Part 2 Seismicanalysisanddesignofmulti Storiedrcbuildingsusingstaad 181130113510

Seismic Analysis/Design of
Multi-storied RC Buildings
using STAAD.Pro & ETABS
according to IS:1893-2016
Presented by .
Rahul Leslie
Deputy Director,
Buildings Design,
DRIQ, Kerala PWD
Trivandrum, India
Part - II 1
Topics Covered:
• Computer modelling and analysis using
STAAD.Pro & ETABS for
– Seismic Coefficient method as per IS:1893
(Part 1)-2016* (Covered in Part-I)
– Response Spectrum method as per
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016*
• Miscellaneous points
* With references to IS:13920-2015 & IS:16700-2017 where
relevant
2
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie
Continued from Part-I …
Analysis as per IS:1893-2016
Response Spectrum Method

(Dynamic Analysis)
3
Response spectrum analysis:
• Response spectrum analysis is performed using multi-
mode responses, where the free vibration modes are
computed using
– Eigen vector analysis (STAAD.Pro)
– Eigen vector or Ritz Vector analysis (ETABS)
• The modal parameters for a structure come as pairs of

– Natural Frequency f (in Hz)
– Mode shape f
(7.7.5.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
• The modes are considered in ascending order of
Natural Frequency.
• Time period T (in Seconds) is the reciprocal of Natural

frequency (in Hz). 4
• The modal parameters for few of the lower frequencies
are considered for further calculations, based on the
following (7.7.5.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
– Modes for frequencies > 33 Hz should not be considered
– The no. of modes considered should be such that the total

mass participation factor (ie., sum of Mk’s) should be at least
90%
– Missing mass correction to be used, instead of modes,

beyond 33Hz
5
Response spectrum analysis (cont…):
• For the modal parameters considered, the following
factors are determined for each mode
– Mode participation factor of each mode Pk
– Mass participation factor for each mode Mk
– Spectral Acceleration coefficient (Sa/g)
• The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is

calculated for each mode from (6.4.4 & 6.4.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
– Zone factor Z
– Importance factor I
– Response reduction factor R
– Spectral Acceleration coefficient Sa/g 6
• Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined
from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part
1)-2016) -- Modified
7
• Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined
from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part
1)-2016) -- Modified
6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016,

description of (Sa/g) - (b)
8
• Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined from the
Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) – Modified
• Also the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal straight lines

after T = 4s. – New (Earlier, the code was silent on the portion of
the curve for T > 4s)
Old
New
9
• Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined from the
Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) – Modified
• Also the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal straight lines

after T = 4s. – New (Earlier, the code was silent on the portion of
the curve for T > 4s)
• The above change is problematic when using Software Packages

developed for IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 in which the curve is
defined only up to 4s.
- Some packages have defined the value of the Response spectrum curve at
4s for all T’s > 4s (eg., ETABS)
- Some packages have assumed the formula for the Response spectrum
curve up to 4s for all T’s > 4s (eg., STAAD.Pro)
10
• In cases where the package has assumed the formula for the
Response spectrum curve up to 4s for all T’s > 4s also ,
• if the first mode is having T > 4s, use the “User defined Response
Spectrum curve” option in the Software Package to define the curve
compatible to IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
• if the first mode is having T<4s, there is no need to use User Defined
curves
• With latest versions of the Software Packages, incorporating the

IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 changes, no such precautions need to be
taken.
11
When Time period of the 1st mode is > 4s:
(and the software doesn’t support the new code)
1) Define the Response Spectrum curve (from equations in code)
(Cont..)
T Sa/g
0 1
Rising 2.2 0.6181818
2.35 0.5787234
0.1 2.5 Flat 2.5 0.544
0.55 2.5 portion
2.65 0.5132075
0.7 1.9428571
2.8 0.4857143
0.85 1.6
2.95 0.4610169 Downward
1 1.36
3.1 0.4387097 curve
1.15 1.1826087
Downward 3.25 0.4184615
1.3 1.0461538
curve 3.4 0.4
1.45 0.937931
3.55 0.3830986
1.6 0.85
3.7 0.3675676
1.75 0.7771429
3.85 0.3532468
1.9 0.7157895
2.05 0.6634146
4 0.34 Lower flat
8 0.34 portion
12
13
STAAD: Response Spectrum
14
Irregularities in modes:
• If sum of Mk of first three modes is less than 65% in each
principal plan direction, building is irregular (IS:1893(Part 1)-
2016 ,Table 6, vii, a)
• If the T of the first modes in the two principal plan directions

are close by 10% of the larger value, building is irregular
(IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 , Table 6, vii, b)
• If the ratio of maximum horizontal displacement at one end and

the minimum horizontal displacement at the other end is:
• in the range 1.5 - 2.0, then T of the first torsional mode should be less
than those of the first two translational modes along each of the principal
plan directions.
• if more than 2.0, the building configuration should be revised)
(IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 , Table 5, portion in italics)
15
Irregularities in modes (Tall buildings):
• The T of the first torsional mode should not exceed 0.9 times the
T of the mode with the lesser T in translation (IS:16700-2017,
5.5.1)
• The T of the lowest translational mode in either horizontal

Cartesian directions should not exceed 8 s, determined with
reduced sections in the analysis model (IS:16700-2017, 5.5.2)
16
• The Spectrum is provided for 5% damping. The table for
converting to other values of damping (as in 6.4.2 & Table 3,
IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002)...
Damping % 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
Factors 3.2 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5
... has now been removed in IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016
• All structures (Steel or RC) are to be designed for 5% (7.2.4

IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
17
• The lateral force due to the modal response
(considering the mode participation factor) is obtained
for each mode of all the modes considered. The force
at each level for each mode is calculated as (7.7.5.4 (c),
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016):
Where
– Ak is the design horizontal seismic coefficient
– fik is the mode shape value for that floor level
– Pk is mode participation factor
– Wi is mass at that floor level
18
The Same Simple Example
A six storied structure
19
20
Lumped mass model
21
Natural Frequencies
EIGEN VALUES
MODAL ANALSYS
EIGEN VECTORS
Mode Shapes
22
Different types of modes: 1.Translational mode in X direction
23
Different types of modes: 2.Translational mode in Y direction
24
Different types of modes: 3.Torsional mode
25
Mode 1
Freq. = 1.44119 Hz
Period = 0.69387 sec
Mode shape = 0
0.1513
0.3687
0.5796
0.7631
0.9059
1
26
Mode 2
Freq. = 4.51039 Hz
Period = 0.22171 sec
Mode shape = 0
-0.5293
-1
-0.9604
-0.4110
0.36629
0.98395
27
Modes I II III IV V
Levels Mode Shapes

1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.151 -0.53 0.824 -1 1
3 0.369 -1 0.861 -0.047 -0.836
4 0.58 -0.96 -0.24 0.999 0.027
5 0.763 -0.41 -1 -0.265 0.813
6 0.906 0.366 -0.38 -0.902 -0.989
7 1 0.984 0.804 0.606 0.415
Period
(sec) 0.694 0.222 0.123 0.085 0.065
Freq(Hz) 1.441 4.51 8.098 11.78 15.31
28
Check Mass Participation (7.7.5.4 (a), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
For kth mode,
Where, n = no. of levels

m = no. of modes
Mode I II III IV V
Mk(kN) 115.5 16.31 5.424 2.686 1.237
Participating mass =115.5+16.31+5.424+2.686+1.237=141.183kN
Total mass = 23.57 x 6 = 141.42 kN
Mass participation = 100x141.183/141.42 = 99.8326% > 90% .:Okay

29
Calculate Mode Participation factors (7.7.5.4 (b), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
For kth mode,
Where, n = no. of levels
Mode I II III IV V
Pk 1.30049 -0.44635 0.26529 -0.18718 0.12223
30
Calculate Mode Participation factors
+
+
+
x 0.12223
+
x -0.18718
x 0.26529
x -0.44635
x 1.30049
31
Calculate Mode Participation factors
(Had all the mode

shapes been utilized)
32
Modes I II III IV V
Φ’s W WΦ
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.1513 -0.5293 0.8237 -1 1 23.57 3.566 -12.48 19.415 -23.57 23.57
3 0.3688 -1 0.8614 -0.0466 -0.8364 23.57 8.692 -23.57 20.303 -1.097 -19.71
4 0.5796 -0.9604 -0.239 0.999 0.0268 23.57 13.66 -22.64 -5.6354 23.547 0.631
5 0.7631 -0.4111 -1 -0.2653 0.8128 23.57 17.99 -9.689 -23.57 -6.253 19.16
6 0.906 0.3663 -0.382 -0.9023 -0.9892 23.57 21.35 8.6335 -9.0113 -21.27 -23.32
7 1 0.984 0.8038 0.6064 0.4154 23.57 23.57 23.192 18.946 14.292 9.791
88.83 -36.55 20.447 -14.35 10.12
Mk 115.5 16.313 5.4243 2.6859 1.2369

WΦ2
0 0 0 0 0
Pk 1.300 -0.4464 0.2653 -0.1872 0.1222
0.54 6.6043 15.992 23.57 23.57
3.206 23.57 17.488 0.0511 16.49
7.919 21.74 1.3474 23.524 0.017
13.73 3.9826 23.57 1.659 15.57
19.34 3.1623 3.4452 19.19 23.07
23.57 22.819 15.228 8.6658 4.067
68.3 81.879 77.072 76.66 82.78
33
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065
Sa/g 1.942 2.5 2.5 2.26 1.975
34
• The vertical lines represent modes (right most is the 1st mode)
• The point where the lines touch the RS curve represents the Spectral
value (Sa/g) of the mode
• The red dots on the ‘mode’ lines show the effective Spectral value
( = Pk*Sa/g )
• Note that although the 2nd mode has a higher Spectral value than that
of the 1st, the 1st has a higher effective Spectral value than the 2nd.
35
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065
Sa/g 1.942 2.5 2.5 2.26 1.975
Pk*Sa/g 2.527 1.116 0.663 0.423 0.241
36
Calculate Design horizontal seismic coefficient
Z = Zone factor = 0.16

I = Importance factor =1
R = Response reduction coefficient =3
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065

Sa/g 1.942 2.5 2.5 2.26 1.975
Ah 0.0311 0.04 0.04 0.0362 0.0316
37
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode
0 0 0
Eg: - for mode 1 : 0.151 23.57 0.144
0.369 23.57 0.351
0.0311 x 1.30049 x = kN
0.58 * 23.57 0.552
0.763 23.57 0.727
0.906 23.57 0.863
1 23.57 0.952
38
Combining Modes:
(a) Indirect method
(Supported by all codes –
IS, BS, EC, etc.)
39
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode…
Mode I II III IV V
Levels Qik (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.144 0.223 0.206 0.16 0.091
3 0.351 0.421 0.215 0.007 -0.08
4 0.552 0.404 -0.06 -0.16 0.002
5 0.727 0.173 -0.25 0.042 0.074
6 0.863 -0.15 -0.1 0.144 -0.09
7 0.952 -0.41 0.201 -0.1 0.038
40
From each mode characteristics…
41
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode… apply and…
42
Analyse for forces, and combine the forces to get final forces…
43
Analyse for forces, and combine the forces to get final forces…
44
Combining Modes:
(b) Direct method
(Supported by FEMA 356, etc.
for Non-linear Static Analysis*)
*ie., Pushover Analysis

45
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode… and combined
Mode I II III IV V SRSS

Levels Qik (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.144 0.223 0.206 0.16 0.091 0.383
3 0.351 0.421 0.215 0.007 -0.08 0.594
4 0.552 0.404 -0.06 -0.16 0.002 0.705
5 0.727 0.173 -0.25 0.042 0.074 0.793
6 0.863 -0.15 -0.1 0.144 -0.09 0.898
7 0.952 -0.41 0.201 -0.1 0.038 1.063
Eg: - for level 7:
SRSS = √[(0.952)2 + (-0.41)2 + (0.201)2 + (-0.1)2 + (0.038)2] = 1.063
46
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode… and combined
47
The forces are applied… …and analysed
48
Combination of modal responses with…
STAAD.Pro V8i SELECT 4
(1) Dominant mode signage (DMS):

• When activated, all modal combination results will
have the same sign as the dominant mode shape alone
would have if it were excited and then the scaled
results were used as a static displacements result.
(2) Signed value:

• This option results in the creation of signed values for
all results. The sum of squares of positive values from
the modes are compared to sum of squares of negative
values from the modes. If the negative values are
larger, the result is given a negative sign.
49
Indirect method Direct method
(Similar sign for DMS results)
50
Methods of mode combinations
IS:1893 and other sources
51
Mode frequencies – an overview:
Out-of-phase modes In-phase modes
OR ZPA OR
Periodic Response Rigid Response
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 … (Hz)
93.223 % 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Modal Combination Missing Mass
(ABS+SRSS*, SRSS,CQC, etc.) Correction
Combination of
Periodic and Rigid modes
*To be discussed
(Lindley-Yow, Hadjian, etc. )
52
Combination of modal responses:
Note:
• In the following sections, Modal combinations of
storey shears are shown as an example of application
of the methods, for each case, for demonstration only
• In practice, the quantities combined by these methods

are usually Bending Moment, Shear Force, Storey
Displacement, etc., represented by Q
53
Combination of modal responses:
1. Absolute Combination (ABS)

– The modal responses of all the individual modes are
summed up (to be used in modal combination as per
IS:1893-1984)* :
– Eg. for level 7,

ABS = │0.952│ + │-0.41│ + │0.201│ + │-0.097│ + │0.038│ = 1.702
‒ *Absolute Combination method is used in the Ten Percent method

application in SRSS method, when the modes are close to each other
by more than 10% in frequency. (ie., the difference between the
frequencies of the consecutive modes are not less than 10% of the
lower frequency), as an alternative to replacing SRSS with CQC –
Same as IS:1893-2002 provision
54
Combination of modal responses (cont…):
2. Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)

– The modal responses are squared, summed, and the root of
the sum taken (7.7.5.3 (b)(1), IS:1893-2016), provided the
modes are not closely spaced *

SRSS = √[(0.952)2 + (-0.41)2 + (0.201)2 + (-0.097)2 + (0.038)2] = 1.063
* SRSS method may be used, provided the modes are not close to each other
by more than 10% in frequency. (ie., the difference between the
frequencies of the consecutive modes are not less than 10% of the lower
frequency) – Same as IS:1893-2002 provision
55
3. Combination of ABS and SRSS (ABS&SRSS)
– The weighted sum of ABS and SRSS is taken
– The method was prescribed in IS:1893-1984 (4.2.2.2,
IS:1893-1984), discontinued in IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 and
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
H (m) g1 g2
20 0.6 0.4
– Values for g are given by table  40 0.4 0.6
– Intermediate values can be 60 0.2 0.8
obtained by interpolation 90 0.0 1.0
Note: g1 + g2 = 1
ABS&SRSS = 0.6 x 1.702 + 0.4 x 1.063 = 1.447
56
4. SRSS with grouping
– The ABS value of modal responses of modes with close
frequencies (ie., their frequencies separated by not more
than 10%) are taken and the modal responses replaced by
the ABS value
– The SRSS value of the modes and the ABS’s values taken
– The method is prescribed in IS:1893-2016 as an alternative
to CQC method (7.7.5.3(b)(2), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Frequencies ωj and ωi are considered
close if their difference does not exceed
10% of the lower frequency (3.1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
– Eg., if freq. are 1.44, 4.52, 4.93, 8.13, 11.9, 12.4, 15.38
then SRSS is taken for quantities corresponding to
frequencies 1.44, ABS(4.52, 4.93), 8.13, ABS(11.9, 12.4),
15.38
5. Out-of-phase response combination

– This is a general category of methods, which includes CQC
and SRSS
– The general equation is
where rij is the cross modal coefficient
a) SRSS method
• SRSS can be represented as
rij = 1 for i=j
= 0 for i≠j
58
5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..)
b) Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) -- Der
Kiureghian’s Method
• The Cross modal coefficient is calculated by (7.7.5.3(a), IS:1893(Part
1)-2016)
where ζ is the damping ratio (= 0.05)

and β = ωj/ωi , ie., the ratio of frequencies
(Note: )
59
c) Rosenblueth’s Method
• Cross modal coefficient is calculated by
where s is the duration of earthquake,

varying from 14 to 40 sec (but can be
assumed to be 10 s).
• The requirement for the effective duration of earthquake makes
this method quite un-handy
• The method is not supported by IS:1893
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie

d) Guptha’s Method
• Cross modal coefficient is calculated by
where
• This method removes the handicap that Rosenblueth has


e) Ten Percent Method
• Cross modal coefficient can be represented as:

For well separated modes,
rij = 1 for i=j
= 0 for i≠j
For modes separated by not more than 10%
rij = 1 for Qi and Qj having same sign
= -1 for Qi and Qj having opposite sign
• This boils down to

Cross modal coefficient for CQC method. Note that the coeff...
• is equal to 1 for modes with i=j (ie., squaring the modal
value), while
• it has a very low value for i≠j (ie., cross multiplying
values of two modes)
modes i, j→ 1 2 3 4 5
↓Freq. (Hz) 1.44 4.52 8.13 11.9 15.38
1 1.44 1 0.0058 0.0019 0.001 0.0006
2 4.52 0.0058 1 0.0263 0.0087 0.0049
3 8.13 0.0019 0.0263 1 0.0626 0.0221
4 11.9 0.001 0.0087 0.0626 1 0.1302
5 15.38 0.0006 0.0049 0.0221 0.1302 1

Cross modal coefficient for CQC method. Note that the coeff
• Is equal to 1 for modes with i=j (ie., squaring the modal
value), while
• It has a very low value for i≠j (ie., cross multiplying
• It has a higher value for i≠j, when the modal frequencies
are close (shown in bold)
modes i, j→ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
↓Freq. (Hz) 1.44 4.52 4.93 8.13 11.9 12.74 15.38
1 1.44 1 0.0058 0.0048 0.0019 0.001 0.0009 0.0006
2 4.52 0.0058 1 0.5695 0.0263 0.0087 0.0074 0.0049
3 4.93 0.0048 0.5695 1 0.0365 0.0109 0.0091 0.0059
4 8.13 0.0019 0.0263 0.0365 1 0.0626 0.0453 0.0221
5 11.9 0.001 0.0087 0.0109 0.0626 1 0.682 0.1302
6 12.74 0.0009 0.0074 0.0091 0.0453 0.682 1 0.2185
7 15.38 0.0006 0.0049 0.0059 0.0221 0.1302 0.2185 1

Cross modal coefficient for CQC method. Note that the coeff
• Is equal to 1 for modes with i=j (ie., squaring the modal
value), while
• It has a very low value for i≠j (ie., cross multiplying
• It has a higher value for i≠j, when the modal frequencies
are close (shown in bold)
• In case of Ten Percent Method, the coeff. for close freq.
modes is taken as being equal to 1
modes i, j→ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
↓Freq. (Hz) 1.44 4.52 4.93 8.13 11.9 12.74 15.38
1 1.44 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4.52 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
3 4.93 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
4 8.13 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
5 11.9 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
6 12.74 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
7 15.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Response spectrum method
ETABS STAAD
 Define Seismic  Define& apply Seismic
parameters: parameters:
• Zone • Damping ratio ξ
• Soil Type • Method of comb (SRSS,
 Apply Seismic CQC, etc.)
parameters • Soil Type
• Damping ratio ξ • Direction (X, Y, Z)
• Method of comb (SRSS, • Scale (= Z.I / 2.R)
CQC, etc.) • Normalization Scale (= 9.8)
• Method of Dir. Comb
• Direction (X, Y, Z)
• I, R
66
ETABS: Define Response Spectrum 67
ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum
70
Scale factor = gI/(2R)
= 9.81*1/(2*5)
= 0.981

71
72
73
Model Mode in X direction
74
Mode in Y direction Torsional Mode
75
STAAD: Response Spectrum 76
ZI / 2R = 0.024
STAAD: Response Spectrum 77

78
79

80
81
Model
Mode along X
82
Mode along Z
Torsional Mode
83
Directional Combination of
Modal Responses
84
Directional combination of modal responses:
• As per IS:1893, directional combination need to be

done only when the lateral load resisting members
are not oriented along horizontal orthogonal
directions (6.3.2.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
85
1. Scaled Absolute Sum method (SAS)
– The method combines the directional components by sum
of values in one direction, with 0.3 times the sum of values
in the other directions (6.3.4.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
2. SRSS Method
– The method combines the directional components by
SRSS method. The method is prescribed as an alternative
to SAS method (6.3.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
86
• The directional combination need to be done also

when vertical earthquake is considered (6.3.4.1,
6.3.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
87
Earthquake in Vertical Direction
88
Earthquake in Vertical Direction
• Vertical earthquake is to be considered for any of the
following conditions (6.3.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
a) In Seismic Zone IV or V
b) Has vertical or plan irregularities
c) Resting on soft soil
d) Has long spans
e) Has large horizontal overhangs
89
• The Design vertical seismic coefficient Av is calculated from
(6.4.6, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
90
• The Design vertical seismic coefficient Av is calculated from
(6.4.6, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
• This can be easily incorporated as a gravity load. For example,

in case of Zone-III,
Ah = (2/3)*(0.16*1)/(2*5)*2.5 = 0.027
.: ELv = 0.027*(DL+0.25LL ≤3kN/m2+0.5LL >3kN/m2)
• This vertical load case, ELv, can be put in place of EL in the

Load Combinations (to be discussed later) as additional Load
Combinations. 91
• In case of Response Spectrum method, the Response Spectrum
curve should be set as per (6.4.6, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
No. of Modes & Missing Mass
Correction
100
Mode frequencies – an overview:
Out-of-phase modes In-phase modes
OR ZPA OR
Periodic Response Rigid Response

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 … (Hz)
93.223 % 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Modal Combination Missing Mass
(ABS+SRSS*, SRSS,CQC, etc.) Correction
*As per IS:1893-1967

101
Missing Mass Correction :
ZPA

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 … (Hz)
33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
• Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass

• Zero Period Acceleration (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)* = 1.0
102
ZPA

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 … (Hz)
33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %

• Zero Period Acceleration, (Sa/g)ZPA = 1.0 (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)*
* The above formula, as available in the IS:1893-2002 was present in

3.24.1, IS:1893-2016 Draft code (CED 39(7975)), but is missing in
the final IS:1893-2016 code.
However, of one takes (Sa/g)ZPA to be literally equal to (Sa/g)
at T=0, then it is equal to 2.5 in the Spectrum curve for Response
Spectrum analysis.
103
ZPA

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 … (Hz)
33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %

• Zero Period Acceleration, (Sa/g)ZPA = 1.0 (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
• Horizontal acceleration coefficient, Ah
104
Missing Mass Correction (cont…):
• Lateral force, QR is given by
where
Mmiss.mass is the missing mass
Mk(ZPA) is sum of Participating
masses up to ZPA
105
0
4.6285
11.310
Storey wise Mass Participation for 1st mode =
17.778
23.387
27.771
30.652
For 1st mode, Mk = 0+4.6285+11.310+17.778+23.387+27.771+30.652 = 115.52
Thus, storey wise Mass Participation can be obtained for each mode,
from which the total storey wise Mass Participation,
and consequently, the storey wise Missing Mass can be determined.
(I’m not going into the details of calculating ‘storey wise Mass Participation’
here since I don’t want to go into the matrix calculations involved)
106
0.16 x 1
Ah = X (1.6) = 0.04266
2x3
0 0
0
0.0155 0.0006
0.0155
Storey wise 0.0243 0.0243 0.0010
Missing mass = :. 0.04266 x 0.0256 = 0.0010
0.0256
(kN) Results
0.0234 0.0010
0.0234
0.0151 0.0006
0.0151
0.0047 0.0002
0.0047 Final
SRSS
Results
0
0.5755 Results
0.9114
QP = 0.9741
1.0422
1.116
1.4002
107
Set number of modes & Check mass
participation
(7.7.5.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
• Consider as many no. of modes so as to have a
total Participating Mass, Σ(Mk) > 90%
• One shouldn’t consider modes having

frequencies > 33 Hz
• In case one has considered modes up to 33Hz, but

still hasn’t obtained Σ(Mk) > 90%, the only option
is a Missing Mass correction
108
Set number of Modes & check Mass
Participation
ETABS & STAAD
• Increase no. of modes
• Check output tables to see
– Modes at which participating mass > 90%
– Mode having freq. > 33Hz
• Set no. of modes to be considered, accordingly
• If all modes are considered up to 33Hz, but still
hasn’t obtained Σ(Mk) > 90%, apply Missing Mass
Correction
109
ETABS: Set no. of modes 110
ETABS: Set no. of modes 111
112
ETABS: Check mass participation
113
114
115
116
Set this to mode
for 33 Hz cut-off
freq.

117
STAAD: Check mass participation
118
119
120
121
122
Base Shear Correction
123
When dynamic method is followed :
• When dynamic analysis is done, a static analysis is
also to be done and base shears compared (7.7.3,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
– If scale all forces in the ratio as
– This has to be done independently for each orthogonal

direction (7.7.3 (a), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
– Though not explicitly stated, it is understood that the

VB(Stat.Anal) part satisfies the VB ≥ (VB)min condition of 7.2.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
124
125
Base shear correction
• Do analysis with seismic coeff. method 
Base shear = Vb(Stat.Anal)
• Do analysis with Resp. Spec. method 

Base shear = Vb(Dyn.Anal)
• Is Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal) ?

If yes (Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal))  No problem
If no (Vb(Dyn.Anal) < Vb(Stat.Anal))  scale resp. spec. results by
[Vb(Stat.Anal) / Vb(Dyn.Anal)] > 1
126
ETABS: Base shear correction
127
128
129
VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1607kN
VB(Stat.Anal) = 1769kN
VB(Dyn.Anal) < VB(Stat.Anal)
:.VB(Stat.Anal)/ VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1769/1607

= 1.1 (STAAD)
New Coeff. = Coeff.*1.1

= 0.981*1.1 = 1.08 (ETABS)
130
131
STAAD: Base shear correction
132
Seismic Load Combinations
133
ETABS: Load combination
134
STAAD: Load combination
135
Design Combinations Service Combinations
STAAD: Load combination

136
Load Combinations:
The analysis results are to be combined as per
“respective standards” – 6.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
– (eg., Table 18. IS:456-2000) – and also hinted in
6.3.2.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 – for the following
load combinations for RC structures :
Design Combinations:- Service Combinations:-
•COMB-I = 1.5(DL+LL)# •COMB-I = 1.0(DL+LL)
•COMB-II = 1.2(DL+LL±EL)# •COMB-II = 1.0DL+0.8(LL±EL)
•COMB-III = 1.5(DL±EL) •COMB-III = 1.0(DL±EL)
•COMB-IV = 0.9DL±1.5EL*
Where EL represents ELx and Ely

#Thenote that live load reduction for upper floors as per 3.2, IS:875(Part 2)-
1987 not to be included (Note 6, 8.1, IS:875(Part 5)-1987), but reduction
as per Table 10, IS:1893 shall be used (7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002) is
now missing in, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016 -- Missing
*Noted as to be considered when stability against overturning or stress
reversal is critical (foot note to Table 18, IS:456-2000) 137
Load Combinations (cont…):
Design Combinations: Service Combinations:

•COMB1 = 1.5(DL+LL) •COMB1 = 1.0(DL+LL)
•COMB2 = 1.2(DL+LL+ELx) •COMB2 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL+ELx)#
•COMB3 = 1.2(DL+LL  ELx) •COMB3 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL  ELx) #
•COMB4 = 1.2(DL+LL+ELy) •COMB4 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL+ELy) #
•COMB5 = 1.2(DL+LL  ELy) •COMB5 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL  ELy) #
•COMB6 = 1.5(DL+ELx) •COMB6 = 1.0(DL+ELx) #
•COMB7 = 1.5(DL  ELx) •COMB7 = 1.0(DL  ELx) #
•COMB8 = 1.5(DL+ELy) •COMB8 = 1.0(DL+ELy) #
•COMB9 = 1.5(DL  ELy) •COMB9 = 1.0(DL  ELy) #
•COMB10 = 0.9DL+1.5ELx
•COMB11 = 0.9DL  1.5ELx
•COMB13 = 0.9DL+1.5ELy # Use enhanced SBC for these
•COMB14 = 0.9DL  1.5ELy cases (6.3.5.2 & Table 1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
138
Permissible Increase in SBC of soil :-
(6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) -- Modified
Type Designation %-age increase allowable
Type A Rock, 50%

Hard Soil
Type B Medium & 25%
Stiff Soil
Type C Soft Soil 0%
139
(6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
• Where the type of soils are

– Type A (Rock or Hard soil): N > 30, among other
descriptions
– Type B (Stiff & Medium soils): 10 ≤ N ≤ , among other
descriptions
– Type C (Soft soils): N < 10
– Type D (Unstable, collapsible liquefiable soil)
(Table 2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
140
(6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
• Classification for allowable increase in SBC (ie., Type A, B &

C, Table 1, IS:1893-2016) is separate from classification for
selection of appropriate Response Spectrum curve (ie., Type I,
II & III, Table 4, IS:1893-2016) -- New
− This is primarily because the depth up to which the
weighted average of soil properties are to be taken are
different.
141
(Note 7, Table 2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
N value to be considered:
− Isolated footing/Raft: Weighted average of N values

of soil layers up to a depth of twice Footing/Raft
breadth from the founding depth
− Pile: Weighted average of N values of soil layers up to

a depth of twice pile diameter from the tip of pile
− Pile Group: Weighted average of N values of soil

layers up to a depth of twice pile group width from
the tip of pile
142
Load Combinations (Cont.):
The percentage of imposed loads given [0.25 LL ≤ 3 kN/m2,
0.5 LL > 3kN/m2] cannot now be used for ‘whole frame loaded’
condition in the load combinations specified
[1.2(DL+LL±EL)] where the gravity loads are combined with
the earth quake loads (as in 7.3.3, IS:1893-2006, now
removed in IS:1893-2016) -- Modified
Further reduction in imposed load as per 3.2, IS:875 (Part 2)-
1987 need not be considered (Note 6, 8.1, IS:875(Part 5)-
1987 is still in force, although 7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002 is
now removed).
• COMB-I = 1.5[DL+LL]
• COMB-II = 1.2[DL+LL±EL]
• COMB-III = 1.5(DL±EL)
• COMB-IV = 0.9DL±1.5EL
143
For Design:-
• COMB1 = 1.5 (DL + LL )
• COMB2 = 1.2 (DL + LL + ELx )
• COMB3 = 1.2 (DL + LL  ELx )
• COMB4 = 1.2 (DL + LL + ELy )
• COMB5 = 1.2 (DL + LL  ELy )
• COMB6 = 1.5 (DL + ELx )
• COMB7 = 1.5 (DL  ELx )
• COMB8 = 1.5 (DL + ELy )
• COMB9 = 1.5 (DL  ELy )
• COMB10 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 ELx
• COMB11 = 0.9 DL  1.5 ELx
• COMB13 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 ELy
• COMB14 = 0.9 DL  1.5 ELy
144
Force Envelopes
145
1.5x(DL + LL) 1.5x(DL - EQx)
Envelope
1.5x(DL + EQx)
146
1.5x(DL + LL)
1.5x(DL + EQx)
1.5x(DL - EQx)
Envelope
147
Torsion & Accidental
Eccentricity
148
Accidental eccentricity:
• Minimum Design eccentricity edi to be considered
during analysis (7.8.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
where esi = actual eccentricity

bi = breadth of building
– In case Time History analysis is carried out, the dynamic

amplification factor of 1.5 be replaced by 1.0
– In earlier code, this reduction was applicable to 3D Response
Spectrum analysis also
149
Accidental eccentricity:
150
Specifying Accidental Eccentricity
 ETABS
• Give eccentricity = 0.05 (ie., 5% of respective dimension)
To include the Dynamic Amplification Factor:
• For each storey,
• If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be provided is in the
same direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide
Accidental eccentricity as 0.5e+0.05b
• If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be provided is in the
opposite direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide
Accidental eccentricity 0.05b
 STAAD
• Tick the Accidental Eccentricity / Include Torsion
checkbox
151
ETABS: Accidental eccentricity
152
153
154
155
156
STAAD: Accidental eccentricity
157
158
Specifying Accidental Eccentricity
 STAAD 8i SELECT 4 and above
• If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be given is in the same direction

as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide Accidental eccentricity as
(0.5e+0.05b)/b
• If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be given is in the opposite

direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide Accidental eccentricity
0.05
159

160
For Design:-
• 1.5 (DL + LL ) 1 Load Case
• 1.2 (DL + LL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
• 1.5 (DL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
• 0.9 DL ± 1.5 (EL x/y ± e) 8 Load Cases
-------------------
25 Load Cases
For support reactions:-

• 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
• 1.0 (DL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
-------------------
17 Load Cases  42 Load Cases
161
Load Combinations (non-ortho beams…):
For Design:-
• 1.2 (DL + LL ± (EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases
• 1.5 (DL ± (EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases
• 0.9 DL ± 1.5((EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases
-------------------
97 Load Cases
For support reactions:-
• 1.0 DL + 0.8 ((EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases
• 1.0 (DL ± (EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases
-------------------
65 Load Cases  162 Load Cases
162
Reinforced Concrete Design
163
Concrete Design
 ETABS  STAAD
• Load combinations • Load combinations
• Design Code (Indian) • Design Code (Indian,
• Material: ρ, E, μ, fck, 456/13920)
fymain, fyshear • fck, fymain, fyshear
• Ductile/ordinary • Load case for beam shear
• Col. Effective lengths design (DL+LL)
• Etc… (6.3.3(b) , IS:13920)
• Col. Effective lengths
• Etc…
164
Ref:- Fig.4, IS:13920
165
ETABS: Concrete Design
166
167
168
169
ETABS: Run Analysis
170
ETABS: Run Concrete Design
171
STAAD: Concrete Design
172
STAAD: Run Analysis 173
Miscellaneous points
174
Selection of method – as per the earlier code:
• Dynamic analysis to be performed for
1. In case of regular buildings
– h > 40 m in Zones IV & V
– h > 90 m in Zones II & III
2. In case of irregular buildings
– h > 12 m in Zones IV & V
– h > 40 m in Zones II & III
(7.8.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
175
Selection of method :
• Static analysis to be performed for regular buildings
with T < 0.4s (6.4.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016).
• Dynamic analysis to be performed for all buildings

except regular buildings of height less than 15m in
Zone II (7.7.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016).
• As one can see, there is a confusion on whether the

criteria are mutually exclusive and covers all cases
For example:
- Building in Zone II, regular bldg, ht. < 15m,
- But T > 0.4s
• Of course, one can always fall back on the
conservative side, however.
176
Dual Systems (7.2.7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
• Buildings with dual system consist of (1) Moment
resisting frames and (2) Shear walls (or Braced
frames) such that both of the following conditions
are valid:
a) The integral system is designed to resist total design
lateral force
b) The moment resisting frames are designed to resist
independently at least 25% of the total design lateral
force
• This is same as that in the earlier code (4.9,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002, under list of Terminology)
177
• For example, here the total lateral load applied is 77.47 kN,
which,
• the frame takes 13.73 kN and
• the shear wall takes 63.74 kN
77.47 kN
13.73 kN 63.74 kN
178
which,
• For the dual system, the frame portion alone should be able to take 25%
of 77.47 kN, ie., 19.36 kN
• But in actual behaviour, the portion of Vb that the frame has to resist is
only 13.73 kN, ie., 17.7%
• To design the frame for 25% of 77.47 kN, one has to boost the total Vb
(ie., the total lateral load) to such an extend that the Vb to be resisted by
the frame portion alone reaches 19.37 kN. That is, the lateral loads
should be scaled up so that the total Vb becomes 109.28 kN. Under this
loading, do the design of frames alone, and not the shear walls
• Shear walls need to be designed only for 77.47 kN total Vb, with 63.74
kN resisted by the shear walls
179
which,
• Therefore, the laleteral loads should be scaled up so that the total Vb
becomes 109.28 kN. Under this loading, do the design of frames alone,
and not the shear walls
• Shear walls need to be designed only for 77.47 kN total Vb, with 63.74
kN resisted by the shear walls
109.28 kN
19.36 kN 89.92 kN
(for frame design) (not to be considered)
180
Selection of method :
• When the structure is irregular,
the method of dynamic analysis
with masses lumped at floor
levels, as per 7.7.5.4, IS:1893(Part
1)-2016, cannot be done, rendering
computer modelling the only
option.
• Code for Tall RC Buildings

specifically recommends use of
3D analysis software for analysis
(7.1, IS:16700-2017)
181
Soft Stories (Table 6 (i), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
• A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is
less than that of the storey above
• Table 5 & 6 IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 sets limits on irregularities
for Seismic Zones III, IV and V
• Thus the code is not clear for Zone II
182
Soft Stories :
• In case of buildings with soft stories,
– Dynamic analysis of building be carried out including the
strength and stiffness effects of infills, and the members
designed accordingly (7.10.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
– Alternatively,
• Columns and beams of the soft storey be designed for 2.5 times
forces obtained by analysis
• Shear walls of the soft storey be designed for 1.5 times forces
obtained by analysis
(7.10.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
183
Soft Stories :
• In case of buildings with soft stories,
– All efforts shall be made to eliminate the irregularity by
modifying architectural planning and structural
configurations. (7.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
184
Seismic vs Wind:
• When a structure is analysed for Seismic and Wind
loads, and even if the Load Combination cases ‘not
including the Seismic case’ (eg., with Wind loading)
are critical over those with Seismic included, ductile
detailing provisions (as per IS:13920-2016) should
still be adopted (6.3.1.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016), if
ductile detailing is applicable in the design criteria.
185
Separation Between Adjacent Units :
• To avoid pounding when the two units or adjacent buildings
deflect towards each other, a separation gap equal to R times the
sum of the calculated storey displacements as per 7.11.1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 (ie., with partial load factor of 1.0) of each
of them (7.11.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) -- Modified
• The earlier provision of the separation gap being equal to
R/2, where the floors of the two units are at the same level,
has now been modified.
• This, coupled with the use of Stiffness Reduction of beams
and columns (as per 6.4.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) is likely
to increase the separation gap much more than that used to
be previously calculated.
186
When to include ductile detailing :-
Ductile detailing provisions shall be adopted in RCC

buildings for
– More than 5 stories high in zone III
– Industrial structure in zone III
– Importance factor > 1.0 in zone III
– In zone IV & V
(1.1.1, IS:13920-1993)
Ductile detailing provisions shall be adopted in RCC

buildings for
– All buildings in zone III, IV & V
– Optional in zone II
(1.1.1, IS:13920-2016 -- Same as that in 1.1.1, IS:13920-1993,
Edition 1.2)
187
Concluding Remarks
188
Concluding remarks
• The best way to implement advanced seismic analysis
techniques is through an analysis software package.
• To use a software package, one has to know it
• More importantly, one has to know its limitations,
• Still more important, one has to know its pitfalls.
• Software Demonstrators/Instructors may tell you the
limitations, but not the pitfalls. Mostly it can be learned
only through experience.
• The user should have a good base in Seismic Analysis &
Design, and Structural Dynamics. Also a basic
understanding of FEM is desirable.
• Also one has to know the code provisions, and have them
ready reference (IS:456, SP 34, IS:1893, IS:13920, IS:875
Part-I, II, III)
189
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
Thank you!
190

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Seismic Analysis/Design of

Analysis as per IS:1893-2016

Response Spectrum Method

• The modal parameters for a structure come as pairs of

• Time period T (in Seconds) is the reciprocal of Natural

– Modes for frequencies > 33 Hz should not be considered

– The no. of modes considered should be such that the total

– Missing mass correction to be used, instead of modes,

• The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is

6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016,

• Also the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal straight lines

• Also the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal straight lines

• The above change is problematic when using Software Packages

• With latest versions of the Software Packages, incorporating the

• If the T of the first modes in the two principal plan directions

• If the ratio of maximum horizontal displacement at one end and

• The T of the lowest translational mode in either horizontal

... has now been removed in IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016

• All structures (Steel or RC) are to be designed for 5% (7.2.4

A six storied structure

Levels Mode Shapes

Where, n = no. of levels

Participating mass =115.5+16.31+5.424+2.686+1.237=141.183kN

Total mass = 23.57 x 6 = 141.42 kN

Mass participation = 100x141.183/141.42 = 99.8326% > 90% .:Okay

Where, n = no. of levels

(Had all the mode

2 0.1513 -0.5293 0.8237 -1 1 23.57 3.566 -12.48 19.415 -23.57 23.57

Mk 115.5 16.313 5.4243 2.6859 1.2369

Z = Zone factor = 0.16

Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065

*ie., Pushover Analysis

Mode I II III IV V SRSS

SRSS = √[(0.952)2 + (-0.41)2 + (0.201)2 + (-0.1)2 + (0.038)2] = 1.063

(1) Dominant mode signage (DMS):

(2) Signed value:

IS:1893 and other sources

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

• In practice, the quantities combined by these methods

1. Absolute Combination (ABS)

– Eg. for level 7,

‒ *Absolute Combination method is used in the Ten Percent method

2. Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)

– Eg. for level 7,

5. Out-of-phase response combination

where rij is the cross modal coefficient

where ζ is the damping ratio (= 0.05)

where s is the duration of earthquake,

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie

• This method removes the handicap that Rosenblueth has

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie

• Cross modal coefficient can be represented as:

• This boils down to

• The method is not supported by IS:1893

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie

ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum

STAAD: Response Spectrum 77

STAAD: Response Spectrum

• As per IS:1893, directional combination need to be

• The directional combination need to be done also