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 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
Review on Reflectors for Box Type Solar Cooker
Neha Garg
Department of Renewable Energy
Eternal University
Baru Sahib, India
Abstract: Reduction of fossil fuel and increase in fuel
price has led to utilization of solar energy for different
applications. One of the important application of solar
energy is solar cooking. Commercially different variety
of solar cookers are available: box type solar cooker and
concentrating solar cooker. Box type solar cooker
generally use flat reflectors. But there are diverse type of
reflectors in design can be employed in the solar cookers
like flat reflector, compound concentrating collectors,
cylindrical parabolic collectors. Work has been done to
increase the temperature inside the solar cooker and
increase the efficiency of box cooker using different
variety of reflectors. This paper gives a short review on
box type of solar cooker using different types and
number of reflectors. Paper wise review has been done
which makes it easier to compare and evaluate the work
of researchers. This review covers various box cookers
designed and fabricated by altering geometrical
parameters which effect thermal performance of the
cooker, by using different type of reflector and varying
number of booster mirror. Moreover, result of each
paper has been discussed in the study.
Keyword: Solar Energy, solar cooking, box type solar
cooker, flat reflectors, parabolic reflector, figure of
merit
I. INTRODUCTION:
The increase in the prices of fuel has led to the
search for alternative source of energy. Hence, solar
energy is becoming a viable and feasible option,
which is nonstop as well as perennial available as
solar energy. This energy that is. Solar energy is
clean and environment friendly.[1]
Today, solar energy usage has become more
extensive and is used in various applications like
thermal utilization (solar water and air heating,
drying, cooking, distillation, etc), photovoltaic
utilization. Solar energy has advantages in a
countries like India because it is sustainable source
of energy and is abundant.
To cook food we need some form of energy and
solar energy presents a feasible alternative over
221 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari
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Volume 4, Issue 6
June 2017
Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari
Department of Electrical and Electronics Energy
Eternal University
Baru Sahib, India
usage of wood, kerosene and other traditionally
used fuels in developing countries. Among the
different solar thermal applications, solar cooking
can be deemed as one of the simple, viable option
for utilization of solar energy.[1] Increasing
awareness about the worldwide requirement of
alternate energy source has led to propagation of
research and development in the field solar cooking.
Momentous efforts have been made into the
development and performance evaluation of
different solar cooker design and their
appropriateness for cooking different types of
foods. There are two types of Solar cookers namely
box type and concentrating type.[2]
Box type solar cookers are simple, easy to construct
and operate, temperature around 100°C can be
obtained.[3] This cooker is the preferred option for
individual family needs, because of its small size
and simple handling and operational requirements.
Utilization of solar cookers has many advantages
like no recurring costs, high nutritional value of
food, potential to reduce labor and high durability,
health, time and income of the users and on the
environment with regard to global climate change,
deforestation, and economic deprivation of the poor
people.
Concentrating types solar cookers operate at a
higher temperature than box cookers. These cookers
use a parabolic dish to concentrate solar radiation
which focuses concentrated beam of solar radiation
on the base of a blackened cooking pot used for
cooking, that sits on a metal stand. In concentrating
cookers all the light rays get focused to a single
point where we place the cooking pot.
Concentrating solar cookers need regular
adjustments to track movement of sun for
adjustment of focus for maximum reflection of solar
energy onto absorber.
 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
IJETSR
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ISSN 2394 – 3386
Volume 4, Issue 6
June 2017

Solar cookers use reflector which reflect maximum west arrangement on a slanting frame which is
possible solar radiation on absorber plate thus it is placed on box of cooker in order to reflect solar
very important to choose the correct reflector for irradiation on the absorber of cooker. The
cooker design. There are various types of reflectors experimental results showed that at no load,
that can be employed in the solar cookers like flat temperature of concentrator cooker was 15-22°C
plate, compound concentrating collectors, higher than conventional box solar cooker. Also, the
cylindrical parabolic collectors. concentrator cooker reached the boiling point faster
by 50-55 minutes than conventional box cooker
Fig. 2. The conclusion was that the cooker with
II. REVIEW
non-tracking reflectors augmented heat collection
Mullick et al. proposed suitable thermal tests and and cooked faster in comparison to the conventional
identified appropriate parameters. These parameters cooker. [2]
were given term of two figures of merit F1 and F2.
They observed the first figure of merit (F1) and the
second figure of merit (F2) were in a steady
manner. It was also observed that the boiling time is
a very strong function of the climatic variables. A
time factor can be evaluated and its measure of the
combined effect of the F1 and F2 in a given
standard climate. [4]
First figure of merit (F1):
𝑇𝑝𝑠−𝑇𝑎𝑠
F1 =
𝐻𝑠
Second figure of merit (F2) :
F2= F'ŋoCR= Fig. 1. Box cooker with non-tracking concentrator
[2]
 1  Tw1  Ta  
 1 F  
F1 ( MC ) w 1  H 
F2  ln 
At 1  1  Tw 2  Ta  
  
 F1  H 
Where,
ŋo (optical efficiency) = τα
τ = glazing transmissivity
α = absorber plate absorptivity
HS = solar irradiation on horizontal surface when
stagnation temperature is obtained (W/m2)
Tps = stagnation plate temperature ᵒC
Tas = Ambient temperature ᵒC Fig. 2 . Conventional box type solar cooker [2]
F'= Heat exchange efficiency factor Ekechukwu and Ugwuoke constructed a plywood
(MC)w= Product of mass of water and heat capacity body cooker with plane reflector and made a stream
of cooking pots relief hose in the cooking pot, it went through the
A= aperture area sidewall, to remove steam from cooking chamber
into the atmosphere. Temperature and boiling time
Tw1= initial water temperature
for without reflector cooker was 119ᵒC and 70 min
Tw2= final water temperature and with reflector cooker was 138ᵒC and 60 min.[5]
Negi and Purohit designed, fabricated and Subodh Kumar presented a test method to
experimentally evaluated thermal performance of a determine parameters to calculate the thermal
non tracking box cooker with two planar reflectors performance of a box cooker. A sequence of outside
as in Fig. 1. The concentrator is located in an east- experiments were conducted on the double glazing

222 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari

 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
solar cooker made of fiber body to obtain F1 and
F2. The design parameters were calculated using the
linear regression analysis of experimental F2 data
for various water load. [3]
Mirdha and Dhariwal have constructed and have
analysed an improved box solar cooker with tilted
collecting surface, after different solar cooker
design were theoretically analysed according to
north south facing booster mirror. It has one vertical
fixed and two tractable mirrors. With three changes
in positions of the tractable mirrors the cooker
provides temperatures sufficiently high to enable
cooking two meals a day. They received stagnation
temperature of 163ᵒC. Conventional cooker of same
size and material was constructed and it was
observed that improved cooker reached higher
temperature. [6]
Then a box cooker was designed and constructed by
Claude et al. Fig. 3 with a parabolic solar
concentrator inside Fig. 4 which ultimately
increased the retention ratio and quantum efficiency
of the infra-red radiations collected. The readings
were taken without and with the parabolic
concentrator on a clear day, cloudy day and
partially cloudy day. Maximum temperature for
clear day was 78-80°C, for partially cloudy day was
70°C and for cloudy day was 59-64°C.The results
proved that the parabolic concentrator played an
important part in increasing the collection ratio
inside the solar cooker. [7]
Fig. 3. Solar cooker with concentrator [7]
223 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari
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Fig. 4. Concentrator top and bottom view [7]
After that Harmin et al. developed a non-tracking
box type solar cooker. As shown in Fig. 5 the
cooker has a compound parabolic concentrator
(CPC) which acts as a booster reflector, the cooking
pots were not directly exposed toward solar
isolation but the CPC concentrated the solar
isolation towards a vertical absorber plate behind a
transparent cover fixed on the box side. [8] Then the
experimental study demonstrated the heat transfer to
cooking pots kept inside the cooker box is relatively
average in comparison to other solar cookers. [9].
Fig. 5. Schematic of box cooker with an asymmetric
CPC as reflector. [8]
Efforts were made by Harmim et al. to make
alterations in the internal geometry of solar cooker
box and absorber plate to improve the effectiveness
of the design developed by Harmim [8,9]. A non-
tracking box cooker prototype was designed and
constructed Fig. 6 which uses CPC. The prototype
was tested and its results were analysed. The tests
were conducted according to Mullick's procedure
[1] and the International Standards procedure for
testing solar cookers and reporting performance.
[23] Various test at no-load and water load
conditions (with and without reflector) were
performed and thermal performance of this was
calculated and compared to other solar cookers. [10]
 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
IJETSR
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ISSN 2394 – 3386
Volume 4, Issue 6
June 2017

the cooking power, base absorber plate temperature

and standard stagnation temperature (SST) of the
cooker with reflector is more compare to cooker
without reflector. [13]

a
b

Fig. 6. Schematic sketch of the novel solar cooker

integrated into building wall. (a) Internal view (b)
External view [10]
Review of research work was done by Harmim et
al. to focus on varied box type solar cookers. Firstly
simple box cooker with tilted absorber-plate was Fig. 7. Box type solar cooker plain and finned
constructed, then double exposure solar cooker was absorber plate [14]
constructed and a non-tracking box cooker was
developed, which is prepared with a fixed Comparative study of box cooker with finned and
asymmetric CPC as booster-reflector and its plain absorber plates were experimentally
absorber-plate, in the form of a step. The double investigated by Kesarwani in Fig. 7. Performance
exposure cooker can be fixed at a south facing was evaluated based on exergy analysis. Box cooker
building wall with its rear opening in the kitchen. with finned base was A grade according to Bureau
[11] Of Indian Standards (BIS). The F1 of finned
Yusuf et al. constructed a box solar cooker with absorber plate was 0.145 and of plain absorber plate
reflector and its thermal performance evaluation was 0.106. The F2 of finned absorber was 35.5%
was done to calculate the efficiency. An experiment more than plain absorber. The stagnation
with reflector and without reflector was performed. temperature of finned box cooker was
The temperature profiles without load and with load approximately 19% higher than plain absorber plate
gave surety about its good thermal performance and cooker. [14]
the ability to boil water. The efficiency of cooker
without reflector was approximately 96% and with
reflector was approximately 99%. The efficiency of
cooker increases with the rising temperature
difference between plate and ambient temperature,
while it decreases with decrease in solar radiation.
The result showed that it is very reliable for baking
and boiling water. [12]
Work has been done to check performance of box
cooker with or without reflector. Kahsay et al.
proposed the performance of box type solar cooker
can be improved using internal reflectors.
Theoretical analysis results predicted that the
performance of the cooker with the internal
reflector would be better compare to same cooker Fig. 8. Box type solar cooker with double exposure
without reflector. Steady state analysis showed that [15]

224 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari

 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
IJETSR
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ISSN 2394 – 3386
Volume 4, Issue 6
June 2017

Akoy and Ahmed designed and constructed three

types of solar cookers box-type, panel-type and
parabolic solar cooker, the objective was to examine
the thermal performance of different solar cookers.
For testing performance standard procedure was
used. From results the observation was the parabolic
solar cooker had the best performance with
maximum temperature of 86.5°C on average basis,
then by the box solar cooker 52.6°C and lastly the
panel-type with temperature 43.5°C. The efficiency
of box solar cooker was maximum 77.4%, followed
by panel cooker 67.4% and lastly parabolic cooker
31.53%. Additionally, questionnaire was prepared
to assess the dissemination possibility of solar
Fig. 9. Box type solar cooker with Single exposure
cookers in study area which had 50 participants
[15]
both females and males. The questionnaire results
Saravanan and Janarathanan did experiment on showed that 74% believed that solar cookers were
double exposure box cooker Fig. 8 and single economically feasible and could help to protect the
exposure box type solar cooker Fig 9. They used environment. [17].
two types of cooking vessel made of aluminium and
Adewole et al. worked on Thermal performance of
cooper. Attempt was made to compare the F1, F2
low cost reflectors based solar cooker put into
and the performance of both single and double
operation in Ile-Ife, Nigeria as shown in Fig. 10.
exposure cooker. The performance of double
Cooker was constructed from locally available
exposure cooker was in accordance to BIS. The F1
material. There were four reflectors and one
for single and double exposure cooker were found
cooking pot to do thermal evaluation in term of F1,
to be 0.1131 and 0.1504 Km2/W respectively. The
F2 and cooker efficiency. Testing was performed on
F1 value for double exposure solar cooker met the
the basis of Indian Standard IS 13429:2000 Solar
BIS values and was fit for the local climatic
Cooker-Box Type-Specification Part 2:
conditions in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the
Components (First Revision). Results showed that
double exposure solar cooker aluminium cooking
minimum solar radiation of 246 W/m2 was at 11.00
vessel was used for boiling of water (1 kg) and
am and maximum of 520 W/m2 was at 2:00 pm.
water reached its boiling point after 180 minutes
The average solar isolation of 403 W/m2 and
whereas water inside copper base vessel reached its
ambient temperature 40°C was observed during test
boiling point in 80 minutes. The value of F2 was
periods. At solar radiation between 398 and 520
0.4422 and 0.4008 respectively. The F2 values met
W/m2 the observed water temperature was between
the standard for BIS values and can be
60°C and 67°C. This occur between 1:20 pm and
recommended for using the vessels in double
4:00 pm and highest temperature of water was 67°C
exposure solar cooker. [15]
at 3:00 pm. The cooker performance in terms of F1,
A review was done by Prajapati and Chourasia F2 and thermal efficiency showed that cooker had
which encloses the various research attempts done better heat retention capacity and cooker compared
on box solar cooker to increase the performance of favorably well with Indian Standards. [18]
different parameters and to increase the thermal
performance. A detailed explanation of various
geometrical parameters which affect the
performance of box cooker like glazing ,booster
mirrors, cooking pots, insulating material and
absorber plate was done. This review also covered
the comprehensive literature of the solar cooker, to
increase the performance of double reflector box
solar cooker with a double glazing. [16] Fig. 10. Solar cooker with four reflector [18]

225 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari

 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
A box type solar cooker with dual booster mirrors
as in Fig. 11 with three varying length to breadth
ratios were constructed by Farooqui. Performance
parameters of the experiment has been determined
by numerical simulations. In order to make the
operation tracking free favourable tilt angles for
both the mirrors, for 365 days have been
determined. For numerical investigation the latitude
25°N, cooking period of 6 hours from 9 a.m to 3
p.m was considered to calculate best power
collection capacity of cooker. Three cookers with
length to breadth ratio of 1.33, 2.66 and 3.99 were
chosen for investigation. For three days tracking
free experimentation was done in order to compare
the concurrent performance of all three cookers at
full load. Experimental results were analysed, F1,
F2, cooking power, quality factor and exergy
efficiency were determined. The dual mirror cooker
with ratio 2.66 was found to most appropriate and
up to four food items can be cooked together. [19]
Fig. 11. Three Dual booster mirror cooker (Three
cookers with length to breadth ratios 1.33, 2.66 and
3.99 were chosen for investigation) [19]
A box cookers as in Fig. 12 was fabricated with
four reflectors made of aluminium foil and analysis
of un-finned and finned cooking pots was done. Un-
finned and finned cooking pots as shown in Fig. 13.
The volume of water in the pots was 1litre and
shape of two pots were identical, the peripheral
surface of one pot had fins. Two water heating test
were performed. First test was conducted on April
7, 2015, the temperature of 94°C was observed and
time taken was 112 minutes for finned pots and 124
minutes for un-finned pot, with heating time
reduction by 9.6%. Similarly second test on May 5,
2015, the temperature of 94°C was observed and
226 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari
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Volume 4, Issue 6
June 2017
time taken was 97 minutes for finned pots and 114
minutes for un-finned pot, with heating time
reduction by 15%. Thus we can say that heat
transfer was improved by fins from inner hot air in
cooker toward the inside of cooking pot. [20]
Fig. 12. Experimental design of Box cooker with
finned cooking pot [20]
Fig. 13. Un-finned and Finned cooking pots [20]
Solar cooker was designed and fabricated with 9 flat
mirrors which are adjustable and placed on a curved
parabolic shape to concentrate the reflected solar
radiation on the absorber plate as shown in Fig. 14
by Zamini et al. It is an adaptation of box and
parabolic cooker where upper part is box type and
lower part is parabolic. Thus this design receives
solar energy from above and below. The aim of the
experiment was to study the effect of position of
parabolic mirror and time of operation on
efficiency of system simultaneously. For design and
analysis, Response Surface method was used. The
surface response method presents sequence of
effective mathematical as well as statistical tools for
the expansion, up-gradation and optimization of the
method. The reason to use this technique is to give a
common estimate to elucidate the behavior of
 International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research
system on the basis of data acquired on the
performance of the system at particular points. The
outcome of this study can develop the technical
understanding of the design, fabrication and
functioning of solar cookers and it can also offer
prospects to study, design and describe improved
applications for them. Mathematical modeling
determined efficiency of whole series of variables.
The overall efficiency was improved by 35.5%. [21]
Fig. 14. Experimental design of solar cooker [21]
A unique solar cooker Fig.15 has been constructed
by Badar et al. It is a five sided double glazed
cooker with a box painted black. It can capture
direct, diffuse and ground reflected sunlight from all
five sides upper and lower reflectors which
augment the solar rays. A steady state heat transfer
numerical model was developed on the basis of six
seperate thermal resistance networks. Mathematical
model can be extended to flat or parabolic reflector.
Thermal performance parametric analysis was
performed to study the effects of different
parameters like, tramittance solar isolation, overall
heat losss coefficient, box temperature,
transmittance-absorptance product of beam
radiation for top and below for both single glazed
and double glazed cookers. Different surface
coatings were selected for the analysis. Due to low
thermal emittance of tinox and black crystals it was
seen that box temperature (Tb) increased up to 40°C
in comparison to black paint. The effect of spacing
between oven box- inner glazing and between the
227 Neha Garg, Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari
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Volume 4, Issue 6
June 2017
glazing was studied. It was seen that by decreasing
the plate spacing Tb decreases but the drop was
marginal till 20mm, after that as spacing is reduced
from 20mm onwards Tb decreases significantly [22]
a b
Fig. 15. Pictorial view of solar cooker (a) with
reflector (b) without reflector [22]
III. CONCLUSION
Review on work of different researchers has been
done on box solar cooker. Research carried out to
check the performance of box cooker by altering
geometry using different number and types of
reflectors. Performance of box cooker was checked
with and without reflectors.
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ISSN 2394 – 3386
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June 2017
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