Declaration: Yohannes Getahun

ANDROID BASED AUTOMATIC DISH ANTENNA POSITIONING SYSTEM
DECLARATION
We declare that the work entitled “ANDROID BASED AUTOMATIC DISH

ANTENNA POSITIONING SYSTEM” is our original work. We have not copied from any other
student’s work or from any other sources except where due reference or acknowledgement is made
explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for us by another person.
Declared by:
1, Yohannes Getahun ______________
Signature
2, Bruk Teshome ______________
Signature
3, Samson Aklilu ______________
Signature
This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
_____________________ _________
Thesis Advisor Signature
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and for most we would like to thank GOD helping us to complete the project. We are grateful
to our project advisor Mr. Yohannes and our department lectures for their guidance and
constructive suggestions that has been helpful to us in the preparation of this thesis.
Finally, we would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of the
thesis, as well as expressing our apology that we could not mention personally one by one.
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ABSTRACT
Satellite communication opened up a whole world of TV/Radio entertainment with a wide variety
of programs on offer to choose from. A substantial number of people are seen to purchase satellite
dishes as they seek to be part of the digital migration as well as the quality of images inherent to
the satellite service. Satellite communication, however, is limited to the orbiting satellites footprint
and adverse weather conditions that may lead to general drifting of the satellite dish, from its
originally mounted position. This therefore makes satellite dishes prone to misalignment from
these satellites in space resulting in a weakened signal strength reception.
Moreover, satellite dishes and antennas are mounted in very precarious locations, in an attempt to
steer clear from any obstructions such as buildings and trees. This imposes a risk when it comes to
installing and servicing those installed dishes for proper alignment. We therefore propose to design
and implement a dish control system to assist in positioning and general installation of satellite
dishes. This system will seek to use push button, Arduino, two Stepper motor to adjust the dish
position. It consists of two motors that will enable the dish to move both in horizontal and vertical
direction. An Arduino will be used as the controller to interface between the signals from the push
button, to adjusting the motors. In the end, this project seeks to solve the problem of manually
adjusting the dish and providing a safe solution for mounting satellite dishes.
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TABLES OF CONTENTS
Contents
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................iii
TABLES OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF ACRONYMS.....................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................3
Introduction.......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1 Background...............................................................................................................................3
1.2 Statement of the problem..........................................................................................................3
1.3 Objective...................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objective...............................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objective...............................................................................................................3
1.4 Scope of the project..................................................................................................................3
1.5 Significant of the Project..........................................................................................................3
1.6 Organization of the Thesis........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................3
2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................3

2.1.1 Communications Satellite..................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Antenna..............................................................................................................................3
2.1.3 Stepper Motors...................................................................................................................3
Permanent-magnet (PM..............................................................................................................3
2.1.4 Operation Mode.................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................3
3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY...............................................................................3
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3.1 Methodology.............................................................................................................................3
3.2 System design and implementation......................................................................................3
3.2.1 System design....................................................................................................................3
3.2.3 Hard ware Components Description..................................................................................3
3.2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO R3.......................................................................................................3
3.2.3.2 Stepper motor..................................................................................................................3
3.2.3.3 HC-05 Bluetooth Module...............................................................................................3
3.2.3.3 ULN2003 Stepper Motor Driver.....................................................................................3
3.2.3.4 Power Supply..................................................................................................................3
3.2.4 Software Design and Requirements.......................................................................................3
3.2.4.1 Arduino tools..................................................................................................................3
3.2.4.2 Proteus Design................................................................................................................3
3.2.4.3 Android Application Development.................................................................................3
3.3 Hardware Setup.........................................................................................................................3
3.3.1 L298N Motor Driver connection.......................................................................................3
3.3.2 Bluetooth and Arduino Connection...................................................................................3
3.3.3 Testing the connection.......................................................................................................3
3.4 Flow chart.....................................................................................................................................3
3.4.1 Flow chart description...........................................................................................................3

CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................................3
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................3
4.1 Software simulation results and discussion..............................................................................3

4.4.1 Over all proteus design..........................................................................................................3
4.2.2 Hardware Development.....................................................................................................3
4.5 Component Cost Analysis of the system..............................................................................3
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................3
5.1 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................3
5.2 RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................................3
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................3
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1 Force Components between Two Magnetically Permeable............................................3
Figure 2. 2 Permanent Magnet (PM) Stepper Motor.........................................................................3
Figure 2. 3 Three-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepping Motor Cutaway View.................................3
Figure 2. 4 Cross-Section of a Single-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepping Motor Perpendicular to
the Shaft..............................................................................................................................................3
Figure 2. 5 Side View and Cross-Sections of the Hybrid Stepping Motor.......................................3
Figure 2. 6 One-Phase-On Stepper-Motor Operation........................................................................3
Figure 2. 7 Truth Tables of 2-Phase Operating Full Step and Half Stepping Modes........................3
Figure 2. 8 Half-Step Operation Mode..............................................................................................3
YFigure 3. 1 methodology block diagram..........................................................................................3
Figure 3. 2 System design...................................................................................................................3
Figure 3. 3 Azimuth and Elevation angle...........................................................................................3
Figure 3. 4 Elevation Angle................................................................................................................3
Figure 3. 5 ARDUINO UNO R3........................................................................................................3
Figure 3. 6 Stepper motor...................................................................................................................3
Figure 3. 7 The HC-05 Bluetooth Module..........................................................................................3
Figure 3. 8 ULN2003 Stepper Motor Driver......................................................................................3
Figure 3. 9 Circuit setup for the proteus simulation...........................................................................3
Figure 3. 10 Flow chart.......................................................................................................................3
YFigure 4. 1 Over all circuit Diagram................................................................................................3
Figure 4. 2 All satelite condition of simulation result........................................................................3
Figure 4. 3 users ‘way of adjustment simulation result......................................................................3
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: specification of ARDUINO UNO ................................................................................. 9
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Table 2-2 : Pin number of LCD and its function .......................................................................... 14
Table 3-1: True North based Azimuth angle ................................................................................ 22
Table 3-2: Component Cost Analysis of the system ..................................................................... 28
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
LCD Liquid Crystal Oscillator
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
PIC Peripheral Interface Control
DC Direct Current
AC Alternative current
ADC Analog to Digital converter
H High
L Low
MHZ Mega hertz
V ref Reference voltage
V Voltage
I/O Input output
LNB Low Noise Blocker
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Satellite communication is a wireless technology that is used to communicate all-around
the world. A communication satellite is an electronic communication package located in orbit
whose prime objective that is to initiate or assist communication transmission of information from
one point to another through space. Information transmitted in full-duplex (voice and digital data)
as well as in simplex (radio and television).
Satellite communication involves other important communication subsystems called earth stations.
The earth station refers collectively to the equipment concerned with transmitting or receiving
signals from the satellite. The gateway through which the earth station communicates with the
satellite is the earth-station antenna. It is a transducer that coverts the electromagnetic waves to
electrical signals and vise-versa. The high altitude of some of these satellites results in a large path
loss during transmission. For this reason, a high-gain dish antenna was usually used for this
application. Earth stations differ based on the communication systems. It can be fixed, mobile
land, airborne or sea-based.
Communication satellites were categorized in different types, some of them were known as
geostationary satellites that remain relatively motionless (stationary) in an apparent position
relative to the earth. Also, it is called a synchronous or a geosynchronous orbit, or simply a
geosatellite (Kolawole, 2002). It is used as a professional way to increase the TV broadcast
coverage. The earth station transmits (uplink) the television program to the satellite and then the
satellite retransmits (downlink) the television program to a specific area which was known as
satellite coverage area or satellite footprint. To receive signals, form a specific satellite, direct the
earth-station antenna in a specific azimuth/elevation angles (look angles) and aligned the (LNB)
with the polarization angle of the electric field of the incoming signals (skew angle).
A Satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive electromagnetic

signals from satellites, which transmit data transmissions or broadcasts such as satellite television.
There are many commercial communications satellites in the geosynchronous orbit. Geostationary
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satellites are located in orbit directly above the equator and stay in the same place in the sky since
they go around the earth at the same angular speed as that of the earth as it rotates. Satellite
locations may thus be defined by longitude only. Geo Orbit position is the longitude position
around the geostationary orbit. The satellites are all approximately fixed in the sky above the
equator. Negative orbit position numbers are degrees West from Greenwich meridian. Positive
numbers are degrees east. The use of East and West longitudes is popular for public use since the
numbers are smaller. Use of degrees East only (0 to +360deg, going East from Greenwich)
however is my preference since the satellites go around this way and it makes sense for the
numbers to keep increasing if the satellite moves forwards. Trying to do orbit calculations is bad
enough without having numbers that keep switching forwards and backwards.
Many satellite operators also use the 0 to +360 deg method, but may additionally provide the “deg
West” notation for some output publications. [1]
In general, sites can be located within the footprints of a number of satellites providing services
simultaneously. The Satellite Dish Antenna should be in straight alignment with Satellite in Space
to receive signal with maximum strength. So, it's required to position the Dish Antenna at a certain
angle.
1.2 Statement of the problem

There are many reasons and problems which motivate us to seek for solutions and suggestions. The
majority of the satellite dish user need to adjust the position of theirs Satellite Dish every time
when there is occurs misalignment/ disposition of their Satellite Dish to the satellite which it
receives the signal from. The research highlights a number of problems existing in antenna
positioning systems that can be mentioned as follows:
• Design complications.
• Hard tuning processes.
• Polarization alignment.
• Significant delay in positioning process.
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With the proposed work, the users of Satellite Dish can save their time and Money by selecting the
desired Satellite channel and the system adjust the azimuth and Elevation position of the Satellite
dish automatically.
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General objective
The general objective of this thesis project is to design an android based dish-antenna control
system model for receiving signals from geostationary satellites operating through Stepper motors
to control Elevation and Azimuth angle automatically.
1.3.2 Specific objective
The thesis model specifically designed to:
 Provide effective and easy-to-use positioning system.

 Minimize the dish alignment-time.
 Reduce the system hardware.
 Allow the user to navigate between satellites remotely (using Bluetooth control by
android application).
 Reduce the difficulty of adjusting the satellite dish to get the exact angle.
 Have a wide range of Satellite Channel choice for the User.
1.4 Scope of the project

In the recent days the Satellite communication opened up a whole world of TV/Radio
entertainment with a wide variety of programs on offer to choose from. Most Satellite dish
antennas are designed to mount directly on the roof of the Residential house, Hotel. Most Satellite
dish/Receiver that used in Communication Company are already used the Automatic Dish
Positioning System to the sake of the quality information exchange. This system can also be used
in, Recreational Cars. A method for positioning a satellite dish antenna mounted on a parked
vehicle in order to receive signals from a plurality of satellites located in a geosynchronous belt, a
receiver in the vehicle connected to receive signals from the satellite dish antenna and an electronic
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compass connected to the mount of the satellite dish antenna for generating a direction signal
corresponding to the magnetic direction of the satellite dish antenna, said method comprising:
In order to fulfill the stated objectives several steps must be taken. These steps involve both
software programming and hardware implementation.
These steps are as follows:
 Establishing a wireless network communication between the android and the

positioning system using an Arduino microcontroller.
 Create a simple yet reliable robotic car using Arduino-Uno as a microcontroller that
will be the medium between the android and it.
 Develop a suitable app that will work efficiently with the Arduino-Uno board in order
to control the robot.
 Program the Arduino-Uno board in a way that will let it interact with the android app.
1.5 Significant of the Project

From this thesis we design a satellite dish positioning by automatically control of the Elevation and
Azimuth angle using those two Stepper motors and a Bluetooth module by using an android
application. So, it has the following significant.
 Reducing man power.

 Time minimization.
 Cost minimization.
 Automation of dish technique.
 For Using different satellite at a time.
1.6 Organization of the Thesis

The thesis consists of five chapters arranged as follows:
 Chapter one contains introduction, problem definition, objectives and organization of

the thesis.
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 Chapter two reviews the literature that the research was based on illustrating the
concepts of the research field and the important data used to design the model’s
software/hardware components.
 Chapter three discusses the methodology followed to design the model and its
verification. The explanation of the theoretical and mathematical model development
process, model simulation, real model design, experimental test and comparing the
experimental results with other sources for verifications that have been elaborated.
 Chapter four explains and discusses the results obtained in every phase mentioned in
chapter three. In this chapter, different methods were used (figures, tables and texts) to
clarify and prove the obtained results.
 Chapter five consists of the conclusions reached from the research as well as the
recommendations for future work.
 And finally, there are references and appendixes.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW
This chapter discusses the literature explanation of the current study. Five main titles have
been included in this chapter with their corresponding subtitles. The first title was communications
satellite which is concerned with the satellite type and some of the main equations used in
designing and modelling. The second title was the antenna; focused on the antenna type used in the
research. The third title is the stepper motors (the motors used to position and reposition the dish-
antenna). The fourth title is the motion control systems which defines the control systems and the
uses of the motors in each one. The fifth title is the related studies which consist of different
researches using different antenna positioning system approaches.
2.1.1 Communications Satellite
Communications satellite is defined as a repeater station that permits users with appropriate earth
stations to exchange data and information in different formats (Elbert, 2008). Newgeneration
satellites are regenerative; that is, they have onboard processing capability making them more of
an intelligent unit than a mere repeater. This capability enables the satellite to reformat received
uplink data then routes the data to specified locations, or actually regenerates data onboard the
spacecraft as opposed to act simply as a relay station between two or more ground stations
(Kolawole, 2002).
Types of Satellite
There are, in general, four types of satellite:
• High elliptical orbiting satellite (HEO)
• Middle-earth orbiting satellite (MEO)
• Low-earth orbiting satellite (LEO)
• Geostationary satellite (GEO)
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High Elliptical Orbiting Satellite (HEO)
HEO satellite is a special satellite continuously swings very close to the earth, loops out into space,
and then repeats its swing by the earth. It is an elliptical orbit almost 18,000 to 35,000km above
the earth’s surface, not necessarily above the equator. HEOs are designed to provide better
coverage to countries with higher northern or southern latitudes (Kolawole, 2002).
Middle-Earth Orbiting Satellite (MEO)
MEO is a circular orbit satellite orbiting in the region of 8,000 to 18,000 km above the earth’s
surface, again not necessarily above the equator. MEO satellite is a compromise between the lower
orbits and the geosynchronous orbits. MEO system design involves more delays and higher power
levels than satellites in the lower orbits. However, it requires fewer satellites to achieve the same
coverage (Kolawole, 2002).
Low-Earth Orbiting Satellite (LEO)
LEO satellites orbiting the earth in networks that stretch in the region of 160 to 1,600 km above the
earth’s surface. These satellites are small, easy to launch, and lend themselves to mass production
techniques. A network of LEO satellites has the capacity to carry vast amounts of facsimile, batch
file, electronic mail and broadcast data at great speed and communicate to end users through
terrestrial links on ground-based stations. With advances in technology, it will not be long until
utility companies are accessing residential meter readings through an LEO system or transport
agencies and police are accessing vehicle plates, monitoring traffic flow, and measuring truck
weights through an LEO system (Kolawole, 2002).
Geostationary Orbit Satellite (GEO)
A geostationary orbit satellite (also known as the Clarke belt) is a circular orbit in the equatorial
plane with zero eccentricity and zero inclination (Kolawole, 2002). The satellite remains in a fixed
apparent position relative to the earth; about 22,300 miles away from the earth if its elevation
angle is orthogonal (90ᴼ) to the equator. Its revolution period is synchronized with that of the earth
in inertial space (Stonejk, 2010).
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2.1.2 Antenna
Antenna is defined as the interface between a free-space electromagnetic wave and a guided wave
(Kolawole, 2002). Also, the IEEE defined the antenna as a “transmitting or receiving system that is
designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves” (Fung, 2011). There are many types of
antennas and many different variations on the basic types, but their mode of operation is
essentially the same. That is, a radio frequency transmitter excites electric currents in the
conductive surface layers of the antenna and radiates an electromagnetic wave. The converse
process was applies if the antenna was used with a receiver, a radio wave excites currents in the
antenna, which are conducted to the receiver. The ability of an antenna to work both ways is
termed as the principle of reciprocity (Kolawole, 2002).
Dish-Antenna
Dish-antenna is a directional-high-gain-antenna that was used in the geo-satellites earthstation. It

was used to solve the problem of transmission path-loss due to the high altitude of GEO satellite
(Didactic, 2015).
2.1.3 Stepper Motors
The stepping motor is an electromechanical device used to convert electrical pulses into discrete
mechanical rotational movements (Thomson, 2001). It differs from the conventioal motors that
have been used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy and cannot be used for precision
positioning of an object or precision control of speed without using closedloop feedback. Stepper
motors are ideally for automation systems where either precise control or precise positioning or
both are required (Thomson, 2013). It is compatible with microcontrollers and digital processors
(Reid and Hamid, 2006).
The exclusive feature of a stepper motor is that it doesn’t need position encoder that has been used
in the servo motor (Otieno, 2015). The output shaft rotates in a series of discrete angular steps, one
step for each time a command pulse is received. So, receiving a definite number of pulses, cause in
turning the shaft through a definite known angle (no feedback needs to be taken to the output
shaft). This feature reduces the complexity of mechanical part in designed systems. It makes the
stepper-motor well-suited for open-loop position control (Thomson, 2013).
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The angle which the motor-shaft rotates for each command pulse is called step-angle β. Small step-
angle means great number of steps per revolution and high resolution or accuracy of positioning
obtained. The most common step-angle size are 1.8°, 2.5°, 7.5° and 15°. (Thomson, 2013).
Stepper motors are classified as doubly salient machines. They have teeth of magnetically
permeable material on both the stator and rotor. A cross-section of a stepper motor is shown in
Figure 2.13. Magnetic flux crosses the air-gap between teeth on the two parts of the motor.
According to the motor type, the source of flux may be a current-carrying winding or a permanent-
magnet or a combination of the two. However, the effect is the same: the teeth experience equal
and opposite forces, which attempt to pull them together and minimize the air-gap between them.
As Figure 2.13 shows, the major component of these forces, the normal force (n), is attempting to
close the air-gap, but for electric motors the more useful force component is the smaller tangential
force (t), which is attempting to move the teeth sideways with respect to each other. As soon as the
flux passing between the teeth is removed, or diverted to other sets of teeth, the forces of attraction
decrease to zero ( Acarnley, 2007).
Figure 2. Force Components between Two Magnetically Permeable
Types of Stepping Motors
There are three basic types of stepping motors: permanent magnet, variable reluctance and hybrid.
Permanent magnet motors have a magnetized rotor, while variable reluctance motors have toothed
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soft-iron rotors and hybrid stepping motors combine features of both permanent magnet and
variable reluctance motors (Condit and Jones, 2004).
Permanent-magnet (PM)
This motor generates rotation by using the forces between a permanent magnet and an
electromagnet created by electrical current. The rotor of this motor is actually a permanent magnet.
The more interesting characteristic of this motor is that even if it is not energized, the motor
exhibits some magnetic resistance to turning. In some cases, the permanent-magnet is in the shape
of a disk surrounding the rotor shaft. The number of poles on the magnetic disk varies from motor
to another. Simple PM stepper motor such as that one illustrated in Figure 2.14 have only two
poles on the disk, while others may have many poles. The motorstator usually has two or more coil
windings and each winding around a soft metallic core (Grant, 2005).
Figure 2. Permanent Magnet (PM) Stepper Motor
When electrical current flows through the coil windings, the coil generates a magnetic field. The
metallic core used to help channel the electromagnetic field perpendicular to the outer perimeter of
the magnetic disk (Grant, 2005).
Depends on the polarity of the generated electromagnetic field in the coil and the closest
permanent magnetic field on the disk. This causes in an attraction force spinning the rotor in a
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direction that lets an opposite pole on the perimeter of the magnetic disk to align itself with the
electromagnetic field generated by the coil. When the nearest opposite pole on the disk aligns itself
with the electromagnetic field generated by the coil, the rotor will break and remain fixed in this
alignment as long as the electromagnetic field from the coil is not changed (Grant, 2005).
The value of step-angle β can be expressed either in terms of the rotor and stator poles (teeth) N r
and Ns respectively or in terms of the number of stator phases (m) and rotor teeth as follow
(Thomson, 2013).
OR
Variable-reluctance (VR)
There are two configurations for the variable-reluctance stepper motor (multi-stack and single-
stack), but in both cases the magnetic field is produced solely by the winding currents. It has no
permanent-magnet rotor. It has been operated on the principle of minimizing the reluctance along
the path of the applied magnetic field. When the stator coils are energized, the rotor teeth will align
with the energized stator poles. It differs from the PM stepper in that it has no residual torque to
hold the rotor at one position when turned off. (Thomson, 2013).
Multi-Stack Variable-Reluctance
Multi-stack variable-reluctance stepper motor is divided along its axial length into magnetically
isolated sections (‘stacks’), each of which can be excited by a separate winding (‘phase’). Figure
2.15 illustrates a cutaway view of a motor with three stacks and three phases.
Motors with up to seven stacks and phases have been manufactured (Acarnley, 2007).
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Figure 2. Three-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepping Motor Cutaway View
Single-stack variable-reluctance stepping motors
This motor is fabricated as a single unit. Its cross-section parallel to the shaft is similar to one stack
of the motor illustrated in Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3. The cross-section perpendicular to the shaft
has been illustrated in the Figure 2.4.
Figure 2. Cross-Section of a Single-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepping Motor Perpendicular to

the Shaft
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Hybrid stepping motors
The hybrid stepping motor is operated under the combined principles of the permanent magnet and
variable-reluctance stepper motors. The magnetic circuit is excited by a combination of windings
and permanent magnet. Windings are placed on poles of the stator and a permanent magnet is
mounted on the rotor. The main flux path form the magnet flux, illustrated in Figure 2.18, lies
from the magnet N-pole, into a soft-iron end-cap, radially through the endcap, across the air-gap,
through the stator poles of section X, axially along the stator backiron, through the stator poles of
section Y, across the air-gap and back to the magnet S-pole via the end-cap (Acarnley, 2007).
Figure 2. Side View and Cross-Sections of the Hybrid Stepping Motor
2.1.4 Operation Mode
The operation or stepping mode can be summarized into four stepping modes: one- phase on, two-
phase-on, half-step and micro-stepping mode. To explain the operation modes, the simple circuit
illustrated in Figure 2.20(e) has been used for supplying current to the stator coil in proper
sequence. The step-angle of these three phases, four rotor teeth motor illustrated in Figure can be
obtained by equation 2.27 (Theraja and Theraja, 2006):
360
𝛽= ⁄4 × 3 = 30ᴼ (2.27)
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Figure 2. One-Phase-On Stepper-Motor Operation
One-Phase-On Full Operation Mode
This mode is the simples and widely-used way of making the motor step. Figure 2.20 (a) illustrates
the position of the rotor when switch S1 has been closed for energizing phase A. A magnetic field
has been generated through the stator poles of phase A. Therefore, the rotor is attracted into a
position of minimum reluctance with diametrically opposite rotor teeth 1 and 3 lining up with
stator teeth 1 and 4 respectively. Closing S2 and opening S1 energizes phase
B causing the rotor teeth 2 and 4 aligned with stator teeth 3 and 6 respectively as illustrated in
Figure 2.20 (b). The rotor rotates through full-step of 30° in the clockwise (CW) direction. Also,
closing S3 after opening S2, phase C is energized causing the rotor teeth 1 and 3 aligned with stator
teeth 2 and 5 respectively as illustrated in Figure 2.20(c). The rotor rotates through an additional
30° angle in the clockwise (CW) direction. Subsequent if S 3 is opened and S1 is closed again, the
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rotor teeth 2 and 4 will align with stator teeth 4 and 1 respectively thereby making the rotor turn
through a further angle of 30° as illustrated in Figure 2.20(d). By now the total angle turned is 90°.
As each switch is closed and the previous one opened, the rotor rotates through an angle of 30°.
Continually closing the switches in the sequence 1-2-3-1 which energize the stator phases in a
sequence of ABCA etc., the rotor will rotate clockwise. If the switches closed in the sequence 3-2-
1-3 result in phase sequence CBAC (or ACB), the rotor will rotate anticlockwise. The truth table
of stator phase switching is illustrated in Figure 2.20 (f) (Theraja and Theraja, 2006).
Two-Phase-On Full Operation Mode
In this mode of operation, two stator phases are excited simultaneously. When phases A and B are
energized together, the rotor experiences torques from both phases come to rest at a point mid-way
between the two adjacent full-step positions. If the stator phases are switched in the sequence AB,
BC, CA etc., the motor will take full steps 30° as in 1-phase-on operation mode, but its steadiness
position will be interleaved between the full-step positions. This mode (2-phase-ON) provides
greater holding toque and much better damped single-stack response than the 1-Phase-On made of
operation. The truth table of this phase switching mode is illustrated in Figure 2.7 (a) (Theraja and
Theraja, 2006).
Figure 2. Truth Tables of 2-Phase Operating Full Step and Half Stepping Modes
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Half-step Operation Mode
Half-step operation or half-stepping can be achieved by operating the motor in 1-phase-on

operation mode alternating with 2-phase-on operation mode. That means, the three phases exciting
in the sequences A, AB, B, BC, C, CA,... The truth table of the phase pulsing sequence has been
illustrated in Figure 2.21(b). This stepping mode can be illustrated with the help of Figure 2.22,
where only three successive pulses have been considered. Energizing only phase A causes the
rotor position as illustrated in Figure 2.22 (a). Energizing phase A and B simultaneously moves the
rotor half step only as illustrated in Figure 2.22 (b). Energizing only phase B moves the rotor
through another half-step as illustrated in Figure 2.22 (c). With each pulse, the rotor moves 30/2 =
15° in the CW direction. It can be seen that the half-stepping mode, doubling the resolution.
(Theraja and Theraja, 2006).
2. Half-Step Operation Mode
Micro-stepping Operation Mode
This mode was based on operating two phases simultaneously as in 2-phase-on mode but with the
two currents deliberately made unequal (unlike in half-stepping where the two phase currents have
to be kept equal). The current in phase A is detained constant while that in phase B is increased in
very small increments until maximum current is reached. Then, the current in phase A is decreased
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to zero using the same very small increments. This mode results in a very small step which is
called a micro-step.
CHAPTER THREE
3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology
Start
Project Review
Electronic design Software design
Built the System Program the Arduino using C

Circuit C Code and build an -
android application
Integrate the
system
Check the design
NO
Is the system workin
End
Figure 3. methodology block diagram
From the above Block diagram, the project development, the system consists of hardware and
software. The hardware part involves Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller, Stepper motor, Push
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Buttons, LCD and Power supply. The software part is the Arduino Board is programmed using the
Arduino IDE software used to interface hardware. The Arduino Based Automatic Dish Positioning
System creates Modernization of the Broadcasting industry and creates the easily accessible to the
information for the Users. The system will be made in the following steps:
• Complete layout of the whole setup will be drawn inform of a block diagram.
• The android application through android phone maps the Satellite channel choice of User
or the user can control the dish direction manually by forward, backward, upward and
downward choices to get its output to the Arduino microcontroller.
• Depending upon the selected Satellite Channel the Azimuth and Elevation position adjust
automatically by the Microcontroller or control it manually. The Motor Steps until the
desired Elevation and Azimuth angle of desired Satellite has gotten.
3.2 System design and implementation
3.2.1 System design
Power supply
Bluetooth
Module
Motor Driver
( ULN2003A )
ARDUNIO UNO
(ATmega328P )
Android phone
Stepper
Motor
Satellite Dish
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Figure 3. System design
The power supply provides power to the Arduino and Stepper Motor. The Arduino Uno used to
controls the Stepper motor. Follow the schematic to connect the Arduino to the motor driver, and
the driver to the Stepper Motor. The motor can be driven by a 9-36 volt power sources depending
on the load present. The Arduino Board is programmed using the Arduino IDE software.
The Android phone takes the input from the Users’ desired Satellite Channel and the signal
through Bluetooth to the Arduino and the Arduino adjust the Azimuth and Elevation Angle of the
satellite dish depending on the user selection. The system uses open loop control because the
stepper has the capacity of make the thing Precise.
The Arduino Based Automatic Satellite dish positioning system interface module is designed to
take the selected Satellite channel in this project the system uses more than four Satellite
channel /condition and the user can manage itself by another option in the developed application.
Azimuth and elevation are angles used to define the apparent position of an object in the sky,
relative to a specific observation point. The observer is usually (but not necessarily) located on
the earth's surface.
The azimuth (az) angle is the compass bearing, relative to true (geographic) north, of a point on
the horizon directly beneath an observed object. The horizon is defined as a huge, imaginary
circle centered on the observer, equidistant from the zenith (point straight overhead) and the
nadir (point exactly opposite the zenith). As seen from above the observer, compass bearings are
measured clockwise in degrees from north. Azimuth angles can thus range from 0 degrees
(north) through 90 (east), 180 (south), 270 (west), and up to 360 (north again).
The elevation (el) angle, also called the altitude, of an observed object is determined by first
finding the compass bearing on the horizon relative to true north, and then measuring the angle
between that point and the object, from the reference frame of the observer. Elevation angles for
objects above the horizon range from 0 (on the horizon) up to 90 degrees. [10]
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Figure 3. Azimuth and Elevation angle
Figure 3. Elevation Angle
North 0° South 180°

North-Northeast 22.5° South-Southwest 202.5°
Northeast 45° Southwest 225°
East-Northeast 67.5° West-Southwest 247.5°
East 90° West 270°
East-Southeast 112.5° West-Northwest 292.5°
Southeast 135° Northwest 315°
South-Southeast 157.5° North-Northwest 337.5°
Table 3-1: True North based Azimuth angle
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3.2.3 Hard ware Components Description
The components are as follows: -
• Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller (The brain of the system).
• Stepper Motor
• Bluetooth module
• Motor drive
This project uses Arduino Uno to control the whole system. Follow the schematic to connect the
Arduino to the motor driver, and the driver to the stepper motor. Each motor can be driven by a 6
-36 volt power sources. The Arduino Board is programmed using the Arduino IDE software. The
push button from the user take the desired channel and sends the signal to the Arduino. The stepper
motor adjust the satellite dish until the desired/ good signal is received. All components are used in
this project described as follow.
3.2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO R3
Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board,

and a development environment for writing software for the board. Arduino can be used to develop
interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of
lights, motors, and other physical outputs. The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased
preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free. The Arduino programming
language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based
on the Processing multimedia programming environment. This project uses Arduino Uno to
controls the motor. Follow the schematic to connect the Arduino to the motor driver, and the driver
to the satellite Dish. The motor can be driven by a 10- 36 volt. The Arduino Board is programmed
using the Arduino IDE software.
Performance
• Digital I/O 0~13.
• Analog I/O 0~5. (R3 is 0~7)
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• Input voltage: when connected to the USB without external power supply or external 5 v
output and external power input.
• Arduino size: width of 70 mm X high 54 mm.
Special Port
• VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
• AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference.
Figure 3. ARDUINO UNO R3
The Arduino has several different kinds of pins each of which is labelled on the board and use for
different functions.
• GND: Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can
be used to ground on its circuit.
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• 5V and 3.3V: Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5
or 3.3 volts.
• Analog: The areas of pins under the 0AnalogIn 0 label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) are
Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like level sensor)
and convert it into a digital value.
• Digital: Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These
pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output
like powering an LED. 
• PWM: some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO act as normal digital
pins.
The other components are which includes in Arduino boards are:
• Power (USB): Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The
Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from computer or a wall power
supply. The USB connection is also used to load code onto Arduino board.
• Reset Button: Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button. Pushing it
will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the
Arduino.
• Power LED Indicator: This LED should light up whenever plug Arduino into a power
source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong item.
• Voltage Regulator: it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board.
Table 3-2: specification of ARDUINO UNO

Features Specification
Microcontroller ATmega328p
Operating voltage 5v
Input voltage 7-12v
Digital I/O pins 14(of 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input pins 6
DC current per I/O pin 40mA
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DC current for 3.3v pin 50mA

Flash Memory 32KB(ATmega328) of which 0.5KB
Clock Speed 16MHz
3.2.3.2 Stepper motor
A stepper motor or step motor or stepping motor is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a
full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be commanded to move
and hold at one of these steps without any feedback sensor (an open-loop controller), as long as
the motor is carefully sized to the application in respect to torque and speed.
Fundamental operation of the Stepper Motor DC brushed motors rotate continuously when DC
voltage is applied to their terminal. The stepper motor is known by its property to convert a train
of input pulses (typically square wave pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the shaft
position. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle.
Stepper motors effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central
gear shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external driver circuit or a
microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which
magnetically attracts the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet,
they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. This means that when the next
electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the
next one. From there the process is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an
integer number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise
angle.
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Figure 3. Stepper motor
Advantages of Stepper Motor
• Low cost for control achieved
• High torque at startup and low speeds
• Ruggedness
• Simplicity of construction
• Can operate in an open loop control system
• Low maintenance
• Less likely to stall or slip
• Will work in any environment
• Can be used in robotics in a wide scale.
• High reliability
• The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
• The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)
• Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of the
motor is simply dependent on the life of the bearing.
• The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the
motor simpler and less costly to control.
• It is possible to achieve very low-speed synchronous rotation with a load that is
directly coupled to the shaft.
• A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to the
frequency of the input pulses.
Disadvantages of Stepper Motor
• Require a dedicated control circuit
• Use more current than D.C. motors
• Torque reduces at higher speeds
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• Resonances can occur if not properly controlled.
• Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds
There are two basic winding arrangements for the electromagnetic coils in a two phase stepper
motor: bipolar and unipolar.
Unipolar Stepper Motors
A unipolar stepper motor has one winding with center tap per phase. Each section of windings is
switched on for each direction of magnetic field. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can
be reversed without switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very
simple (e.g., a single transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a phase, the center tap of each
winding is made common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase
motor. Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads.
A micro controller or stepper motor controller can be used to activate the drive transistors in the
right order, and this ease of operation makes unipolar motors popular with hobbyists; they are
probably the cheapest way to get precise angular movements
Bipolar Stepper Motor
Bipolar motors have a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be reversed in
order to reverse a magnetic pole, so the driving circuit must be more complicated, typically with an
H-bridge arrangement (however there are several off-the-shelf driver chips available to make this a
simple affair). There are two leads per phase, none are common. [7]
3.2.3.3 HC-05 Bluetooth Module
HC-05 is a Bluetooth module as shown in the picture below. HC 05 Bluetooth ModuleHC 05

module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for transparent
wireless serial connection setup. It‟s baud rate can be set using the AT commands. The protocol
it basically operates on is the Bluetooth specification v2.0 + EDR.
Hardware features:
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1. Typical 80dBm sensitivity.
2. Up to +4dBm RF transmit power.
3. 3 to 5 V I/O.
4. PIO (Programmable Input/Output) control.
5. UART interface with programmable baud rate.
6. With integrated antenna.
7. With edge connector
Software Features:
1. Slave default Baud rate: 9600, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity.
2. Auto connect to the last device on power as default.
3. Permit pairing device to connect as default.
4. Auto pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default.
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Figure 3. The HC-05 Bluetooth Module
The HC-05 Bluetooth Module has 6pins.
ENABLE: When enable is pulled LOW, the module is disabled which means the module will not
turn on and it fails to communicate . When enable is left open or connected to 3.3V, the module
is enabled i.e. the module remains on and communication also takes place.
VCC : Supply Voltage 3.3V to 5V
GND : Ground pin
TXD & RXD: These two pins acts as an UART interface for communication.
STATE: It acts as a status indicator. When the module is not connected to / paired with any other
Bluetooth device, signal goes Low. At this low state, the led flashes continuously which denotes
that the module is not paired with other device. When this module is connected to/paired with
any other Bluetooth device, the signal goes High . At this high state, the led blinks with a
constant delay say for example 2s delay which indicates that the module is paired.
3.2.3.3 ULN2003 Stepper Motor Driver
The Mini Stepper Driver is small size and easy to use. It used ULN2003 to amplify the control
signal from the Arduino. The Drive voltage can up to 15v.
Figure 3. ULN2003 Stepper Motor Driver
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Features
• The easiest module to learn how to control the Stepper and finish the simple project.
• The logic control voltage:3~5.5V
• Motor Supply Voltage: 5~ 15V
• It can sink 500mA from a 50V supply, but you'd better limit the driver voltage under 15v.
 Operating temperature: -25 degree Celsius ~ +90 degree Celsius
Step motor is to a machine to convert pulse to angle displacement. So if you give stepper driver a
certain pulse signal, it will drive step motor to a certain angle. The Users can control the angle
the stepper moved by the number of the pulse. And you also can control the speed of the stepper
rotate by the frequency of the pulse. [9]
3.2.3.4 Power Supply
The DC source was designed with a rectifier and filter circuit. A full bridge rectifier was chosen
because they have less ripple than a half bridge rectifier because the frequency is twice as fast.
This means the filter has to supply the voltage for only half as long so it has less time. We have
used Transformer with rating of 220/12V which steps down the voltage level from 220 V AC to
required voltage level to feed the system.
3.2.4 Software Design and Requirements

One of the research aims, is reducing the hardware that was used in the close-loop positioning
systems. So the research focuses in developing a driver that preforms the positioning process in
high precision with less hardware components.
This part explained the platform that was used to build and compile the driver-code and the
programming language that was used for writing the driver-code.
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3.2.4.1 Arduino tools
Software programs, called sketches, are created on a computer using the Arduino integrated
development environment (IDE). The IDE enables you to write and edit code and convert this code
into instructions that Arduino hardware understands. The IDE also transfers those instructions to
the Arduino board (a process called uploading)
Arduino provided an integrated development environment (IDE) free download from Arduino
website. In this research an Arduino IDE 1.6.6 version was used to develop, compile and upload
the control driver-code to the micro-controller.
It is an embedded C code which written on Arduino IDE software and this code is written to the
microcontroller. This project control the speed of the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulse
applied to it (popularly known as PWM control). Remote operation is achieved by any
smartphone/Tablet etc., with Android OS, upon a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based touch
screen operation.
The project uses Bluetooth device, interfaced to the microcontroller, which are used to control the
direction and satellite choices of the motor. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is generated at the
output by the microcontroller as per the program. The program can be written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change depending
on the duty cycle (ON and OFF time of the pulses), so the speed of the motor will change. A motor
driver IC is interfaced to the microcontroller for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired
output for speed and direction control of a stepper motor.
For our project we develop the following basic algorithm:
 Declare Arduino output pins which have PWM
 Read/ accept serial data;
 if serial read is “1”/ “2”/ “3”/ “4”/ “A”/ “B”/ “C”/ “D” it sends signal to Arduino
microcontroller and Arduino sends HIGH or LOW to bridge for controlling direction using
the stepper motor four pins command.
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3.2.4.2 Proteus Design
Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board
(PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics. Proteus (Processor for text Easy to use)
is a fully functional, procedural programming language created in 1998 by Simone Zanella.
Proteus incorporates many functions derived from several other languages: C, BASIC,
Assembly, etc. It is especially versatile in dealing with strings, having hundreds of dedicated
functions; this makes it one of the richest languages for text manipulation. Proteus was initially
created as a multiplatform (DOS, Windows, UNIX) system utility, to manipulate text and binary
files and to create CGI scripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by adding hundreds
of specialized functions for: network and serial communication, database interrogation, system
service creation, console applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI scripting.
After studying the literature part for about weeks, we directly tried the proteus simulation to
make sure the programming and components used will do well with the hardware by writing the
arduino code. The proteus circuitry design structure is presented in the figure below.
We used a virtual terminal to display information about status of the positioning system
movement. It is programmed in such a way that when key 1 is pressed the first motor1 move
only anti clockwise or backward direction one step at a time and when key 2 is pressed motor 1
move in the clockwise or forward direction one step at a time. With key 3 the second Motor
moves upward direction while key 4 pressed Motor 2 move downward direction. Also when A,
B, C, D pressed the dish will rotate to Nile, eutel, Arab and hotbird satellite based on the given
azimuth and elevation angle. The complete Arduino programming will be attached in the
appendix.
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Figure 3. Circuit setup for the proteus simulation
3.2.4.3 Android Application Development
Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Android platform
development. Android Studio is designed specifically for Android development.
Android studio uses JAVA and XML programming language to develop the android application.
This application is used to control the robot movement remotely. Application generated by the
android studio install only on smartphones with android operating system. The Android platform
includes Android Bluetooth APIs for Bluetooth connectivity, which allows an Android device to
exchange data with other Bluetooth enabled devices wirelessly. Through the Android Bluetooth
APIs, an app can perform the following Bluetooth functionalities:
 Scan for other Bluetooth devices.
 Query for paired Bluetooth devices.
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 Establish Connection between Bluetooth devices.
 Exchange data with other Bluetooth devices.
 Stop Connection between Bluetooth devices.
A few of instructions recommended for operation are listed as:
 NILE SAT
 ARAB SAT
 EUTEL SAT
 HOTBIRD SAT
 FORWARD,
 BACKWARD,
 UPWARD
 DOWNWARD
3.2.4.3.1 Setting up Connections
STEP TO CONNECT:
 Connect the wiring, power up, while the device is not connected, the Bluetooth module
board has a white LED flashing  At PC side, search Bluetooth device.
 Found name called "HC-06" device.
 Connect it.
 While connection is ok, we can send command.
After connection.
When we touch forward button in Bluetooth controller app then positioning system stepper motor
1 start moving in forward direction only one step and stops until next command comes.
When we touch backward button in Bluetooth controller app then positioning system stepper motor
1 start moving in backward direction only one step and stops until next command comes.
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When we touch upward button in Bluetooth controller app then the stepper motor 2 start moving in
upward direction one step and stops until next command comes. And also when downward button
touch the stepper motor 2 moves in downward direction one step only and stops until the next
command comes.
In another way the app has another button that directly command the system to move the desired
satellite through there respective azimuth and elevation angle given to the Arduino. When we
touch Arab sat button in Bluetooth controller app then the system starts moving to there respective
azimuth angle and elevation angle by motor 1 and motor 2 respectively and stops at that desired
position.
When we touch also Nile sat or Eutel sat or hotbird sat button in Bluetooth controller app then the
system starts moving to there respective azimuth angle and elevation angle by motor 1 and motor 2
respectively and stops at that desired position.
3.2.4.2.2 User Interface Design
This case Describe the logical characteristics of each interface between the android
software product and the users. This includes sample screen images, guides that are to be
followed, screen layout constraints, standard buttons and functions that will appear on
every screen, keyboard shortcuts, error message display standards, and so on. Define the
software components for which a user interface is needed.
3.3 Hardware Setup

First and foremost, we bring an android based antenna dish positioning system and isolated its part.
3.3.1 L298N Motor Driver connection
Next, the stepper motor driver is placed on it to which the motors are to be connected to. The
driver is needed because the current from the Arduino is not enough to make the motor
functional so that the driver enlarges the current meeting the potential current requirement of the
motors. The Arduino UNO board is directly connected to the driver. Next, the driver to the
stepper motor connected.
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3.3.2 Bluetooth and Arduino Connection
Lastly, connection between the Arduino-Uno and the Bluetooth module is required in order to
enable the android to control the Arduino-Uno. First, we need to connect the VCC pin of the
Bluetooth module to the VCC port in the Arduino-Uno board. Second, we need to connect the
GND pin of the Bluetooth module to the GND port in the Arduino-Uno board. Lastly, we need to
connect the receiver of the Bluetooth module to the transmitter of the Arduino-Uno board and
the transmitter of the Bluetooth module to the receiver of the Arduino -Uno board.
Table 3 Bluetooth module/Arduino connection
Bluetooth Module (HC-05) Arduino-Uno Board
VCC pin VCC port
GND pin GND port
TX pin RX port
RX pin TX port
The whole hardware setup is shown in the figure below.
Secondly, Bluetooth module was tested. Android application also was tested to send data to
Arduino Uno via Bluetooth in order to control the motion of motor.
3.3.3 Testing the connection
After installing the app on the phone and connecting the Arduino-Uno board with the Bluetooth
module a test to make sure that the phone is interacting with arduino via the Bluetooth module is
needed.
• Open the app in the android device.
• Search for Bluetooth devices via the app.
• Connect to the Bluetooth module.
• If the light in the Bluetooth module stopped blinking then everything is working fine
Other-wise the wiring needs to be checked.
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3.4 Flow char
Start
Initialize Bluetooth module and read

the command
If the command is Arab sat
else Arab sat Else Nile sat
else Eutel sat
NO
Is the Azimuth
and Elevation angle has
given
YES
stepper Motor
Steps the both motor depends on the

selected Satellite Channel
End
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Declaration: Yohannes Getahun

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ANDROID BASED AUTOMATIC DISH ANTENNA POSITIONING SYSTEM

We declare that the work entitled “ANDROID BASED AUTOMATIC DISH

1, Yohannes Getahun ______________

2, Bruk Teshome ______________

3, Samson Aklilu ______________

Thesis Advisor Signature

Introduction.......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................3

3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY...............................................................................3

3.4.1 Flow chart description...........................................................................................................3

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................3

4.1 Software simulation results and discussion..............................................................................3

Table 2-2 : Pin number of LCD and its function .......................................................................... 14

Table 3-1: True North based Azimuth angle ................................................................................ 22

Table 3-2: Component Cost Analysis of the system ..................................................................... 28

LCD Liquid Crystal Oscillator

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

PIC Peripheral Interface Control

ADC Analog to Digital converter

MHZ Mega hertz

V ref Reference voltage

I/O Input output

LNB Low Noise Blocker

A Satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive electromagnetic

1.2 Statement of the problem

• Hard tuning processes.

• Significant delay in positioning process.

1.3.2 Specific objective

The thesis model specifically designed to:

 Provide effective and easy-to-use positioning system.

1.4 Scope of the project

 Establishing a wireless network communication between the android and the

1.5 Significant of the Project

 Reducing man power.

1.6 Organization of the Thesis

 Chapter one contains introduction, problem definition, objectives and organization of

2.1.1 Communications Satellite

There are, in general, four types of satellite:

• High elliptical orbiting satellite (HEO)

• Middle-earth orbiting satellite (MEO)

• Low-earth orbiting satellite (LEO)

• Geostationary satellite (GEO)

High Elliptical Orbiting Satellite (HEO)

Middle-Earth Orbiting Satellite (MEO)

Low-Earth Orbiting Satellite (LEO)

Geostationary Orbit Satellite (GEO)

Dish-antenna is a directional-high-gain-antenna that was used in the geo-satellites earthstation. It

2.1.3 Stepper Motors

Figure 2. Force Components between Two Magnetically Permeable

Types of Stepping Motors

Figure 2. Permanent Magnet (PM) Stepper Motor

Figure 2. Three-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepping Motor Cutaway View

Single-stack variable-reluctance stepping motors

Figure 2. Cross-Section of a Single-Stack Variable-Reluctance Stepping Motor Perpendicular to

Hybrid stepping motors

Figure 2. Side View and Cross-Sections of the Hybrid Stepping Motor

2.1.4 Operation Mode

Figure 2. One-Phase-On Stepper-Motor Operation

One-Phase-On Full Operation Mode

Two-Phase-On Full Operation Mode

Half-step Operation Mode

Half-step operation or half-stepping can be achieved by operating the motor in 1-phase-on

2. Half-Step Operation Mode