SUHYLRXVO\LQWKLVSDSHUDUHEDVHGODUJHO\XSRQXVHUH[SHULHQFHDQ\EDODQFLQJ
FULWHULRQGHYHORSHGLQWKLVZD\VKRXOGVKRZDUHDVRQDEOHDJUHHPHQWZLWKH[LVWLQJ
EDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGV7KHDXWKRUKDVLQIDFWWHVWHGWKLVSRVVLELOLW\XVLQJD
FRPELQDWLRQRIWKHRUHWLFDODQGHPSLULFDOGDWDLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK(UVNLQH¶VYLEUDWLRQ
FULWHULRQ7KHZD\LQZKLFKWKLVZDVGRQHLVGHVFULEHGLQGHWDLOLQDSUHYLRXVSDSHU
5HIDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJEDODQFLQJFULWHULRQLVFRPSDUHGZLWKH[LVWLQJVWDQGDUGVLQ
)LJEHORZ





Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

(YHQWKRXJKWKHPHWKRGVXVHGWRGHYHORSWKLVFULWHULRQZHUHYHU\DSSUR[LPDWHWKH
DJUHHPHQWZLWK9',EDODQFLQJFODVV4DWVSHHGVDERYHDERXWUHYPLQ
DQGDOVRZLWK&UDLJXH¶VµVSHHGVTXDUHG¶FULWHULRQEHORZUHYPLQLVLQWHUHVWLQJ
$JRRGGHDORIWKHH[SHULHQFHXSRQZKLFK(UVNLQH¶VYLEUDWLRQDPSOLWXGHFULWHULRQLV
EDVHGZDVJDLQHGLQWKHSHWURFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\ZKHUHPDFKLQHVRI9',EDODQFLQJ
FODVVHV4DQG4DUHFRPPRQDQGWKLVIDFWPDNHV)LJHYHQPRUH
UHPDUNDEOH

7KHGHYHORSHGFULWHULRQZDVQRWLQWHQGHGWRUHSODFHH[LVWLQJEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGV
,QVWHDGLWVHUYHVWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHSRLQWWKDWWKHURWDWLQJIRUFHVWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKH
EHDULQJVGRDSSHDUWRSURYLGHDVXLWDEOHEDVLVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVLPSOHIOH[LEOH
URWRUEDODQFLQJFULWHULDRQWKHEDVLVRIWKLVFRQFOXVLRQDQGXVLQJDQH[LVWLQJULJLGURWRU
EDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGUDWKHUWKDQWKHGHYHORSHGRQHLQ)LJVLQFHWKHIRUPHULVZHOO
HVWDEOLVKHGDQGWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWWKHPDFKLQHW\SH

3RVVLEOH%DODQFLQJ6WDQGDUGVIRU6XE&ULWLFDO)OH[LEOH5RWRUV

)RUDULJLGV\PPHWULFDOURWRUZLWKXQEDODQFHDWWKHPLGEHDULQJSRVLWLRQWKHURWDWLQJ
IRUFHH[SHULHQFHGE\HDFKEHDULQJLVHTXDOWRKDOIRIWKHURWDWLQJXQEDODQFHIRUFHDV
LOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJD







,IRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHVKDIWLVIOH[LEOHDVVKRZQLQ)LJEDQGWKHILUVWFULWLFDO
VSHHGRIWKHURWRUDVVHPEO\LI1FWKHIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJVDWDUXQQLQJ
VSHHG1ZLOOEHJUHDWHUWKDQKDOIWKHURWDWLQJXQEDODQFHIRUFHE\DIDFWRU7NQRZQDV
WKHVXSSRUWWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\ZKHUH


  7          
  11F 

7KHUHIRUHLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJVIRUDIOH[LEOH
URWRU)VIGRQRWH[FHHGWKRVHIRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRU)VUVLQFHWKHVHIRUFHV
DSSHDUWROLPLWPDFKLQHSHUIRUPDQFHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRUHGXFHWKHFHQWUDOXQEDODQFH

Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


IRUFH)XIWRDYDOXHZKLFKLVORZHUWKDQWKDWFRQVLGHUHGDFFHSWDEOHIRUWKHULJLGURWRU
)XULQWKHIROORZLQJZD\

  )XI )XU ª  11F  º       
«¬ »¼
 
RULQWHUPVRIWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHHFFHQWULFLW\RIWKHFHQWUDOPDVV

  H I HU ª  11F  º       
«¬ »¼
 

7RLOOXVWUDWHWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKLVHTXDWLQJFRQVLGHUDPDFKLQHZKLFKLILWKDGD
ULJLGURWRUZRXOGFRUUHVSRQGWR9',EDODQFLQJFODVV4:KHQWKLVLV
PRGLILHGWRGHILQHWKHDOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\IRUDVXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUXVLQJ
HTXDWLRQDERYHWKHQHZFULWHULRQWDNHVWKHIRUPVKRZQRQ)LJ





7RSOLQHLVVDPHDV9',4
LHIRU11& ULJLGURWRUHI HU





9',40RGLILHGWR'HILQH
$OORZDEOHµ$FWXDO¶0DVV
(FFHQWULFLW\IRU6XE&ULWLFDO
)OH[LEOH5RWRUV

),*



5RWDWLRQDO6SHHG1UHYPLQ 

$VZRXOGEHH[SHFWHGWKHUHTXLUHGGHJUHHRIEDODQFHLQFUHDVHVPDUNHGO\DV11F
DSSURDFKHVXQLW\EXWLVQRWJUHDWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHULJLGURWRUFULWHULRQIRU11F
YDOXHVRIOHVVWKDQDERXW(TXDWLRQDSSOLHVWRXQGDPSHGURWRUVRQO\EXW
VKRXOGWKHURWRUKDYHVRPHPLGVXSSRUWGDPSLQJWKHVLPSOHVLQJOHGHJUHHRI
IUHHGRPPRGHOLVHDVLO\PRGLILHGWRLQFOXGHWKLVHIIHFW+RZHYHUWKHDPRXQWRI
GDPSLQJIRUDSDUWLFXODUDSSOLFDWLRQLVQRWDOZD\VHDVLO\GHILQHGDQGLQWKLVVLWXDWLRQLW
LVSUREDEO\ZLVHIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIEDODQFLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVWRDVVXPH]HUR
GDPSLQJ

%HIRUHH[WHQGLQJWKHDUJXPHQWVWRLQFOXGHFRXSOLQJEDODQFLQJLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRSRLQW
RXWH[DFWO\ZKDWHTXDWLRQDQG)LJPHDQ:KHQEDODQFLQJDURWRUDVVHPEO\LWLV
QRUPDOWRPHDVXUHWKHG\QDPLFIRUFHVDWPHDVXULQJSODQHVFORVHWRWKHEHDULQJV
&RQVHTXHQWO\IRUDIOH[LEOHURWRUZLWKWKHXQEDODQFHVLWXDWHGDWWKHPLGVXSSRUW
Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

SRVLWLRQWKHG\QDPLFIRUFHVPHDVXUHGDWWKHPHDVXUHPHQWSODQHVZLOOQRWEHHTXDO
WRWKHFHQWUDOXQEDODQFHIRUFHEXWZLOOEHPDJQLILHGE\WKHVXSSRUWWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\7
,IWKHURWRULVEDODQFHGDWLWVSURSRVHGRSHUDWLQJVSHHGWKHQWKHWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\HIIHFW
ZLOOEHFRPSOHWHO\LQFOXGHGLQWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV,IWKHIRUFHPHDVXUHGDWWKH
EHDULQJVLVFRQYHUWHGWRDQHIIHFWLYHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\HPE\GLYLGLQJWKH
IRUFHE\WKHSURGXFWRIWKHURWRUPDVVDQGWKHVTXDUHRIWKHURWDWLRQDODQJXODU
YHORFLW\WKHQWKHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\ZLOOEHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHDFWXDOPDVV
HFFHQWULFLW\E\DIDFWRUHTXDOWRWKHLQYHUVHRIWKHWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\+HQFHWKH
PHDVXUHGHFFHQWULFLW\QHHGQRWEHUHGXFHGE\EDODQFLQJWRDYDOXHOHVVWKDQWKDW
FRQVLGHUHGDFFHSWDEOHIRUWKHVDPHFODVVRIULJLGURWRUV

 LHHP HU HIIRU11F LQHTXDWLRQ   
 

6KRXOGVXFKDIOH[LEOHURWRUEHEDODQFHGDWDVSHHG1EZKLFKLVOHVVWKDQWKH
RSHUDWLQJVSHHG1WKHQWKHWUDQVPLVVLELOLW\HIIHFWZLOOEHRQO\SDUWO\LQFOXGHGLQWKH
PHDVXUHPHQWVDQGIRUWKLVVLWXDWLRQWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVV
HFFHQWULFLW\LVJLYHQE\

ª   11  º
  HP HU « F »      
«¬  1E 1F  »¼
 

7KLVUHODWLRQVKLSLVVKRZQLQ)LJ











9DULDWLRQRI$OORZDEOH
µ0HDVXUHG¶0DVV(FFHQWULFLW\
ZLWK%DODQFLQJ6SHHG5DWLR

),*


%DODQFLQJ6SHHG5DWLR1E1


1RZIRUDQ\IOH[LEOHURWRUZKLFKFDQQRWEHEDODQFHGDVDQDVVHPEO\RUZKLFKIRU
VRPHUHDVRQKDVWREHGLVPDQWOHGIRULQVWDOODWLRQWKHQLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH
IRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJVGRQRWH[FHHGWKRVHIRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRU
WKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHµDFWXDO¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\RIWKHURWRUFRPSRQHQWVPXVWQRW
H[FHHGWKRVHJLYHQE\WKHPRGLILHGEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVXFKDVWKDWVKRZQLQ)LJ
IRUWKHDSSURSULDWH11FUDWLR
Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

7RLOOXVWUDWHWKHVHYDULRXVSRLQWVFRQVLGHUDQLGHDOL]HGVXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUVXFK
DVWKDWJLYHQSUHYLRXVO\LQ)LJEDQGDVVXPHWKDWWKLVLVWREHEDODQFHGLQVXFKD
ZD\WKDWWKHIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJVGXHWRXQEDODQFHDUHQRWJUHDWHU
WKDQWKRVHIRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRUEDODQFHGWR9',4)RUWKHSXUSRVH
RIWKLVH[DPSOHDVVXPHWKDWWKHQRUPDOURWRUUXQQLQJVSHHGLVUSPDQGWKDW
WKLVLVRIWKHILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGLH11F ,IWKLVURWRUZHUHWREHEDODQFHG
RQDWZRSODQHEDODQFLQJPDFKLQHDWLWVQRUPDOUXQQLQJVSHHGZLWKWKHEDODQFLQJ
SODQHVFORVHWRWKHEHDULQJSRVLWLRQVWKHQWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVV
HFFHQWULFLW\LVJLYHQE\)LJDVPPLHWKHVDPHDVIRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRU
HU,IRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHEDODQFLQJVSHHGLGRQO\USPLH1E1 
WKHQXVLQJ)LJWKHPHDVXUHGPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\PXVWQRWH[FHHGHULHDERXW
PP)LQDOO\LIWKHFHQWUDOPDVVZHUHWREHEDODQFHGVHSDUDWHO\RQDULJLGPDQGUHO
WKHQWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\LVJLYHQE\)LJIRU11F DV
DERXWPP


$OORZDEOH&RXSOLQJ8QEDODQFH

7KHILQDOVWDJHLVWRH[WHQGWKHVHDUJXPHQWVWRLQFOXGHWKHHIIHFWVRIFRXSOLQJ
XQEDODQFH7KLVLVWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWVWHSEHFDXVHWKHG\QDPLFVRIDIOH[LEOHURWRUZLWK
ERWKDFHQWUDOPDVVDQGDQRYHUKXQJFRXSOLQJPDVVDUHUDWKHUPRUHFRPSOH[LQ
WHUPVRIWKHURWDWLQJIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJVGXHWRWKHFRPELQDWLRQRI
URWRUDQGFRXSOLQJXQEDODQFHWKDQIRUWKHVLPSOHVLQJOHPDVVPRGHOFRQVLGHUHGVR
IDU7KHVHEHDULQJIRUFHVDUHGHSHQGHQWQRWRQO\XSRQWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHURWRU
FRXSOLQJDVVHPEO\DQGWKHUDWLRQRIUXQQLQJVSHHGWRFULWLFDOVSHHGEXWDOVRXSRQWKH
DQJXODUGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHURWRUXQEDODQFHDQGWKDWRIWKHFRXSOLQJ

$VDILUVWDSSUR[LPDWLRQKRZHYHUWKHEDODQFLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDQRYHUKXQJ
FRXSOLQJFDQEHWDNHQWREHWKHVDPHDVIRUDQ\PLGEHDULQJURWRUPRXQWHGPDVVDV
GHVFULEHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHDOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\HF
IRUDPDQGUHOEDODQFHGFRXSOLQJLVJLYHQE\

  H F HU  ª  11F  º        
«¬ »¼

ZKHUH1FLVWKHILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGRIWKHURWRUFRXSOLQJDVVHPEO\DQGHULVWKH
DOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\RIWKHURWRULILWZHUHULJLG,QIDFWWKHFRXSOLQJZLOOEH
FDUULHGE\WZRPDFKLQHVDQGWKHUHIRUHHTXDWLRQVKRXOGEHXVHGIRUHDFKPDFKLQH
LQWXUQDQGWKHORZHUYDOXHVKRXOGEHXVHGWRGHILQHHF


%DODQFLQJ5HTXLUHPHQWV6XPPDU\RI)LQGLQJV

 7KHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHG\QDPLFIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJRIDURWDWLQJ
PDFKLQHDSSHDUVWREHDNH\IDFWRULQGHILQLQJDOODOORZDEOHYLEUDWLRQOHYHOIRU
WKDWPDFKLQH

 )RUDSHUIHFWO\ULJLGURWRUWKHVXPRIWKHIRUFHVH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHEHDULQJVLV
HTXDOWRWKHWRWDOXQEDODQFHIRUFH

 )RUDVLPSOHWZREHDULQJIOH[LEOHURWRURSHUDWLQJEHORZLWVILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGDV
LOOXVWUDWHGHDUOLHULQ)LJEWKHVXPRIWKHEHDULQJIRUFHVLVJUHDWHUWKDQWKH
XQEDODQFHIRUFHE\DIDFWRU7ZKLFKLVGHILQHGLQHTXDWLRQ


Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


 %DODQFLQJFULWHULDIRUVXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUVDQGWKHLUFRPSRQHQWVDUH
VXJJHVWHGZKLFKDUHEDVHGXSRQDQGDERYHDQGZKLFKXWLOL]H
H[LVWLQJZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGULJLGURWRUEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGV7KHH[DPSOHVJLYHQ
DUHEDVHGXSRQ9',EXWWKHPHWKRGFDQEHHTXDOO\ZHOODSSOLHGWRRWKHU
ULJLGURWRUEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGV

 :KHQEDODQFLQJDVXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUFRXSOLQJDVVHPEO\DWLWVQRUPDO
RSHUDWLQJVSHHGDQGZLWKEDODQFLQJSODQHVFORVHWRWKHEHDULQJSRVLWLRQVWKH
PD[LPXPHIIHFWLYHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\RIWKHURWRUHPVKRXOGQRW
H[FHHGWKDWIRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRUPDFKLQHHU,QWKHH[DPSOHVJLYHQHULV
WKHYDOXHGHILQHGE\9',

 :KHQEDODQFLQJVXFKDQDVVHPEO\DWDVSHHGORZHUWKDQLWVQRUPDORSHUDWLQJ
VSHHGWKHHIIHFWLYHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\HPVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGWKH
YDOXHJLYHQE\HTXDWLRQZKLFKZLOODOZD\VEHOHVVWKDQWKHDOORZDEOHPDVV
HFFHQWULFLW\IRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRUPDFKLQH

 ,IDFRXSOLQJZKLFKLVWRFRQQHFWWZRVXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUPDFKLQHVLV
VHSDUDWHO\EDODQFHGRQDPDQGUHOWKHQWKHDOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\LVJLYHQ
E\HTXDWLRQ7KHYDOXHLVDOZD\VOHVVWKDQHUZKLFKLVWKHORZHURIWKH
DOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLWLHVIRUWKHWZRURWRUVJLYHQE\WKHDSSURSULDWHµULJLG
URWRU¶EDODQFLQJVWDQGDUG


$Q([SODQDWLRQRI([LVWLQJ%DODQFLQJ6WDQGDUGV

,QRUGHUWRFRPSOHWHWKHSLFWXUHLWLVXVHIXOWRDWWHPSWWRH[SODLQWKHGLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQVRPHRIWKHH[LVWLQJEDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGVDQGWKLVLVGRQHEHORZXVLQJ9',
PRGLILHGIRUURWRUIOH[LELOLW\DVH[SODLQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQV

$VPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHULQWKLVSDSHUµVSHHGVTXDUHG¶EDODQFLQJFULWHULDRIWKHW\SH
GHVFULEHGE\&UDLJXHVHH)LJVHHPWREHJDLQLQJSRSXODULW\7KLVW\SHRI
EDODQFLQJVWDQGDUGWDNHVDYHU\GLIIHUHQWIRUPWRDOORIWKHRWKHUVPHQWLRQHGLQWKLV
SDSHU+RZHYHUWKHPHWKRGVJLYHQLQWKLVVWXG\FDQEHXVHGWRJLYHDSRVVLEOH
H[SODQDWLRQIRUWKLVGLIIHUHQFH,WFDQEHDUJXHGWKDWEHFDXVHRIPHFKDQLFDODQG
WULERORJLFDOOLPLWDWLRQVWKHGHVLJQHURIKLJKVSHHGURWRUVLVRIWHQIRUFHGWRDFFHSW
JUHDWHUURWRUIOH[LELOLW\WKDQIRUORZHUVSHHGPDFKLQHV,WLVWKHUHIRUHOLNHO\WKDWIRUD
SDUWLFXODUFODVVRIPDFKLQHVVRPHVRUWRIUHODWLRQVKLSZLOOH[LVWEHWZHHQURWRUVSHHG
1DQGWKHFULWHULDVSHHGUDWLRQ11&DQGWKDWWKHKLJKHU11&YDOXHVZLOOFRUUHVSRQG
WRWKHKLJKHUYDOXHVRI17KXVDEDODQFLQJFULWHULDEDVHGXSRQH[SHULHQFHZLWK
URWRUVRIYDU\LQJIOH[LELOLW\ZRXOGEHH[SHFWHGWRUHIOHFWVXFKDUHODWLRQVKLS

&UDLJXHVWDWHVLQKLVSDSHU5HIWKDWWKHVSHHGUDQJHRIWKHFRPSUHVVRUVIRUZKLFK
WKLVEDODQFLQJFULWHULRQLVXVHGLVDERXW±UHYPLQ,IWKHVHZHUHULJLG
URWRUPDFKLQHVLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKHDSSURSULDWH9',EDODQFLQJFODVVHVZRXOGEH
4DWWKHORZHUHQGRIWKLVVSHHGUDQJHDQG4DWWKHKLJKHUHQG:KHQWKHVH
WZR9',FODVVHVDUHPRGLILHGIRUURWRUIOH[LELOLW\DQGFRPSDUHGZLWK&UDLJXH¶VFULWHULRQ
DVVKRZQLQ)LJLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKH\DUHLQDJUHHPHQWZLWK&UDLJXH¶VFULWHULRQDW
UHYPLQIRU11& DQGDWUHYPLQIRU11& $OWKRXJKFULWLFDO
VSHHGUDWLRVDUHQRWTXRWHGE\&UDLJXHWKHVHYDOXHVGRQRWDSSHDUWREHWRR
XQUHDOLVWLF7KLVLPSOLHVWKDWVSHHGVTXDUHGFULWHULDGRLQFOXGHURWRUIOH[LELOLW\HIIHFWV
DQGFRXOGEHJDLQLQJSRSXODULW\IRUWKLVUHDVRQ



Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

 








&RPSDULVRQRI9',0RGLILHGDQG
&UDLJXH¶V&ULWHULRQ


),*

5RWDWLRQDO6SHHG1UHYPLQ

,WLVGLIILFXOWWRH[SODLQKRZWKHPDULQHVWDQGDUG%6FDPHDERXW7KH
DSSURSULDWH9',FODVVIRUDWXUELQHLIWKHURWRUZHUHULJLGZRXOGEH4DQGLI
EDODQFHGDWLWVRSHUDWLQJVSHHGZLWKEDODQFLQJSODQHVFORVHWRWKHEHDULQJVWKH
DFFHSWDEOHYDOXHRIWKHµPHDVXUHG¶PDVVHFFHQWULFLW\IRUDIOH[LEOHURWRULVWKHVDPH
DVIRUWKHHTXLYDOHQWULJLGURWRUZKLFKLQWKLVFDVHLVWKDWJLYHQE\9',4
7KLVLPSOLHVWKDWWKHPDULQHFULWHULRQJLYHVDQXQGXO\KLJKVWDQGDUGRIURWRUEDODQFH
DVVKRZQSUHYLRXVO\LQ)LJ+RZHYHUWKHDGGLWLRQRIDFRXSOLQJVSDFHUEDODQFHG
DFFRUGLQJWR%6WRDPXFKORZHUVWDQGDUGWKDQWKHURWRUZRXOGLQFUHDVH
WKHRYHUDOOPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\RIWKHV\VWHP7KHDPRXQWE\ZKLFKLWLQFUHDVHVZRXOG
GHSHQGXSRQWKHUHODWLYHZHLJKWVRIWKHURWRUDQGWKHVSDFHU5RWKIXVV5HI
REVHUYHVWKDWWKHPDULQHVWDQGDUGZDVGHYHORSHGDWDWLPHZKHQYHU\KHDY\IOH[LEOH
FRXSOLQJVZHUHEHLQJXVHGDQGWKLVEHLQJWKHFDVHLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHUHVXOWLQJ
RYHUDOOPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\IRUDV\VWHPEDODQFHGLQWKLVZD\FRXOGKDYHEHHQVLPLODUWR
WKDWJLYHQE\9',4


',6&866,21

7KHYDULRXVPHWKRGVDQGUHODWLRQVKLSVGHYHORSHGLQWKLVSDSHUFDQQRWEHH[SHFWHGWR
SURYLGHWKHGHVLJQHUZLWKKLJKO\DFFXUDWHGDWDIRUFDOFXODWLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIFRXSOLQJV
XSRQPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQV6HYHUDOSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKFDQEHLPSRUWDQWHJMRXUQDO
EHDULQJOXEULFDQWILOPIOH[LELOLW\EHDULQJSHGHVWDOVWLIIQHVVHVURWRUPDVVGLVWULEXWLRQ
H[WHUQDOGDPSLQJHWFKDYHEHHQQHJOHFWHGIRUWKHVDNHRIPDWKHPDWLFDOVLPSOLFLW\
1HYHUWKHOHVVLIDSSOLHGFDUHIXOO\WKHVXJJHVWHGPHWKRGVVKRXOGSURYLGHWKHGHVLJQHU
ZLWKVXIILFLHQWGDWDIRUHVWLPDWLQJFRXSOLQJHIIHFWVDWWKHSUHOLPLQDU\VHOHFWLRQVWDJH
7RWKLVHQG)LJVKRZVDVXJJHVWHGIORZGLDJUDPIRUFRXSOLQJVHOHFWLRQRQWKHEDVLV
RIPDFKLQHYLEUDWLRQVZKLFKXVHVDPRGLILHGYHUVLRQRI9',WRGHILQHWKH
FRXSOLQJEDODQFHUHTXLUHPHQWV


Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


 




Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

,QWKHILUVWSDUWRIWKHSDSHUWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKHILUVWODWHUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGRID
PDFKLQHLVUHGXFHGE\WKHDGGLWLRQRIDQRYHUKXQJFRXSOLQJKDVEHHQGHVFULEHGDQG
UHIHUULQJDJDLQWR)LJELWFDQEHVHHQWKDWGHSHQGLQJXSRQWKHRYHUKXQJ
FRQILJXUDWLRQDQGFRXSOLQJPDVVWKLVUHGXFWLRQFDQEHTXLWHVLJQLILFDQW,WKDVDOVR
EHHQVKRZQKRZWKHDOORZDEOHFRXSOLQJXQEDODQFHGHFUHDVHVDVWKHUDWLRRIUXQQLQJ
VSHHGWRILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHG11&LQFUHDVHV7KHUHIRUHDVDJHQHUDOUXOHIRU
FRXSOLQJVHOHFWLRQLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWIRUDJLYHQRYHUKDQJFRQILJXUDWLRQWKH
KLJKHUWKHFRXSOLQJPDVVWKHORZHUWKHILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGRIWKHPDFKLQHDQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\WKHORZHUWKHDOORZDEOHPDVVHFFHQWULFLW\RIWKHFRXSOLQJ7KH
DGYDQWDJHRINHHSLQJFRXSOLQJZHLJKWGRZQDUHWKHUHIRUHREYLRXVSDUWLFXODUO\IRU
YLEUDWLRQDOO\VHQVLWLYHPDFKLQHVLHPDFKLQHVRSHUDWLQJDWKLJK11&YDOXHV
6LPLODUO\LWLVDGYDQWDJHRXVWRPLQLPLVHWKHRYHUKDQJOHQJWK6RPHW\SHVRI
FRXSOLQJFDQEHVXSSOLHGZLWKµUHYHUVHG¶KXEVLHZLWKWKHSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQFORVH
WRWKHEHDULQJHQGRIWKHKXEUDWKHUWKDQWKHVSDFHUHQGDQGWKLVKHOSVWRUHGXFHWKH
GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHEHDULQJDQGWKHSRLQWRIDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVSDFHUPDVVDQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\UHGXFHVWKHHIIHFWLYHRYHUKDQJOHQJWK7KHWKLUGIDFWRUZKLFKHIIHFWV
WKHILUVWFULWLFDOVSHHGLVWKHIOH[XUDOULJLGLW\RIWKHRYHUKXQJVKDIWDQGZKHUHYHU
SRVVLEOHVLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQVLQVKDIWGLDPHWHUDWWKHRYHUKDQJVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQOLPLWLQJYDOXHVIRUWKHVHYDULRXVSDUDPHWHUVDUHJLYHQHDUOLHULQ
WKLVSDSHU


5HIHUULQJDJDLQWR)LJLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWIRUKLJKVSHHGKLJK11&PDFKLQHV
FRXSOLQJPDVVHFFHQWULFLWLHVDVORZDVRUPPPD\EHUHTXLUHG)RUWKLVVLWXDWLRQ
LQVLWXFRXSOLQJEDODQFLQJLVVWURQJO\UHFRPPHQGHGVLQFHHYHQLIWKLVGHJUHHRI
EDODQFHFDQEHDFKLHYHGXVLQJPDQGUHOEDODQFLQJWHFKQLTXHVLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKLV
VWDWHRIEDODQFHZLOOGHWHULRUDWHZKHQWKHFRXSOLQJLVLQVWDOOHGRQWKHPDFKLQHV
EHFDXVHRIDVVHPEO\WROHUDQFHV


2WKHUIHDWXUHVZKLFKGHVHUYHFDUHIXOFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQVHOHFWLQJFRXSOLQJVIRU
YLEUDWLRQDOO\VHQVLWLYHPDFKLQHVDUH


 %DODQFHDELOLW\
 ,QKHUHQWEDODQFH
 %DODQFHUHWHQWLRQ


%DODQFHDELOLW\GHSHQGVODUJHO\XSRQWKHW\SHRIFRXSOLQJDQGLVRILPSRUWDQFHLIWKH
FRXSOLQJFDQQRWEHEDODQFHGLQVLWX*HDUFRXSOLQJVUHTXLUHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWRUTXH
LQRUGHUWRFHQWUHWKHVOHHYHDQGVSDFHUUHODWLYHWRWKHSLWFKFLUFOHGLDPHWHURIWKHKXE
WHHWKDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\GXHWRJHDUWHHWKFOHDUDQFHVDJHDUFRXSOLQJEDODQFHGDVDQ
DVVHPEO\LQWKHµ]HURWRUTXH¶FRQGLWLRQQHHGQRWEHFRUUHFWO\EDODQFHGZKHQLQVWDOOHG
DQGRSHUDWLQJXQGHUIXOOWRUTXH)RUWKLVVLWXDWLRQWKHEDODQFHDELOLW\LVSRRU7KH
SUREOHPLVQRWRIFRXUVHLQVXUPRXQWDEOH7RRWKWLSFHQWULQJKDVEHHQXVHGLQDQ
DWWHPSWWRFLUFXPYHQWWKLVHIIHFWEXWLWFRXOGEHDUJXHGWKDWZKHQWKHFRXSOLQJLV
RSHUDWLQJDWKLJKVSHHGDQGXQGHUIXOOWRUTXHWKHWRUTXHFHQWULQJDFWLRQPD\WDNH
RYHUIURPWKHWLSFHQWULQJDQGDJDLQWKHRSHUDWLRQDOEDODQFHFRXOGEHLQDGHTXDWH
0XOWLSOHPHPEUDQHFRXSOLQJVFDQVXIIHUIURPDVLPLODUSUREOHPEHFDXVHRI
PHPEUDQHGLVWRUWLRQXQGHUWRUTXHZKLFKFRXOGFDXVHVKLIWLQJRIWKHVSDFHUFHQWUH
UHODWLYHWRWKHKXE&RPSHQVDWLRQEDODQFLQJLVDSRVVLEOHVROXWLRQWRWKLVW\SHRI
SUREOHPDQGWKLVLQYROYHVEDODQFLQJWKHFRXSOLQJWRDKLJKHUVWDQGDUGWKDQWKDW
UHTXLUHGE\DQDPRXQWHTXDOWRWKHSRVVLEOHLQFUHDVHLQXQEDODQFHZKHQXQGHU

Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk


RSHUDWLQJWRUTXH$QRWKHUSRVVLELOLW\ZKLFKPD\EHZRUWKLQYHVWLJDWLRQLVWKHXVHRI
µORFNHGLQ¶WRUTXHGXULQJEDODQFLQJE\PHDQVRIWRUVLRQEDUEDODQFLQJPDQGUHOV

,QKHUHQWEDODQFHLVYHU\PXFKGHSHQGHQWXSRQFRXSOLQJGHVLJQIHDWXUHVDQG
GLPHQVLRQDOWROHUDQFLQJDQGLVDJDLQRILPSRUWDQFHLIWKHFRXSOLQJFDQQRWEH
EDODQFHGLQVLWX$µSHUIHFW¶FRXSOLQJLQWKLVUHVSHFWLVRQHZKLFKFDQEHVWULSSHGDQG
UHDVVHPEOHGZLWKRXWDGHWHULRUDWLRQLQEDODQFH

%DODQFHUHWHQWLRQLVODUJHO\JRYHUQHGE\PHFKDQLFDOLQWHJULW\$FRXSOLQJLQZKLFK
FRPSRQHQWVFDQVKDIWUHODWLYHWRHDFKRWKHUGXULQJVHUYLFHFDQGHWHULRUDWHLQEDODQFH
DSRRUFODPSLQJDUUDQJHPHQWIRUPHPEUDQHSDFNVLQPXOWLSOHPHPEUDQHFRXSOLQJV
LVDSRVVLEOHH[DPSOH

)LQDOO\LWLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWVLWXDWLRQVDUHQRWXQFRPPRQLQZKLFKDURWRUFRXSOLQJ
DVVHPEO\LQLWLDOO\EDODQFHGWRVRPHZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGVWDQGDUGKDVEHHQIRXQGWR
KDYHGHWHULRUDWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\LQEDODQFHGXULQJVHUYLFHZLWKRXWDQ\QRWLFHDEOH
GHWHULRUDWLRQLQYLEUDWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWVRPHYDULDWLRQH[LVWVLQ
EDODQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUPDFKLQHVRIEURDGO\WKHVDPHW\SH7KHURWRUIOH[LELOLW\
HIIHFWVGHVFULEHGHDUOLHULQWKLVUHSRUWFRXOGSDUWO\H[SODLQWKLVYDULDWLRQDQGRWKHU
IDFWRUVLQKHUHQWLQWKHPDFKLQHGHVLJQZLOODOVRFRQWULEXWH%HFDXVHRIWKLV
H[SHULHQFHEDVHGEDODQFLQJFULWHULDVXFKDV9',ZLOOFRQWLQXHWRSOD\DQ
LPSRUWDQWUROHEXWLWLVWHQWDWLYHO\VXJJHVWHGWKDWWKH\FRXOGEHDXJPHQWHGE\WKH
W\SHRIPHWKRGVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHULQRUGHUWRGHYHORSFRXSOLQJEDODQFLQJ
VWDQGDUGVIRUSDUWLFXODUPDFKLQHVUDWKHUWKDQMXVWPDFKLQHFODVVHV






5()(5(1&(6

 9',2FWREHU7UDQVODWLRQµ&ULWHULDIRU$VVHVVLQJWKH6WDWHRI
%DODQFHRI5RWDWLQJ5LJLG%RGLHV¶SXEOLVKHGE\3HWHU3HUHJULQXV/WG

 &UDLJXH1)µ$SSOLFDWLRQRI&RXSOLQJVWR+LJK6SHHG&HQWULIXJDO&RPSUHVVRUV¶
(QJ6HPLQDURQ+LJK6SHHG)OH[LEOH&RXSOLQJV3HQQV\OYDQLD6WDWH8QLY
-XQH

 5RWKIXVV1%µ'HVLJQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQRI)OH[LEOH'LDSKUDJP&RXSOLQJVWR
,QGXVWULDO0DULQH*DV7XUELQHV¶$60(*DV7XUELQH&RQIHUHQFH:DVKLQJWRQ
'&$SULO

 %6µ0HFKDQLFDO%DODQFLQJRI0DULQH0DLQ7XUELQH0DFKLQHU\¶

 9',2FWREHU7UDQVODWLRQµ&ULWHULDIRU$VVHVVLQJ0HFKDQLFDO
9LEUDWLRQVRI0DFKLQHV¶SXEOLVKHGE\3HWHU3HUHJULQXV/WG

 (UVNLQH-%µ)DLOXUH/LPLWVRI1RLVHDQG9LEUDWLRQ¶6HFWLRQ(RIWKH7ULERORJ\
+DQGERRNHGLWHGE\0-1HDOH%XWWHUZRUWKV

 :RRGFRFN-6µ%DODQFLQJ&ULWHULDIRU+LJK6SHHG5RWRUVZLWK)OH[LEOH
&RXSOLQJV¶,0HFK(&RQIHUHQFHRQ9LEUDWLRQVDQG1RLVHLQ3XPS)DQDQG
&RPSUHVVRU,QVWDOODWLRQV8QLYRI6RXWKDPSWRQ6HSW

Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

$33(1',;

$3352;,0$7(0(7+2')25(67,0$7,1*/$7(5$/&5,7,&$/63(('62)
52725$1'&283/,1*$66(0%/,(6
7KHIROORZLQJPHWKRGFDQEHXVHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHODWHUDOFULWLFDOVSHHGVRIDSDLURI
VXEFULWLFDOIOH[LEOHURWRUPDFKLQHVHDFKVXSSRUWHGLQWZREHDULQJVDQGFRQQHFWHGE\
DVSDFHUW\SHFRXSOLQJDVLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHVLPSOHPRGHOJLYHQLQ)LJLQWKHPDLQ
WH[WRIWKLVSDSHU(DFKPDFKLQHVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGVHSDUDWHO\RQWKHDVVXPSWLRQ
WKDWLWVYLEUDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHQRWGHSHQGHQWXSRQWKRVHRIWKHRWKHUPDFKLQH

7DEOH$OLVWVWKHYDULRXVLWHPVRIPDFKLQHDQGFRXSOLQJGDWDZKLFKDUHUHTXLUHG
7KHDFWXDOFDOFXODWLRQVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH$LQWKHLUFRUUHFWVHTXHQFH,WLVHVVHQWLDO
WKDWWKHXQLWVVSHFLILHGDUHDGKHUHGWREHFDXVHVRPHRIWKHHTXDWLRQFRQVWDQWVJLYHQ
LQ7DEOH$DUHEDVHGXSRQWKLVV\VWHPRIXQLWV

7DEOH$'DWD5HTXLUHGIRU&ULWLFDO6SHHG&DOFXODWLRQV

  
6\PERO 8QLWV 'HVFULSWLRQ

  
  
G  PHWUHV $YHUDJHGLDPHWHURIRYHUKXQJVHFWLRQRIURWRUVKDIW

  
/  PHWUHV %HDULQJFHQWUHVSDQ
  
/  PHWUHV (IIHFWLYHRYHUKDQJOHQJWKRIFRXSOLQJPHDVXUHGEHWZHHQWKH
EHDULQJFHQWUHDQGWKHµHIIHFWLYH¶FHQWUHRIJUDYLW\RIWKH
FRXSOLQJVHHQRWHEHORZ

  
PV .J 'LVWULEXWHGPDVVRIURWRUEHWZHHQEHDULQJVH[FOXGLQJODUJH
FHQWUDOO\ORFDWHGPDVVHVVXFKDVLPSHOOHUVHWF

  
PW .J 6XPRIFHQWUDOO\ORFDWHGODUJHPLGEHDULQJPDVVHV

  
P R .J 0DVVRIRYHUKXQJVHFWLRQRIURWRUVKDIWH[FOXGLQJFRXSOLQJ
PDVV

  
PF .J (IIHFWLYHURWRUFDUULHGPDVVLHPDVVRIFRXSOLQJXSWRWKHPLG
OHQJWKSRVLWLRQRIVSDFHUWKLVLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\HTXDOWRKDOIRI
WKHWRWDOFRXSOLQJPDVV


1RWH'HILQLQJWKHFRXSOLQJHQGPDVVDVWKDWSDUWRIWKHFRXSOLQJFDUULHGE\WKHVKDIW
HQGXSWRWKHSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQWKHQWKHµHIIHFWLYH¶&RI*RIWKHFRXSOLQJZLOOOLH
EHWZHHQWKH&RI*RIWKLVHQGPDVVDQGWKHSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQ


Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk

7DEOH$&ULWLFDO6SHHG&DOFXODWLRQV

  
6\PERO 8QLWV )RUPXOD
  
P  .J P P W   P V 
P  .J P  PF   PR 
G  PHWUHV 6HHFRPPHQWVEHORZ
4  4   [   P/  G 
D  D /   /
E  E P   P
F  F G  G 

$  D  E D E 
$   
F  

$  E D D 
$ >  @
 F 
6  

6 
>$ # $ 
$  @ 

$ 
1F UHYPLQ 1F 6  4 DQG 1F  6  4 






7KHVHIRUPXODHFDQEHXVHGLQHLWKHURIWZRZD\V

 $SSUR[LPDWHYDOXHVIRUWKHFULWLFDOVSHHGVFDQEHREWDLQHGE\XVLQJDYDOXHRI
GWKHHIIHFWLYHGLDPHWHURIWKHPLGEHDULQJVKDIWVSDQWDNHQIURPVFDOH
GUDZLQJV

 ,IWKHILUVWFULWLFDORIDPDFKLQHZLWKRXWDFRXSOLQJPDVVLVNQRZQHLWKHUIURP
PDQXIDFWXUHU¶VLQIRUPDWLRQRUIURPFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJFRQYHQWLRQDODQDO\VHV
WHFKQLTXHVWKHQWKLVYDOXHµ1FR¶FDQEHXVHGWRHVWLPDWHVKDIWGLDPHWHUGDV
IROORZV

  
G    [ 1FR P/ PHWUHVIRUVWHHOVKDIW

7KLVYDOXHRIGZLOOWKHUHIRUHWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWDQ\VKDIWVWLIIHQLQJIHDWXUHV
VXFKDVVHDOVZKLFKKDYHEHHQLQFOXGHGZKHQGHWHUPLQLQJ1FR






Neale Consulting Engineers www.tribology.co.uk