i.

LEAD International Seminar-Workshop

Frameworks of Translation
for Materials Production
in K-12 & MTB-MLE
Junley L. Lazaga
University of the Philippines Baguio
jllazaga@up.edu.ph / junleylazaga@gmail.com
Mother-tongue instruction

Mother tongue-based education

Multilingual education

Mother tongue-based multilingual education

MTB-MLE and K-12

Translation of literature

Translation of technical knowledge

 Translation
roots

Greek root: metafora; Latin: translatio

metaphor (mode of comparison in creative

language); transportation (vehicle to
transfer); translation (translation from one
language to another)

(Barnstone 1993)
 Translation
types

3 Types of Translation

1. Intralingual (within a language)

2. Interlingual (across languages)

3. Intersemiotic (across systems)

(Jakobson 1959)
 Translation
proper
Interlingual translation as translation proper:

transfer of meaning from one language to

another

linguistic meaning as the central issue

“equivalence” as a key concept

(Robinson 2003)
 Translation:
meaning-based
Translation consists of transferring without
distortion the meaning of the source
language into the target language

Meaning must be kept constant, even when the

form of the source language changes as it is
turned into the target language

(Larson 1984/1988)
 Translation
!
!
process
Source Language Target Language
!

!
Text to be
translated
Translation

discover the meaning re-express the meaning

Meaning
(Larson 1984)
 Translation:
linguistic basis

1. Finding lexical equivalence in the TL; hence

phonological and morphological aspects in
the SL are not carried;

2. Follow the syntactic rules of the TL;

3. Transferring of the general semantic aspect

contained in the ST.
 Translation:
linguistic basis
!

It is raining.

The wind is blowing.

The child is crying.

 Translation
Transferring the meaning of a text, from one
language to another, taking care mainly of the
functional relevant meaning

the more important the language of a text, the

more closely it should be translated;

the less important the language of a text, the

less closely it needs to be translated;

the better written a text, the more closely it

should be translated, whatever its degree of
importance

(Newmark 1981)
 Translation
types
!
!
SL-focused TL-Focused
!
Word-for-word Adaptation
Literal Free
Faithful Idiomatic
Semantic Communicative
!

(Newmark 1988)
 Translation
methods
Word-for-word: the SL word order is preserved and the
words translated singly by their most common meanings,
out of context
Literal: the SL grammatical constructions are converted
to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are
again translated singly, out of context
Faithful: attempt to produce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL
grammatical structures
Semantic: differs from faithful translation only in as
far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value
of the SL text
(Newmark 1988)
 Translation
methods
Adaptation: the freest form of translation; used mainly for
plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually
preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and
the text is rewritten
Free: to produce the TL text without the style, form, or
content of the original
Idiomatic: to reproduce the ‘message’ of the original but
tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring
colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the
original
Communicative: attempt to render the exact contextual
meaning of the original in such a way that both content and
language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the
reader
(Newmark 1988)
The wind is blowing.
Word-for-word: Ang hangin ay umiihip.
Literal: Umiihip ang hangin.
Faithful: Humahangin.
!
!
Idiomatic
hand-to-mouth existence
dyed-in-the-wool
black sheep
like a whirlwind
!
 Adaptation

Ah, woe! Celestial King Kay lungkot! O Hari ng Sangkalangitan,

Who mortal from dost keep,
Would rather than be sovereign
Be shepherd of Thy sheep?
(“Al Niño Jesus,” Rizal
trans. L.Ma. Guerrero)
Nagkatawang-tao’t sa lupa’y tumahan.
Hindi Mo ba ibig na Haring matanghal
Kundi Pastol namin na kawan Mong mahal?
(trans. Rufino Alejandro)
 Free
For the last twenty years
since he burrowed into this
one-room apartment near
Baclaran Church,
Francisco Buda often
strolled to the seawall
and down the stone
breakwater which stretched
from a sandy bar into the
murky and oil-tinted bay.
(from The Drowning, F. Sionil Jose)
Mayroon nang
dalawampung taon siyang
tumira sa isang apartment
na malapit sa simbahan ng
Baclaran. Si Francisco
Buda ay mahilig
maglibang sa breakwater
na mabuhangin at
malangis.
(Wilfreda Jorge-Legaspi)
 Faithful

And like the old At tulad ng matandang kawal sa

soldier of that ballad, kuwentong-awit na iyon, itiniklop
I now close my ko na ang aklat ng aking pagiging
military career and lingkod sa hukbo, upang mawalang
just fade away, an dahan-dahan, isang matandang
old soldier who tried kawal na sumubok manuparan ng
to do his duty. kanyang tungkulin.
(Gen. Douglas MacArthur) (Rufino Alejandro)
 Idiomatic

still wet behind the ears

!
!
She bit her lips.
 Idiomatic

still wet behind the ears = may gatas pa sa labi

!
!
!
!
She bit her lips. = Napakagat-labi siya.
!
 Semantic

still wet behind the ears = may gatas pa sa labi

!
musmos pa
!
!
She bit her lips. = Napakagat-labi siya.
!
____________________
 Semantic
Prayer of St. Francis of Assissi
!
O Divine Master,
grant that I may not so much seek
to be understood as to understand:
to be loved as to love…
!
!
O Bathalang Panginoon
itulot Mong naisin ko pa ang umaliw kaysa aliwin
umunawa kaysa unawain
magmahal kaysa mahalin…
 Communicative

All things bright and beautiful

All creatures great and small
All things wise and wonderful
The old God made them all.
!
!
!
!
!
 Communicative

All things bright and beautiful

All creatures great and small
All things wise and wonderful
The old God made them all.
!
Ang lahat ng bagay, maganda’t makinang
Lahat ng nilikhang dakila’t hamak man’
May angling talino at dap at hangaan
Lahat ay nilikha ng Poong Maykapal.
SL (Pinyin): Laoda, hai meiyou xin ma?
Gloss: Tanda-laki, pa hindi-mayroon sulat ba?
Literal: Ang panganay ay wala pang sulat, ano?
Faithful: Wala pa bang sulat mula sa panganay?
Semantic: Sumulat na ba ang ating panganay?
o
Si Wenqing, hindi pa ba sumusulat?
Communicative: Hindi pa ba sumusulat ang panganay natin?
May balita na ba galing kay Wenqing?
Idiomatic: Ano’ng balita kay Wenqing?
Free: Isang buwan nang walang balita tungkol sa
naglayas kong panganay na si Wenqing. Sa
wakas ba ay sumulat na rin siya?
!
(Miclat 2003)
Love looks through a telescope,
envy through a microscope.
!

!
Love looks through a telescope,
envy through a microscope.
!

Ang pag-ibig ay tumitingin sa teleskopyo,

ang inggit ay sa mikroskopyo.
!

!
Love looks through a telescope,
envy through a microscope.
!

Masaklaw tumingin ang pag-ibig,

makitid ang inggit.
!

!
 Translation,
Literature
and Teaching
 Translation
types
!
!
SL-focused TL-Focused
!
Word-for-word Adaptation
Literal Free
Faithful Idiomatic
Semantic Communicative
!

(Newmark 1988)
 !
✓ Translation plays a role in
literature
 !
✓ Translation plays a role in
literature
✓ Literature plays a role in
education
 !
✓ Translation plays a role in
literature
✓ Literature plays a role in
education
✓ Translation plays a role in
education
 !
✓ Translation plays a role in
literature
✓ Literature plays a role in
education
✓ Translation plays a role in
education
!
!
Translation of existing
literature as a means of
materials production
Translation of Children’s Literature

Is there a difference between

translating children’s literature and
translating literary texts in general?
 Moonbeams
by Nonnette C. Bennette
Illustration by Leonardo L. Aguinaldo
 Alamat ng
Bahaghari
(The Legend of
the Rainbow)
!

Rene O. Villanueva
 Alamat ng
Kalabaw
(The Legend of
Carabao)
!

Segundo Matias Jr.

!
!
“Tama na! Tama na!” Binugahan ni Agong
ng usok mula sa kanyang tabako ang mga
kapwa niya lamang-lupa para tumigil ang
mga ito. Natakot ang mga ito at
nagsibalikan sa kani-kanilang mga lugar.
Bumalik ang duwende sa kanyang punso;
tumakbo at nagtago sa kawayan ang
tikbalang; nag-anyong itim na baboy ang
aswang, pagkatapos ay nagmamadaling
umalis. Umakyat sa ituktok ng puno.
Bakas ang panlulumo sa kanyang mukha.
!
“Enough! Enough!” Agong blew cigar
smoke at his fellow otherworldly beings so
they would stop teasing him. They were
frightened off and all of theme returned to
their respective places. The duwende went
back to his mound; the tikbalang ran and
hid in the bamboo; the aswang
transformed herself into a black pig and
hurriedly left. Agong climbed to the top of
the tree. The disappointment on his face
was plain to see.
Tuldok: Ang
Pinagmulan
ng Buhay
!

Ompong Remigio
Ako’y nagambala,
nabahala, at natakot.
Salamat na lang at bumalik
ang dating himig at init
nang sabihin ng ina...

“Baby... si Mommy,
nandito na.”
!

(I was disturbed, bothered

and scared. Thankfully, the
familiar sound and warmth
came back when mother
said, “Baby, Mother’s
here.”)

Isinalin ni
Juan S.P.
Hidalgo, Jr.
Inilarawan ni
J. Elizalde Navarro
“Ay, siak ti
mangngayo, ket
umayko pukanen
daytoy kayok,”
insungbat ti
nasikap a fox.
Isinafilipino mula sa
orihinal na edisyong-
Pranses (1946)
ni Desiderio Ching at
ng isang Munting Kapatid
ni Jesus.
Claretian Publications, 1991
“I am a fox,”
the fox said.
!

“Isa akong alamid,”

sagot ng alamid.
LEWIS CARROL
Si Alice sa
Daigdig ng
Hiwaga
Salin ni
Aurora E. Batnag
!
Sentro ng Wikang Filipino
2000
Factors in translating
Linguistic aspect

language

Aesthetic aspect

literariness

Socio-cultural aspect

political; ideological
Noong unang panahon sa isang
malayong ili,
may isang pamayanan na
punong-puno ng mag bulaklak.
!
Dito may batang nagngangalang
Kal’as.
Noong araw ding
iyon, lumipat si Kal’as
sa bago niyang
tirahan kasama ang
kanyang pamilya.
 Translation
procedures, strategies, methods
 Translation
procedures
1. Technical procedures

A. analysis of the source and target languages;

B. a thorough study of the source language text before making

attempts to translate it;

C. making judgments of the semantic and syntactic

approximations

2. Organizational procedures: constant reevaluation of the attempt

made, contrasting it with the existing available translations of the
same text done by other translators, and checking the text’s
communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers
to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their
reactions

(Nida 1964)
 Translation
general method for technical texts

Criticism, when necessary should clearly reflect friendly

motivation and a sincere desire to uphold the standard
and dignity of the profession.

!
 Translation
general method for technical texts

1. Segmentation !

1. Criticism, when necessary 1. Ang kritisismo, kung kailangan

2. should clearly reflect 2. dapat malinaw na magpapakilala

3. friendly motivation and 3. masuyong panghihikayat at

matapat na pagnanais
a sincere desire
4. na itaguyod ang pamantayan at
4. to uphold the standard and dignity dignidad

5. of the profession. 5. ng propesyon.

 Translation
general method for technical texts
2. Lexical and grammatical adjustments

Ang kritisismo, kung kailangan dapat malinaw

na magpapakilala masuyong panghihikayat at
matapat na pagnanais na itaguyod ang
pamantayan at dignidad ng propesyon.

Ang pamumuna kung kailangan, ay dapat na

malinaw na magpakilala ng masuyong
panghihikayat at matapat na nais na itaguyod
ang pamantayan at dangal ng propesyon.
 Translation
general method for technical texts

2. Semantic refinement

Ang pamumuna kung kailangan, ay dapat na

malinaw na magpakilala ng masuyong
panghihikayat at matapat na nais na itaguyod ang
pamantayan at dangal ng propesyon.

Ang pamumuna, kung kailangan, ay dapat na

malinaw na magpakilala ng masuyong
panghihikayat at matapat na pagnanais na
itaguyod ang pamantayan at dangal ng propesyon.
 Translation
general method for technical texts
2. Translation evaluation

• reading out loud

• comparison with the original

• back translation

• reader’s evaluation

• external review

!
 Translation
strategy
Translation strategy

• a translator’s potentially conscious plans for

solving concrete translation problems in the
framework of a concrete translation task (Krings
1986)

• a potentially conscious procedure for solving a

problem faced in translating a text, or any segment
of it (Loescher 1991)

• involves the basic tasks of choosing the foreign

text to be translated and developing a method to
translate it (Venuti 1998)
 Translation
procedures for:
!

culture-specific concepts (CSCs)

culture-bound terms (CBTs)
 Translation
procedures

Translating culture-specific concepts:

1. making up a new word

2. explaining the meaning of the SL expression in

lieu of translating it

3. preserving the SL term intact

4. opting for a word in the TL which seems similar

to or has the same “relevance” as the SL term

(Graedler 2000)
 Translation
procedures
Translating culture-bound term:

1. Functional equivalence: using a referent in the TL

culture whose function is similar to that of the SL
referent

2. Formal equivalence: word-for-word translation

3. Transcription or borrowing: reproducing or

transliterating the original term

4.Descriptive or self-explanatory translation: uses

generic terms to convey the meaning

(Harvey 2000)
Factors in translating:

Type of text

Level of language

Receiver/Audience/Reader

Time

Place

Production mode
 Translation
text category types

1. Scientific-technological

2. Institutional-cultural

3.Literary

(Newmark 1981)
 Types of Words

1. Function words

2. Technical words

3.Common words

4.Institutional words

5. Lexical words

6.Concept words

(Newmark 1981)
Paghahanap ng katumbas sa Filipino
(Patnubay sa Pagsasalin, Almario, et al. 2003)

1. Paghahanap ng katumbas sa Tagalog.

2. Paghahanap ng katumbas sa ibang wikang katutubo ng

Filipinas.

3.Panghihiram:

A. Mula sa Español at isinusunod ano baybay sa tuntuning

Filipino;

B. Mula sa Ingles na pinananatili ang orihinal na ispeling;

C. Mula sa Ingles na isinusunod ang baybay sa tuntuning

Filipino.

4.Paglikha.
In producing learning materials,
translation should no longer be a
matter of emphasising meaning or form,
but also taking into consideration the
objectives in translating.

Factors:

Teaching goals (learning outcomes)

Grade level

Content area
Activity:

Translate a proverb (provided) in your

language applying three/four methods.
 Translation
types
!
!
SL-focused TL-Focused
!
Word-for-word Adaptation
Literal Free
Faithful Idiomatic
Semantic Communicative
!

(Newmark 1988)
Salamat po!