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PEPERIKSAAN
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION)
CHEMISTRY
Syllabus and Specimen Papers
This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 session and thereafter until further notice.
NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY
This revised Chemistry syllabus is designed to replace the existing syllabus which has been in use
since the 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 and the first
examination will also be held the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the
changes made by the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the existing STPM examination.
Through the new system, the form six study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit
for an examination at the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the requirements of this new
system. The main objective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching
and learning orientation of form six so as to be in line with the orientation of teaching and learning in
colleges and universities.
The revision of the Chemistry syllabus incorporates current developments in chemistry studies and
syllabus design in Malaysia. The syllabus will give candidates exposure to pre-university level about
Chemistry as a central science that includes physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry and organic
chemistry. In tandem with the global needs for a sustainable environment, it is important to promote
awareness of the roles of chemistry in the understanding of nature and the universe. As such,
environmental chemistry relating to green chemistry as well as water and solid waste management
have been included in this revised syllabus. Accordingly, it is hoped that this syllabus will be able to
produce pre-university candidates which are mature minded, knowledgeable, and able to
communicate ideas effectively using various forms of communication.
The syllabus contains topics, teaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, grade
description and specimen papers.
The design of this syllabus was undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Datuk Dr. A. Hamid
bin A. Hadi from Universiti Malaya. Other committee members consist of university lecturers,
representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education Malaysia, and
experienced teachers who are teaching Chemistry. On behalf of MEC, I would like to thank the
committee for their commitment and invaluable contribution. It is hoped that this syllabus will be a
guide for teachers and candidates in the teaching and learning process.
Chief Executive
Malaysian Examinations Council
CONTENTS
Page
Aims 1
Objectives 1
Content
First Term 2 – 10
Second Term 11 – 18
Third Term 19 – 30
Scheme of Assessment 34 – 35
Performance Descriptions 36
Periodic Table 39
Reference Books 40
Specimen Paper 1 41 – 63
Specimen Paper 2 65 – 89
Aims
This syllabus aims to enhance candidates knowledge and understanding of chemistry. It also enables
them to advance their studies at institutions of higher learning and assists them to pursue a chemistry-
related career. It will also promote awareness of the roles of chemistry in the understanding of nature
and the universe.
Objectives
1
FIRST TERM
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
2
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
2 Electronic Structure of 8
Atoms
3
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
3 Chemical Bonding 20
4
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
4.1 Gases 6 (a) explain the pressure and behaviour of ideal gas
using the kinetic theory;
(b) explain qualitatively, in terms of molecular
size and intermolecular forces, the conditions
necessary for a gas approaching the ideal
behaviour;
(c) define Boyle‟s law, Charles‟ law and
Avogadro‟s law;
(d) apply the pV nRT equation in calculations,
including the determination of the relative
molecular mass, Mr;
(e) define Dalton‟s law, and use it to calculate the
partial pressure of a gas and its composition;
(f) explain the limitation of ideality at very high
pressures and very low temperatures.
5
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
5. Reaction Kinetics 14
6
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
7
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
6 Equilibria 32
8
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
9
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
10
SECOND TERM
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
7 Chemical Energetics 18
11
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
8 Electrochemistry 26
12
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
13
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
10 Group 2 10
14
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
11 Group 14 10
15
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
12 Group 17 8
16
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
13 Transition Elements 14
17
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
18
THIRD TERM
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
14 Introduction to Organic 21
Chemistry
19
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
20
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
15 Hydrocarbons 21
21
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
22
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
23
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
17 Hydroxy Compounds 12
24
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
25
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
26
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
27
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
28
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
29
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
30
The Practical Syllabus
School-based Assessment of Practical
School-based assessment of practical works is carried out throughout the form six school terms for
candidates from government and private schools which have been approved by the MEC to carry out
the school-based assessment.
MEC will determine 13 compulsory experiments and one project to be carried out by the
candidates and to be assessed by the subject teachers in the respective terms. The project will be
carried out during the third term in groups of two or three candidates. Details of the title, topic,
objective, theory, apparatus, and procedure of each of the experiments and project will be specified in
the Teacher‟s and Student‟s Manual for Practical Chemistry which can be downloaded from MEC‟s
Portal (http://www.mpm.edu.my) by the subject teachers during the first term of form six.
Candidates should be supplied with a work scheme before the day of the compulsory experiment
so as to enable them to plan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one school
double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the subject teachers during the practical
sessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessment
guidelines prepared by MEC.
A repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for the subsequent
STPM examination. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should be made
during the registration of the examination.
The Chemistry practical syllabus for STPM should achieve its objective to improve the quality of
students in the aspects as listed below.
(a) The ability to follow a set or sequence of instructions.
(b) The ability to plan and carry out experiments using appropriate methods.
(c) The ability to choose suitable equipment and use them correctly and carefully.
(d) The ability to record readings from diagrams of apparatus.
(e) The ability to describe, explain, comment on or suggest experimental arrangements,
techniques and procedures.
(f) The ability to complete tables of data and/or plot graphs.
(g) The ability to interpret, analyse and evaluate observations, experimental data and make
deductions.
(h) The ability to do calculations based on experiments.
(i) The ability to make conclusions.
(j) The awareness of the safety measures which need to be taken.
31
The objective of this project work is to enable candidates to acquire knowledge and skills in
chemistry using information and communication technology as well as to develop soft skills as
follows:
(a) communications,
(b) teamwork,
(c) critical thinking and problem solving,
(d) flexibility/adaptability,
(e) leadership,
(f) organising,
(g) information technology and communications,
(h) moral and ethics.
The main objective of written practical test paper is to assess the candidates‟ understanding of
practical procedures in the laboratory.
The following candidates are eligible to take this written practical test:
(a) individual private candidates,
(b) candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-based
assessment of practical work,
(c) candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),
(d) candidates who do not attend classes of lower six and upper six in two consecutive years
(in government or private schools),
(e) candidates who take Chemistry other than the package offered by schools.
Three structured questions on routine practical work and/or design of experiments will be set.
MEC will not be strictly bound by the syllabus in setting questions. Where appropriate, candidates
will be given sufficient information to enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory
within the syllabus and knowledge of usual laboratory practical procedures will be expected.
32
The questions to be set will cover the following three aspects:
(a) Volumetric analysis
Experimental procedures and calculations such as purity determination and stoichiometry
from volumetric analysis of acid-base and redox titrations will be assessed.
(c) Techniques
Techniques involving qualitative analysis of ions and functional groups and synthesis will
be assessed. It will be assumed that candidates will be familiar with the simple reactions of
the following ions: NH4+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ba2+,
Pb2+, CO32 , NO3 , NO2 , S2 , SO42 , SO32 , S2O32 , Cl , Br , I , MnO4 , CH3CO2 , C2O42 .
Knowledge of simple organic reactions, e.g. test-tube reactions indicating the presence of
unsaturation and functional groups will be required.
The substances to be asked in questions may contain ions not included in the above list; in
such cases, candidates will not be expected to identify the ions but to draw conclusions of a
general nature.
33
Scheme of Assessment
34
Term of Paper Code Mark
Type of Test Duration Administration
Study and Name (Weighting)
35
Performance Descriptions
36
Summary of Key Quantities and Units
The list below is intended as a guide for the common quantities which might be encountered in
teaching and used in question papers.
half-life t 12 s
atomic mass unit a.m.u.
relative atomic mass Ar
relative isotopic mass Ar
relative molecular mass Mr
molar mass M g mol 1
Molar volume of gas Vm dm3 mol 1
nucleon number A
proton number Z
neutron number N
Avogadro constant L mol 1
Faraday constant F C mol 1
specific heat capacity c Jg1 C 1
heat capacity C J C1
heat change q J, kJ
enthalpy change of reaction H J, kJ
standard enthalpy change of reaction H J mol 1, kJ mol 1
37
Quantity Common symbol Unit
rate constant k as appropriate
equilibrium constant K, Kp, Kc as appropriate
acid dissociation constant Ka mol dm 3
base dissociation constant Kb mol dm 3
mole fraction x
concentration c mol dm 3
solubility product Ksp as appropriate
ionic product of water Kw mol2 dm 6
38
Periodic Table
Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
1.0 4.0
H He
1 2
6.9 9.0 a a = relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
Li Be X X = atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
3 4 b b = proton number 5 6 7 8 9 10
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 40.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
39
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 175.0 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
[223] [226] [262] [261] [262] [263] [264] [265] [266] [269] [272] [277]
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uuu] Uuu Uub
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Lanthanides
139 140 141 144 [145] 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Actinides
227 232 231 238 237 [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259]
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Reference Books
Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the STPM examination and other
reference books such as those listed below.
1. Cann, P. and Hughes, P., 2002. Chemistry for Advanced Level. London: John Murray.
2. Clugston, M. and Flemming, R., 2000. Advanced Chemistry. New York: Oxford.
3. Lister, T. and Renshaw, J., 2000. Understanding Chemistry for Advanced Level. 3rd edition.
Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
4. Ramsden, E.N., 2000. A-Level Chemistry. 4th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
5. Brown, T.L. et al., 2006. Chemistry: The Central Science. 10th edition. New Jersey: Pearson.
6. Chang, R., 2007. Chemistry. 9th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
7. Hill, G. and Holman, J., 2000. Chemistry in Context. 5th edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
8. Moore, J.W., Stanitski, C.L., and Jurs, P.C., 2008. Chemistry The Molecular Science. 3rd
edition. California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
9. Solomons, G. and Fryhle, C., 2008. Organic Chemistry. 9th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley &
Sons.
10. Brown, W. and Poon, T., 2005. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. 3rd edition. New Jersey:
John Wiley & Sons.
11. McMurry, J. and Simanek, E., 2007. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. 6th edition.
California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
12. Housecroft, C.E. and Sharpe, A.G., 2005. Inorganic Chemistry. 2nd edition. Essex: Pearson.
13. Brady, J.E. and Senese, F., 2004. Chemistry. 4th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
14. Freemantle, M., 1997. Chemistry in Action. 2nd edition. London: Thomson Learning.
40
Identity card number: …………………………. Centre number/index number: ……………................
(Nombor kad pengenalan) (Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/1 STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE For examiner‟s use
Please tear off along the perforated line.
41
BLANK PAGE
962/1
42
HALAMAN KOSONG
962/1
43
Section A [15 marks]
1 Which particle has the correct corresponding number of electrons and number of neutrons?
Particle Number of electrons Number of neutrons
16
A 7 N 9 7
18 2
B 8O 8 10
19
C 9F 19 9
79
D 35 Br 34 44
Percentage
of abundance 100 99.63
0.37
0
14 15 Mass/charge
3 What is the maximum number of emission lines possible for a hydrogen atom with electronic
energy levels n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3?
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6
5 Which molecule possesses polar bonds but its overall molecular dipole moment is zero?
A NH3 B H2S C CCl4 D CH3Cl
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Bahagian A [15 markah]
1 Zarah yang manakah yang mempunyai padanan yang betul dengan nombor elektron dan nombor
neutron?
Zarah Nombor elektron Nombor neutron
16
A 7 N 9 7
18 2
B 8O 8 10
19
C 9F 19 9
79
D 35 Br 34 44
Peratusan
kelimpahan 100 99.63
0.37
0
14 15 Jisim/cas
3 Berapakah bilangan garisan pemancaran maksimum yang mungkin bagi atom hidrogen dengan
aras tenaga elektronik n = 1, n = 2, dan n = 3?
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6
5 Molekul yang manakah yang mempunyai ikatan berkutub tetapi jumlah momen dwikutubnya
molekulnya adalah sifar?
A NH3 B H2S C CCl4 D CH3Cl
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6 Which statement regarding metallic bond is correct?
A The metallic bond enables metals to be a good conductor of heat.
B The strength of the metallic bond depends on the size of the atom of the metal.
C The metallic bonds are formed because metals have relatively high ionisation energies.
D The metallic bond is formed from the attraction between the electrons and the nucleus in the
atom.
7 A mixture of 8.0 g of a monoatomic gas X and an unknown quantity of mass of diatomic gas Y
has a volume of V m3 at s.t.p. When 20.0 g of gas X is added to the mixture under the same
conditions, the volume of the mixture is 2V m3. What is the quantity of gas Y in the mixture?
[Relative atomic masses of X and Y are 4 and 1 respectively. Assume that gas X does not react
with gas Y.]
A 1g B 2g C 5g D 6g
8 Boron nitride, BN, can exist in two different forms P and Q. P has a layered giant molecular
lattice with weak forces between the layers. Q has a giant lattice in which each atom is bonded to
another by four covalent bonds. The following statements are regarding P and Q.
I P and Q have high melting points.
II P and Q have the same density.
III Structure Q is harder than structure P.
IV Structure Q conducts electricity in molten state.
Which statements about P and Q are correct?
A I and II
B I and III
C II and IV
D III and IV
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6 Penyataan yang manakah yang betul tentang ikatan logam?
A Ikatan logam membolehkan logam menjadi konduksi haba yang baik.
B Kekuatan ikatan logam bergantung kepada saiz atom logam itu.
C Ikatan logam yang terbentuk disebabkan logam mempunyai tenaga pengionan yang tinggi
secara relatifnya.
D Ikatan logam terbentuk daripada penarikan antara elektron dengan nuklues dalam atom.
7 Satu campuran 8.0 g gas monoatom X dan satu kuantiti gas dwiatom Y yang tidak diketahui
jisimnya mempunyai isi padu V m3 pada s.t.p. Apabila 20.0 g gas X ditambahkan kepada campuran
itu pada keadaan yang sama, isi padu campuran itu ialah 2V m3. Berapakah kuantiti gas Y dalam
campuran itu?
[Jisim atom relatif bagi X dan Y masing-masing ialah 4 dan 1. Anggap bahawa gas X tidak
bertindak balas dengan gas Y.]
A 1g B 2g C 5g D 6g
8 Boron nitrida, BN, boleh wujud dalam dua bentuk yang berbeza, P dan Q. P mempunyai lapisan
kekisi molekul raksasa dengan daya yang lemah antara lapisan. Q mempunyai kekisi raksasa yang
mana setiap atom terikat kepada atom yang lain oleh empat ikatan kovalen. Penyataan yang berikut
berkaitan dengan P dan Q.
I P dan Q mepunyai takat lebur yang tinggi
II P dan Q mempunyai ketumpatan yang sama
III Struktur Q lebih keras daripada struktur P
IV Struktur Q mengkonduksi elektik dalam keadaan leburan
Penyataan yang manakah yang betul tentang P dan Q?
A I dan II
B I dan III
C II dan IV
D III dan IV
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9 The distribution of molecular kinetic energy of a gas at 279 K and 289 K is shown by the
Maxwell-BØltzman graph below.
Number of
molecules
Kinetic energy
Which statement best explains why the rate of reaction in a gas sample at 279 K increases two
folds when the temperature is increased to 289 K?
A The number of collisions increases two fold.
B The total area under the curve increases two fold.
C The average velocity of the molecules increases two fold.
D The numbers of molecules with energy equal to or greater than Ea increases two fold.
Ea
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9 Taburan tenaga kinetik bagi gas pada 279 K dan 289 K ditunjukkan dalam graf Maxwell-
BØltzman di bawah.
Bilangan
molekul
Tenaga kinetik
Penyataan yang manakah yang paling baik menerangkan mengapa kadar tindak balas dalam
sampel gas pada 279 K bertambah dua kali ganda apabila suhu dinaikkan kepada 289 K?
A Bilangan perlanggaran bertambah dua kali ganda.
B Jumlah luas kawasan di bawah lengkung bertambah dua kali ganda.
C Halaju purata molekul bertambah dua kali ganda.
D Bilangan molekul dengan tenaga yang sama atau lebih besar daripada Ea bertambah dua kali
ganda.
Ea
10 Persamaan Arrhenius diberikan sebagai k = Ae RT . Satu tindak balas berlaku 27 lebih cepat pada
52 C berbanding 22 C. Berapakah tenaga pengaktifan bagi tindak balas ini?
[Pemalar gas, R ialah 8.31 J K 1 mol 1]
1 1 1 1
A 1.04 kJ mol B 10.5 kJ mol C 38.1 kJ mol D 87.5 kJ mol
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13 In the reaction Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+, the Cu2+ ion acts as a
A Lewis acid
B Lewis base
C BrØnsted-Lowry acid
D BrØnsted-Lowry base
14 The following quantities may change when 0.10 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid is diluted with water at
298 K.
I Acid dissociation constant
II pH value
III Degree of dissociation
IV Ionic product of water
Which quantities will change?
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV
15 The graph below shows the variation of pH for the titration of 25.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm 3 aqueous
ammonia solution with 0.2 mol dm 3 hydrochloric acid.
pH
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13 Dalam tindak balas, Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+, ion Cu2+ bertindak sebagai
A asid Lewis
B bes Lewis
C asid BrØnsted-Lowry
D bes BrØnsted-Lowry
14 Kuantiti yang berikut boleh berubah apabila asid etanoik 0.10 mol dm−3 dicairkan dengan air pada
298 K.
I Pemalar penceraian asid
II Nilai pH
III Darjah penceraian
IV Hasil darab ion bagi air
Kuantiti yang manakah yang akan berubah?
A I dan II
B I dan IV
C II dan III
D III dan IV
15 Graf di bawah menunjukkan ubahan pH bagi pentitratan 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus ammonia
0.2 mol dm 3 dengan asid hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm 3.
pH
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BLANK PAGE
962/1
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Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
962/1
53
HALAMAN KOSONG
Section B [15 marks]
16 Beams of particles from different sources are passed through an electric field. The path of the
beam of sub-atomic particles Y through the electric field is shown in the diagram below.
Source of particles
–
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw the paths of the beams of electrons and hydrogen ions in the above diagram.
[2 marks]
(iii) If a beam of deuterium ions is passed through the electric field, explain the difference in
deflection angle between the beam of hydrogens ions and that of deuterium ions. [2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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Bahagian B [15 markah]
16 Alur-alur zarah dari sumber-sumber yang berlainan dilalukan menerusi suatu medan elektrik.
Laluan alur zarah subatom Y menerusi medan elektrik ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah.
Sumber zarah
–
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Lukis laluan alur elektron dan ion hidrogen pada gambar rajah di atas. [2 markah]
(iii) Jika alur ion deuterium dilalukan melalui medan elektrik tersebut, jelaskan perbezaan
sudut pesongan antara alur ion hidrogen dengan alur ion deuterium. [2 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 The table below shows the temperature and pressure of critical point and triple point of substance
X.
Temperature/ C Pressure/atm
Critical point 31 73
Triple point –57 5
(b) Why does the freezing point of X increase with pressure? [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan suhu dan tekanan bagi takat genting dan takat ganda tiga bahan X.
Suhu/ C Tekanan/atm
Takat genting 31 73
Takat ganda tiga –57 5
Pada tekanan atmosfera, X memejalwap pada suhu –78 C. Takat beku X bertambah sebanyak
2 C bagi setiap pertambahan tekanan 10 atm.
(a) Menggunakan maklumat di atas, lakar dan label gambar rajah fasa X. [4 markah]
Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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BLANK PAGE
962/1
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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Section C [30 marks]
18 (a) Water is a hydride of oxygen. The bonding in water molecules is a result of the overlapping of
the orbitals of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
(i) What is meant by orbitals? [1 mark]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram illustrating the shapes of all the orbitals of an oxygen atom
with quantum number n = 2. [3 marks]
(iii) Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate the overlapping of orbitals in a water molecule.
[3 marks]
(b) Draw the Lewis structures for ion I3 and molecule SF6, and state their geometries. [4 marks]
State why
(i) compound SF6 is used as an insulating gas in high voltage electrical appliances,
[1 mark]
(ii) compound SI6 does not exist, [1 mark]
(iii) I3 and Br3 ions exist but F3 ion does not exist under normal conditions. [2 marks]
19 Aqueous chlorine dioxide solution reacts with an alkaline solution according to the following
equation.
2ClO2(aq) + 2OH (aq) ClO3 (aq) + ClO2 (aq) + H2O(l)
(a) Determine the oxidation number of chlorine in ClO2 and ClO3 . [2 marks]
(b) The results of the kinetic experiment of the reaction of aqueous chlorine dioxide solution are
shown in the table below.
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Bahagian C [30 markah]
18 (a) Air ialah hidrida oksigen. Ikatan dalam molekul air terhasil melalui pertindihan orbital atom
oksigen dengan atom hidrogen.
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan orbital? [1 markah]
(ii) Lukis gambar rajah berlabel yang mengilustrasikan bentuk semua orbital bagi atom
oksigen dengan nombor kuantum n = 2. [3 markah]
(iii) Lukis gambar rajah berlabel untuk mengilustrasi pertindihan orbital dalam molekul air.
[3 markah]
(b) Lukis struktur Lewis bagi ion I3 dan molekul SF6, dan nyatakan geometri bagi ion I3 dan
molekul SF6. [4 markah]
Nyatakan mengapa
(i) sebatian SF6 digunakan sebagai gas penebat dalam alat-alat elektrik bervoltan tinggi,
[1 markah]
(ii) sebatian SI6 tidak wujud, [1 markah]
(iii) ion I3 dan ion Br3 wujud tetapi ion F3 tidak wujud dalam keadaan biasa. [2 markah]
19 Larutan klorin dioksida akueus bertindak balas dengan larutan beralkali mengikut persamaan yang
berikut.
2ClO2(ak) + 2OH (ak) ClO3 (ak) + ClO2 (ak) + H2O(c)
(a) Tentukan nombor pengoksidaan klorin dalam ClO2 dan ClO3 . [2 markah]
(b) Keputusan uji kaji kinetik dalam tindak balas larutan akueus klorin dioksida ditunjukkan
dalam jadual di bawah.
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20 (a) The Haber process is used in the industrial production of ammonia. The equation for the
reaction is as follows.
1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = 92 kJ mol
An analysis of an equilibrium mixture obtained from the mixing of gaseous nitrogen and
hydrogen shows a composition of 40% of ammonia when the total pressure of the system is 20 atm.
(i) Determine the mole fraction of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia. [3 marks]
(ii) Calculate the partial pressures for nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia. [2 marks]
(iii) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the equilibrium. [2 marks]
(b) In an experiment, 0.100 moles of dinitrogen tetraoxide gas is allowed to dissociate to nitrogen
dioxide gas in a 1.0 dm3 container at 383 K. The graph of concentrations of both gases against time is
shown below.
Concentration/
mol dm 3
Time/min
(i) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction at 383 K. [4 marks]
(ii) Calculate the pressure in the container after the system had attained equilibrium at
383 K. [4 marks]
[Gas constant, R, is 8.31 J K 1 mol 1.]
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20 (a) Proses Haber digunakan dalam penghasilan industri ammonia. Persamaan bagi tindak balas
adalah seperti yang berikut.
1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = 92 kJ mol
Analisis suatu campuran keseimbangan yang diperoleh daripada campuran gas nitrogen dan
hidrogen menunjukkan komposisi ammonia 40% apabila jumlah tekanan sistem adalah 20 atm.
(i) Tentukan pecahan mol nitrogen, hidrogen, dan ammonia. [3 markah]
(ii) Hitung tekanan separa bagi nitrogen, hidrogen, dan ammonia. [2 markah]
(iii) Hitung pemalar keseimbangan, Kp, untuk keseimbangan itu. [2 markah]
(b) Dalam satu uji kaji, 0.100 mol gas dinitrogen tetraoksida dibiarkan tercerai kepada gas
nitrogen dioksida di dalam bekas 1.0 dm3 pada 383 K. Graf kepekatan kedua-dua gas itu lawan masa
ditunjukkan di bawah.
Kepekatan/
mol dm 3
Masa/min
(i) Hitung pemalar keseimbangan, Kc, bagi tindak balas di atas pada 383 K. [4 markah]
(ii) Hitung tekanan dalam bekas selepas sistem mencapai keseimbangan pada 383 K.
[4 markah]
[Pemalar gas, R, ialah 8.31 J K 1 mol 1.]
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64
Identity card number: …………………………. Centre number/index number: ……………................
(Nombor kad pengenalan) (Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/2 STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 2 (KERTAS 2)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
TOLD TO DO SO.
There are fifteen questions in Section A. For each question, four choices
pemeriksa)
of answers are given. Choose one correct answer and indicate it on the Section B
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided. Read the instructions on the (Bahagian B)
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet very carefully. Answer all questions. Marks
will not be deducted for wrong answers. 16
Answer all questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces 17
provided.
Answer any two questions in Section C. All essential working should be Section C
shown. For numerical answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. (Bahagian C)
Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper and arrange your answers in
numerical order.
Tear off the front page of this question paper and your answer sheets of
Section B, and tie both of them together with your answer sheets of Section C.
Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia. Total
(Jumlah)
Arahan kepada calon:
JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT
DEMIKIAN.
Ada lima belas soalan dalam Bahagian A. Bagi setiap soalan, empat pilihan jawapan diberikan.
Pilih satu jawapan yang betul dan tandakan jawapan itu pada Borang Jawapan Aneka Pilihan yang
dibekalkan. Baca arahan pada Borang Jawapan Aneka Pilihan itu dengan teliti. Jawab semua soalan.
Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.
Jawab semua soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang disediakan.
Jawab mana-mana dua soalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklah
ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai. Mulakan
setiap jawapan pada helaian kertas jawapan yang baharu dan susun jawapan anda mengikut tertib
berangka.
Koyakkan muka hadapan kertas soalan ini dan helaian jawapan anda bagi Bahagian B, dan ikatkan
kedua-duanya bersama-sama dengan helaian jawapan anda bagi Bahagian C.
Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.
65
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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Section A [15 marks]
2 The diagram below shows the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium fluoride.
1
574 kJ mol
Na(s) + ½F2(g) NaF(s)
1 1
+107 kJ mol +79 kJ mol
1
Na(g) F(g) 928 kJ mol
1
+496 kJ mol
Na+(g) + F (g)
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Bahagian A [15 markah]
2 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan kitar Born-Haber bagi pembentukan natrium fluorida.
1
574 kJ mol
Na(p) + ½F2(g) NaF(p)
1 1
+107 kJ mol +79 kJ mol
1
Na(g) F(g) 928 kJ mol
1
+496 kJ mol
Na+(g) + F (g)
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4 The standard reduction potentials, E , for oxygen and manganese are as follows.
Electrode system E /V
O2(g), H+(aq), H2O2(aq) Pt(s) +0.68
MnO4 (aq), H+(aq), Mn2+(aq) Pt(s) +1.52
The chemical cell constructed by combining the two half-cells above may have the following
results.
I Mn2+ ion undergoes reduction to form MnO4 ion.
II H2O2 undergoes oxidation to form O2.
III The platinum electrode for oxygen half-cell is the positive electrode.
IV The e.m.f. of the cell is +0.84 V.
Which of the above statements are true for the chemical cell formed?
A I and II
B I and III
C II and IV
D III and IV
5 The graph below shows the standard reduction potentials, E , for the half-cell reactions of five
elements, P, Q, R, S and T.
E /V
Element
It can be concluded that from P to T,
A the electronegativity of the elements increases
B the chemical reactivity of the elements decreases
C the strength of the elements as reducing agents increases
D the strength of the elements as oxidising agents increases
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4 Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi oksigen dan mangan adalah seperti yang berikut.
Sistem elektrod E /V
O2(g), H+(ak), H2O2(ak) Pt(p) +0.68
MnO4 (ak), H+(ak), Mn2+(ak) Pt(p) +1.52
Sel kimia yang dibina daripada gabungan dua setengah sel di atas mungkin mempunyai keputusan
yang berikut.
I Ion Mn2+ mengalami penurunan untuk membentuk ion MnO4 .
II H2O2 mengalami pengoksidaan untuk membentuk O2.
III Elektrod platinum bagi setengah sel oksigen ialah elektrod positif.
IV D.g.e. sel ialah +0.84 V.
Penyataan di atas yang manakah yang benar bagi sel kimia yang terbentuk?
A I dan II
B I dan III
C II dan IV
D III dan IV
5 Graf di bawah menunjukkan keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi tindak balas setengah sel lima
unsur, P, Q, R, S, dan T.
E /V
Unsur
Dapat disimpulkan bahawa daripada P hingga T,
A keelektronegatifan unsur-unsur bertambah
B kereaktifan kimia unsur-unsur berkurang
C kekuatan unsur-unsur sebagai agen penurunan bertambah
D kekuatan unsur-unsur sebagai agen pengoksidaan bertambah
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6 The standard reduction potentials, E , for several copper and iron species are given below.
Electrode system E /V
2+ +
Cu (aq)/Cu (aq) +0.15
2+
Cu (aq)/Cu(s) +0.34
Cu+(aq)/Cu(s) +0.52
Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s) 0.44
Fe3+(aq)/Fe(s) 0.04
3+ 2+
Fe (aq)/Fe (aq) +0.77
Which statement regarding the species is correct?
A Cu(s) is the strongest reducing agent.
B Fe3+(aq) is the strongest oxidising agent.
C Cu2+(aq) is able to oxidise Fe2+(aq) to Fe3+(aq).
D The e.m.f. of the cell Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) Cu+(aq) Cu(s) is 0.08 V.
7 A molten compound consisting of the elements X and Y is electrolysed using a current of 1.00 A
for 1930 seconds. 2.07 g of X is formed at the cathode and 1.60 g of Y is formed at the anode. What
is the correct empirical formula for the compound?
[Relative atomic masses for X and Y are 207.0 and 80.0 respectively; Faraday‟s constant, F, is
96 500 C mol 1.]
A XY B XY2 C X2Y D X2Y2
9 The solubilities of two sulphates of Group 2 elements in the Periodic Table are given below.
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6 Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi beberapa spesis kuprum dan ferum diberikan di bawah.
Sistem elektrod E /V
2+ +
Cu (ak)/Cu (ak) +0.15
2+
Cu (ak)/Cu(p) +0.34
Cu+(ak)/Cu(p) +0.52
Fe2+(ak)/Fe(p) 0.44
Fe3+(ak)/Fe(p) 0.04
3+ 2+
Fe (ak)/Fe (ak) +0.77
Penyataan yang manakah yang betul tentang spesis itu?
A Cu(p) ialah agen penurunan yang paling kuat.
B Fe3+(ak) ialah agen pengoksidaan yang paling kuat.
C Cu2+(ak) boleh mengoksida Fe2+(ak) kepada Fe3+(ak).
D D.g.e sel Fe(p) Fe2+(ak) Cu+(ak) Cu(p) ialah 0.08 V.
7 Satu sebatian lebur yang terdiri daripada unsur X dan Y telah dielektrolisiskan menggunakan arus
1.00 A selama 1930 saat. Sebanyak 2.07 g X terbentuk di katod dan 1.60 g Y terbentuk di anod.
Apakah formula empirik yang betul bagi sebatian itu?
[Jisim atom relatif bagi X dan Y masing-masing ialah 207.0 dan 80.0; Pemalar Faraday, F, ialah
96 500 C mol 1.]
A XY B XY2 C X2Y D X2Y2
9 Keterlarutan dua sulfat unsur Kumpulan 2 dalam Jadual Berkala diberikan di bawah.
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10 A tetrachloride of Group 14, XCl4, of the Periodic Table is thermally unstable and easily
hydrolysed. It decomposes at room temperature according the equation:
XCl4 XCl2 + Cl2
What is X ?
A Carbon B Silicon C Germanium D Lead
11 Which statement is true of the oxides of Group 14 elements of the Periodic Table?
A All the oxides have covalent bonds.
B The oxides with +4 oxidation state can react with alkalis.
C The oxides with +4 oxidation state are more stable down the group.
D The acidity of the oxides with +2 oxidation state increases down the group.
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10 Satu tetraklorida Kumpulan 14, XCl4, Jadual Berkala tidak stabil secara terma dan mudah
terhidrolisis. Tetraklorida itu terurai pada suhu bilik mengikut persamaan:
XCl4 XCl2 + Cl2
Apakah X ?
A Karbon B Silikon C Germanium D Plumbum
11 Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang oksida unsur Kumpulan 14 Jadual Berkala?
A Kesemua oksida mempunyai ikatan kovalen.
B Oksida dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +4 boleh bertindak balas dengan alkali.
C Oksida dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +4 lebih stabil apabila menuruni kumpulan.
D Keasidan oksida dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +2 bertambah apabila menuruni kumpulan.
12 Satu larutan akueus X, suatu campuran dua sebatian, mempunyai sifat-sifat yang berikut.
(i) Terurai dalam kehadiran cahaya untuk membentuk gas.
(ii) Bertindak balas dengan akueus barium hidroksida untuk membentuk garam dan air.
(iii) Bertindak balas dengan akueus argentum nitrat untuk membentuk mendakan yang
melarut dalam ammonia akueus.
Sebatian yang berikut mungkin terdapat dalam larutan akueus X.
I HCl
II HBr
III HOCl
IV NH4Cl
Apakah X ?
A I dan II
B I dan III
C II dan IV
D III dan IV
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14 In which compound does the transition element have the lowest oxidation state?
A NH4VO3
B K3Fe(CN)6
C CrO2Cl2
D MnC2O4
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14 Sebatian yang manakah unsur peralihannya mempunyai keadaan pengoksidaan paling rendah?
A NH4VO3
B K3Fe(CN)6
C CrO2Cl2
D MnC2O4
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BLANK PAGE
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Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
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HALAMAN KOSONG
Section B [15 marks]
16 (a) The two common oxides of lead are lead(II) oxide and lead(IV) oxide. Lead(II) oxide
dissolves readily in aqueous nitric acid. Lead(IV) oxide reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to
form lead(II) chloride and chlorine.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between lead(II) oxide and aqueous nitric
acid. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the property shown by lead(II) oxide in the reaction in part (i)? [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between lead(IV) oxide and concentrated
hydrochloric acid. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) State the change in the oxidation number of lead in the reaction in part (iii). [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(v) What is the property shown by lead(IV) oxide in this reaction? [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
(vi) State the relative stability of lead(II) and lead(IV) compounds. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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Bahagian B [15 markah]
16 (a) Dua oksida plumbum yang lazim ialah plumbum(II) oksida dan plumbum(IV) oksida.
Plumbum(II) oksida melarut dengan mudah dalam asid nitrik akueus. Plumbum(IV) oksida bertindak
balas dengan asid hidroklorik pekat untuk membentuk plumbum(II) klorida dan klorin.
(i) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas antara plumbum(II) oksida dengan asid
nitrik akueus. [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Apakah sifat yang ditunjukkan oleh plumbum(II) oksida dalam tindak balas pada
bahagian (i)? [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
(iii) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas antara plumbum(IV) oksida dengan asid
hdroklorik pekat. [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan plumbum dalam tindak balas pada bahagian
(iii). [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(v) Apakah sifat yang ditunjukkan oleh plumbum(IV) oksida dalam tindak balas ini?
[1 markah]
...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
(b) PbCl4 adalah cecair pada suhu bilik dan mengalami hidrolisis.
(i) Nyatakan bentuk geometri PbCl4. [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 (a) A bleach liquid can be prepared from the reaction of chlorine with aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide at room temperature.
(i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction that occurs. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the change in oxidation state of chlorine in the reaction. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State what happens when photochromic glass is exposed to light, and write a balanced
equation for the reaction. [3 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
Equation:....................................................................................................................................................
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17 (a) Satu cecair peluntur boleh disediakan daripada tindak balas klorin dengan larutan akueus
natrium hidroksida pada suhu bilik.
(i) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku. [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Nyatakan perubahan keadaan pengoksidaan klorin dalam tindak balas itu. [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Nyatakan apakah yang berlaku apabila kaca fotokromik terdedah kepada cahaya, dan
tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas itu. [3 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
Persamaan:................................................................................................................................................
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BLANK PAGE
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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Section C [30 marks]
18 (a) Liquid hydrazine, N2H4, is used as a rocket fuel because its enthalpy of combustion is highly
exothermic. The thermochemical equation for the combustion of hydrazine is as follows:
N2H4(1) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = –534.0 kJ
(i) In an experiment, 1.0 g of hydrazine is burnt in a bomb calorimeter. Calculate the
temperature change if the total heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter and its contents is 5.86 kJ C–1.
[5 marks]
(ii) The enthalpy of formation of water vapour is –242.0 kJ mol–1. Calculate the enthalpy
of formation of hydrazine. [3 marks]
(b) The enthalpies of vaporisation of the sodium, aluminium and chlorine are given in the table
below.
(i) Explain the variations in the enthalpies of vaporisation of sodium, aluminium and
chlorine. [4 marks]
(ii) Sodium and aluminium react separately with chlorine to form sodium chloride and
aluminium chloride respectively. Which of these compounds has a higher enthalpy of vaporisation?
Justify your answer. [3 marks]
19 Explain the variations of the following properties on descending Group 2 of the Periodic Table.
Write equations where appropriate.
(a) First ionisation energy of the elements. [5 marks]
(b) Reactivity of the elements towards water. [5 marks]
(c) Thermal stability of their nitrates. [5 marks]
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Bahagian C [30 markah]
18 (a) Cecair hidrazina, N2H4, digunakan sebagai bahan api roket kerana entalpi pembakarannya
sangat eksotermik. Persamaan termokimia bagi pembakaran hidrazina adalah seperti yang berikut:
N2H4(c) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = –534.0 kJ
(i) Dalam satu uji kaji, 1.0 g hidrazina dibakar dalam kalorimeter bom. Hitung perubahan
suhu jika jumlah muatan haba kalorimeter bom dan kandungannya itu ialah 5.86 kJ C–1.
[5 markah]
(ii) Entalpi pembentukan wap air ialah –242.0 kJ mol–1. Hitung entalpi pembentukan
hidrazina. [3 markah]
(b) Entalpi pengewapan natrium, aluminium, dan klorin diberikan dalam jadual di bawah.
(i) Jelaskan perubahan entalpi pengewapan natrium, aluminium, dan klorin. [4 markah]
(ii) Natrium dan aluminium masing-masing bertindak balas secara berasingan dengan
klorin untuk membentuk natrium klorida dan aluminium klorida. Sebatian tersebut yang manakah
yang mempunyai entalpi pegewapan paling tinggi? Justifikasikan jawapan anda. [3 markah]
19 Jelaskan ubahan sifat yang berikut apabila menuruni Kumpulan 2 Jadual Berkala. Tulis
persamaan di mana-mana yang sesuai.
(a) Tenaga pengionan pertama unsur. [5 markah]
(b) Kereaktifan unsur terhadap air. [5 markah]
(c) Kestabilan terma nitratnya. [5 markah]
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20 (a) The common oxidation states of the transition metal ions below are +2 and +3. The graph
below shows the trend in standard reduction potentials of M 3+(aq)/M 2+(aq) system of selected
transition metal ions.
Standard
electrode
potential
/V
(i) Name two ions that have stable +2 oxidation state in aqueous solution. Justify your
answer. [3 marks]
(ii) The standard reduction potentials, E , of several species are given below.
Reaction E /V
Fe2+ + 2e Fe 0.44
Fe3+ + 3e Fe 0.04
Fe3+ + 3e Fe2+ +1.77
O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O +1.23
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH +0.40
+
O2 + 2H + 2e H2O2 +0.68
Using the appropriate E values, explain why an aqueous solution of iron(II) ions changes
from pale green to yellow when exposed to air. [6 marks]
(b) (i) Name the complex ions [Ni(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ and [Ni(CN)4]2 according to IUPAC
nomenclature. [2 marks]
(ii) Aqueous nickel(II) chloride reacts with aqueous ammonia to form a precipitate X. X
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form a solution Y. Write the equations for the reactions that
occur, and state the colours of X and Y. [4 marks]
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20 (a) Keadaan pengoksidaan lazim bagi ion logam peralihan di bawah ialah +2 dan +3. Graf
di bawah menunjukkan trend keupayaan penurunan piawai bagi sistem M 3+(ak)/M 2+(ak) bagi ion
logam peralihan yang terpilih.
Keupayaan
elektrod
piawai
/V
(i) Namakan dua ion yang mempunyai keadaan pengoksidaan +2 yang stabil dalam larutan
akueus. Justifikasikan jawapan anda. [3 markah]
(ii) Keupayaan penurunan piawai, E , bagi beberapa spesis diberikan di bawah.
Tindak balas E /V
Fe2+ + 2e Fe 0.44
3+
Fe + 3e Fe 0.04
3+ 2+
Fe + 3e Fe +1.77
+
O2 + 4H + 4e 2H2O +1.23
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH +0.40
O2 + 2H+ + 2e H2O2 +0.68
Dengan menggunakan nilai E yang bersesuaian, jelaskan mengapa larutan akueus ion
ferum(II) berubah daripada hijau pucat kepada kuning apabila terdedah ke udara. [6 markah]
(b) (i) Namakan ion kompleks [Ni(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ dan ion kompleks [Ni(CN)4]2
mengikut tatanama IUPAC. [2 markah]
(ii) Nikel(II) klorida akueus bertindak balas dengan ammonia akueus untuk membentuk
mendakan X. X melarut dalam ammonia akueus berlebihan untuk membentuk larutan Y. Tulis
persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku, dan nyatakan warna X dan Y. [4 markah]
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90
Identity card number: …………………………. Centre number/index number: ……………................
(Nombor kad pengenalan) (Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/3 STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 3 (KERTAS 3)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
For examiner‟s use
Please tear off along the perforated line.
91
BLANK PAGE
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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Section A [15 marks]
CH3
C
D H C C H
2 When 0.1 mol of hydrocarbon X is burnt in excess oxygen, 17.6 g carbon dioxide is produced.
0.1 mol of X is found to react with 4.48 dm3 of bromine vapour under standard conditions. What is
the possible structural formula of X ?
[Relative atomic massess of C and O are 12.0 and 16.0 respectively ; the molar volume of a gas is
22.4 dm3 at stp.]
A CH3CH=CHCH3
B CH2=C=C=CH2
C CH3CH2CH2CH3
D CH2=CHCH=CH2
5 A mixture of excess ethane and chlorine is exposed to light. What is the major product of the
reaction?
A Cl3CCH3
B ClCH2CH3
C Cl2CHCH3
D Cl2CHCHCl2
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Bahagian A [15 markah]
1 Sebatian yang manakah yang mempunyai atom karbon yang menunjukkan penghibridan sp3?
A CH2=CH CH=CH2
CH=CH2
B
CH3
C
D H C C H
2 Apabila 0.1 mol hidrokarbon X dibakar dalam oksigen berlebihan, 17.6 g karbon dioksida
dihasilkan. Didapati bahawa 0.1 mol X akan bertindak balas dengan 4.48 dm3 wap bromin dalam
keadaan piawai. Apakah formula struktur yang mungkin bagi X ?
[Jisim atom relatif bagi C dan O masing-masing ialah 12.0 dan 16.0; isi padu molar gas ialah
22.4 dm3 pada stp.]
A CH3CH=CHCH3
B CH2=C=C=CH2
C CH3CH2CH2CH3
D CH2=CHCH=CH2
5 Satu campuran etana yang berlebihan dan klorin terdedah kepada cahaya. Apakah hasil utama
tindak balas itu?
A Cl3CCH3
B ClCH2CH3
C Cl2CHCH3
D Cl2CHCHCl2
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6 An organic compound Z undergoes a catalytic hydrogenation reaction. Z also reacts with
hydrogen bromide to form 2-bromopropane.
The structural formula of Z is
A CH3CH2CH3
B CH2 CH2
C CH3CH CH2
D CH3CH(OH)CH3
9 When an optically active compound Z is heated with chromic acid, the product formed is not
optically active but react with alkaline iodine. Compound Z could be
A (CH3)2CHCH2OH
B CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3
D CH(OH)CH2CH3
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6 Satu sebatian organik Z mengalami tindak balas penghidrogenan bermangkin. Z juga bertindak
balas dengan hidrogen bromida untuk membentuk 2-bromopropana.
Formula struktur Z ialah
A CH3CH2CH3
B CH2 CH2
C CH3CH CH2
D CH3CH(OH)CH3
9 Apabila sebatian Z yang aktif optik dipanaskan dengan asid kromik, hasil yang terbentuk tidak
aktif optik tetapi bertindak balas dengan iodin beralkali. Sebatian Z mungkin
A (CH3)2CHCH2OH
B CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3
D CH(OH)CH2CH3
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11 Which compound produces a yellow precipitate when reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine?
O
A CH3CH2CH2C OH
O
B CH3CH2C OCH3
O
C CH3CH2CH2C Cl
O
D CH3CH2CCH3
H2N CH C N CH C N CH C OH
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11 Sebatian yang manakah yang menghasilkan mendakan kuning apabila bertindak balas dengan
2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina?
O
A CH3CH2CH2C OH
O
B CH3CH2C OCH3
O
C CH3CH2CH2C Cl
O
D CH3CH2CCH3
13 Suatu amina dihasilkan dalam dua langkah tindak balas seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.
KCN/etanol Na/etanol
2-Bromopropana Amina
Apakah formula struktur amina ini?
A CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
B CH3CH2CH(CH3)NH2
C (CH3)2CHCH2NH2
D CH3CH(NH2)CH3
H2N CH C N CH C N CH C OH
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15 The following is a pair of a polymer and its possible repeating unit.
Polymer Repeating unit
I Poly(propene) CH(CH3)CH2
II Poly(styrene) CHCH2CHCH2
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15 Padanan yang berikut adalah tentang polimer dan unit ulangan yang mungkin.
Polimer Unit ulangan
I Poli(propena) CH(CH3)CH2
II Poli(stirena) CHCH2CHCH2
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BLANK PAGE
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Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
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HALAMAN KOSONG
Section B [15 marks]
16 (a) Starting with 1-bromopropane, CH3CH2CH2Br, show the reaction schemes to synthesise the
following carboxylic acids. [4 marks]
(i) CH3CH2COOH
(ii) CH3CH2CH2COOH
(b) Write equations for the reactions between benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl, and the following
compounds, and name the organic products according to the IUPAC nomenclature. [4 marks]
(i) CH3NH2
(ii) C6H5OH
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Bahagian B [15 markah]
16 (a) Bermula dengan 1-bromopropana, CH3CH2CH2Br, tunjukkan skema tindak balas untuk
mensintesiskan asid karboksilik yang berikut. [4 markah]
(i) CH3CH2COOH
(ii) CH3CH2CH2COOH
Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
(b) Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara benzoil klorida, C6H5COCl, dengan sebatian yang
berikut, dan namakan hasil-hasil organik itu mengikut tatanama IUPAC. [4 markah]
(i) CH3NH2
(ii) C6H5OH
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17 (a) Compound X is a phenylalanine which is an essential amino acid that must be provided in the
diet for healthy growth. The structural formula of X is given below.
NH2
CH2 CHCOOH
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw the structure of X at isoelectric point. State the direction of the movement of X
when a potential difference is applied to an aqueous solution of X at isoelectric point. [2 marks]
(iv) Draw the structure of dipeptide formed from two molecules of X. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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17 (a) Sebatian X ialah fenilalanina yang merupakan asid amino perlu disediakan dalam diet untuk
pertumbuhan yang sihat. Formula struktur X diberikan di bawah.
NH2
CH2 CHCOOH
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Lukis struktur X pada takat isoelektrik. Nyatakan arah gerakan X apabila satu beza
keupayaan dikenakan pada larutan akueus X pada takat isoelektrik. [2 markah]
Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.
(iv) Lukis struktur dipeptida yang terbentuk daripada dua molekul X. [1 markah]
....................................................................................................................................................................
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BLANK PAGE
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HALAMAN KOSONG
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Section C [30 marks]
19 The table below lists the acid dissociation constants, Ka, for three hydroxy compounds in aqueous
solutions at 298 K.
3
Name of compound Formula Ka/mol dm
18
Cyclohexanol OH 1.0 10
10
Phenol OH 1.0 10
11
4-Methylphenol H3C OH 6.8 10
(a) Arrange the three compounds above in the order of increasing acidity. Justify your answer.
[7 marks]
(b) Describe a chemical test to differentiate the acidity between cyclohexanol and phenol.
[4 marks]
(c) State the reagents and reaction conditions in the oxidation and bromination of
4-methylphenol, and draw the structural formula of the products formed. [4 marks]
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Bahagian C [30 markah]
19 Jadual di bawah menyenaraikan pemalar penceraian asid, Ka, bagi tiga sebatian hidroksi dalam
larutan akueus pada 298 K.
3
Nama sebatian Formula Ka/mol dm
18
Sikloheksanol OH 1.0 10
10
Fenol OH 1.0 10
11
4-Metilfenol H3C OH 6.8 10
(a) Susun tiga sebatian di atas mengikut tertib menaik keasidannya. Justifikasikan jawapan anda.
[7 markah]
(b) Perihalkan satu ujian kimia untuk membezakan keasidan antara sikloheksanol dengan fenol.
[4 markah]
(c) Nyatakan reagen dan keadaan tindak balas dalam pengoksidaan dan pembrominan
4-metilfenol, dan lukis formula struktur hasil yang terbentuk. [4 markah]
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20 A monobasic carboxylic acid Z has the following composition by mass: carbon, 54.5%; hydrogen,
9.1%; and oxygen, 36.4%. Titration of 0.10 g of Z requires 11.40 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm 3 sodium
hyroxide for complete neutralisation. Z can be synthesised from 1-propanol by a three-step reaction as
shown below.
I II III
CH3CH2CH2OH X Y Z
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20 Satu asid karboksilik monobes Z mempunyai komposisi mengikut jisim: karbon, 54.5%; hidrogen,
9.1%; dan oxigen, 36.4%. Pentitratan 0.10 g Z memerlukan 11.40 cm3 natrium hidroksida
0.100 mol dm 3 untuk peneutralan lengkap. Z dapat disintesiskan daripada 1-propanol melalui tiga
langkah tindak balas seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.
I II III
CH3CH2CH2OH X Y Z
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114
SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT
962/4 STPM
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 4
STPM 962/4
115
STPM CHEMISTRY STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___
Topic : Thermochemistry
Purpose : To determine the heat of neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong base
Procedure : (a) By means of a pipette, place 10.0 cm3 of KA 1 into a plastic cup. Record the
temperature of KA 1 as the initial temperature of mixture X in the table below.
By means of a measuring cylinder, add 30 cm3 of solution KA 3 into the plastic
cup containing KA 1. Stir mixture X carefully with a thermometer and record the
highest temperature attained in the table below. Pour away mixture X from the
plastic cup. Then clean and rinse the cup with distilled water.
Repeat the above procedure using
(i) 10.0 cm3 of KA 2 to replace KA 1 to obtain mixture Y, and
(ii) 10.0 cm3 of KA 4 and 30 cm3 of KA 5 to replace KA 1 and KA 3
respectively to obtain mixture Z.
Highest temperature/ C
Initial temperature/ C
Increase in temperature/ C
Questions : (c) If 4.2 Joules is required to raise the temperature by 1 C for 1 cm3 of solution,
calculate the heat released for each of the experiments conducted.
(d) Calculate the number of moles of the following solutions added into the plastic
cup.
(i) Sodium hydroxide
(ii) Potassium hydroxide
(iii) Hydrochloric acid
(iv) Nitric acid
(v) Acid W
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STPM CHEMISTRY STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___
(e) Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixtures X, Y, and Z.
(g) (i) Explain why the values of the heat of neutralisation you obtained differ in
mixtures X, Y, and Z.
(ii) The heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong base is
57.3 kJ mol 1. How would you improve the given procedure so that an
approximate value of 57.3 kJ mol 1 could be obtained?
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118
Identity card number: …………………………. Centre number/index number: ……………................
(Nombor kad pengenalan) (Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPER
962/5 STPM
CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)
PAPER 5 (KERTAS 5)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
STPM 962/5
119
1 An experiment was carried out to determine the percentage of ammonium ethanedioate,
(NH4)2C2O4, in a mixture of two ethanedioate salts.
An aqueous solution of X was prepared by dissolving a mixture of (NH4)2C2O4 and KHC2O4 in
distilled water.
(a) In this experiment, 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X was pipetted into a titration flask
followed by 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid and then heated to a temperature of approximately 60 oC. The
aqueous solution of X was then titrated with 0.02 mol dm 3 aqueous solution of potassium
manganate(VII) . The reactions involved are shown by the following equation.
2MnO4 (aq) + 5C2O42 (aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O(l)
(i) State the steps taken in transferring 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X into the
titration flask by using a pipette. [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The burette readings for the rough and accurate titrations are shown in the table below.
Complete the table. [1 mark]
Accurate
Titration Rough
First Second Third
Final reading/cm3 30.0 30.75 30.05 30.90
Initial reading/cm3 1.1 2.20 1.30 2.20
Volume of KMnO4
28.9
aqueous solution/cm3
(iii) By showing the suitable values of titres chosen, calculate the average titre value.
[2 marks]
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1 Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk menentukan peratusan ammonium etanadioat, (NH4)2C2O4,
dalam satu campuran dua garam etanadioat.
Larutan akueus X disediakan dengan melarutkan campuran (NH4)2C2O4 dan KHC2O4 dalam air
suling.
(a) Dalam uji kaji ini, 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus X dipipetkan ke dalam kelalang pentitratan diikuti
25 cm3 asid sulfurik dan kemudian dipanaskan ke suhu lebih kurang 60 °C. Larutan akues X kemudian
dititratkan dengan larutan akues kalium manganat(VII) 0.02 mol dm 3. Tindak balas yang terlibat
ditunjukkan dengan persamaan yang berikut.
2MnO4 (ak) + 5C2O42 (ak) + 16H+(ak) 2Mn2+(ak) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O(c)
(i) Nyatakan langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk memindahkan 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus
X ke dalam kelalang pentitratan dengan menggunakan sebuah pipet. [3 markah]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Bacaan buret bagi pentitratan kasar dan jitu ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.
Lengkapkan jadual ini. [1 markah]
Jitu
Pentitratan Kasar
Pertama Kedua Ketiga
Bacaan akhir/cm3 30.0 30.75 30.05 30.90
Bacaan awal/cm3 1.1 2.20 1.30 2.20
Isi padu larutan akueus
28.9
KMnO4 /cm3
(iii) Hitung nilai purata titer dengan menunjukkan nilai-nilai titer yang sesuai digunakan.
[2 markah]
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(iv) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm 3, of ethanedioate ions C2O42 in the aqueous
solution of X. [2 marks]
(v) Name a suitable apparatus used to measure 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) When 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X was titrated with 0.05 mol dm 3 aqueous solution
of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator, it was found that 12.40 cm3 of aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide was needed for a complete reaction.
(i) State a suitable indicator used for this titration. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State the colour of the solution at the end point of the titration. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(iv) Hitung kepekatan, dalam mol dm 3, ion etanadioat C2O42 dalam larutan akueus X.
[2 markah]
(v) Namakan alat radas yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyukat 25 cm3 asid sulfurik.
[1 markah]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Apabila 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus X dititratkan dengan larutan akueus natrium hidroksida
0.05 mol dm 3 dengan menggunakan penunjuk yang sesuai, didapati bahawa 12.40 cm3 larutan akueus
natrium hidroksida diperlukan bagi tindak balas lengkap.
(i) Nyatakan penunjuk yang sesuai digunakan dalam penitratan ini. [1 markah]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Hitung kepekatan, dalam mol dm 3, KHC2O4 dalam larutan akueus X. [2 markah]
(iv) Hitung peratusan mengikut jisim (NH4)2C2O4 dalam larutan akueus X. [2 markah]
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2 An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
In the experiment, 50.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm 3 hydrogen peroxide solution and 20.0 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid are added into a conical flask containing 25.0 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm 3
potassium iodide solution, 10.0 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm 3 sodium thiosulphate solution and 10.0 cm3 of
0.5% starch solution.
(a) The duration from the instant hydrogen peroxide solution is added to the mixture until the
appearance of the blue colouration at different temperatures is recorded in the table below.
Complete the table. [1 mark]
1 –1
/s
t
(i) Name a suitable apparatus used to measure 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution.
[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide.
[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1
(iv) What is the relationship between the rate of reaction and ? [1 mark]
t
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2 Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap kadar tindak balas.
Dalam uji kaji itu, 50.0 cm3 larutan hidrogen peroksida 0.10 mol dm 3 dan 20.0 cm3 asid sulfurik
1.0 mol dm 3 ditambahkan ke dalam satu kelalang kon yang mengandung 25.0 cm3 larutan kalium
iodida 0.15 mol dm 3, 10.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.050 mol dm 3, dan 10.0 cm3 larutan kanji
0.5%.
(a) Tempoh masa dari ketika larutan hidrogen peroksida ditambahkan ke dalam campuran
sehingga kewujudan warna biru larutan pada suhu yang berlainan direkodkan dalam jadual di bawah.
Lengkapkan jadual ini. [1 markah]
1 –1
/s
t
(i) Namakan alat radas yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyukat 50.0 cm3 larutan hidrogen
peroksida. [1 markah]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara hidrogen peroksida dengan kalium iodida.
[1 markah]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1
(iv) Apakah hubungan antara kadar tindak balas dengan ? [1 markah]
t
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1
(b) Plot a graph of against T. [2 marks]
t
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1
(b) Plot graf lawan T. [2 markah]
t
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(c) Based on the graph,
(i) state the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(ii) compare the rates of the reaction at 30 C and 40 C. Explain your answer. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(d) Describe a method to determine the appearance of the blue colouration. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(e) Suggest an experiment to study the effect of concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the rate of
reaction. [3 marks]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
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(c) Berdasarkan graf itu,
(i) nyatakan kesan suhu terhadap kadar tindak balas. [1 markah]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(ii) bandingkan kadar tindak balas pada 30 C dan 40 C. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
[2 markah]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(d) Perihalkan kaedah untuk menentukan kemunculan warna biru larutan. [2 markah]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(e) Cadangkan satu uji kaji untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan hidrogen peroksida terhadap kadar
tindak balas. [3 markah]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
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3 When water is added to a white solid U, a solution containing Al3+, NH4+ and SO42 ions is
obtained. The scheme below shows some observations obtained when certain reagents are added to
the white solid U and its aqueous solution.
K2CrO4(aq) Na2CO3(aq)
(iv) White solid U Gases X and Y
Δ
Gas Z
Water
White fumes
Aqueous solution of U Nessler
reagent
NaOH(aq) Ba(NO3)2(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq)
NH3(aq)
(iv)
(i)
White precipitate
(iii)
Dilute (v)
Excess HNO3
NaOH(aq) II
(ii)
Colourless
solution Colourless
Δ solution
I
White precipitate
Gas W
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(b) State the observations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi). [6 marks]
(i) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………….……………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(v) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(vi) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
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3 Apabila air ditambahkan kepada satu pepejal putih, U, satu larutan mengandung ion Al3+, ion
NH4+ dan ion SO42 diperoleh. Skema di bawah menunjukkan beberapa pemerhatian yang diperoleh
apabila reagen tertentu ditambahkan kepada pepejal putih U dan larutan akueusnya.
K2CrO4(ak) Na2CO3(ak)
(iv) Pepejal putih U Gas X dan gas Y
Δ
Gas Z
Air
Wasap putih
Larutan akueus U Reagen
Nessler
NaOH(ak) Ba(NO3)2(ak) Pb(NO3)2(ak)
NH3(ak)
(iv)
(i)
Mendakan putih
(iii)
HNO3 (v)
NaOH(ak) cair
berlebihan II
(ii)
Larutan tak
berwarna Larutan tak
Δ berwarna
I
Mendakan putih
Gas W
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
(b) Nyatakan pemerhatian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), dan (vi). [6 markah]
(i) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ……………….……………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(v) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
(vi) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Name the gases W, X, Y and Z. [4 marks]
W:….……………………………………………………………….……………………..……...............
X:………………………………………………………………….……………………..……………….
Y:………………………………………………………………….………………..…………………….
Z: ………………………………………………………………….………………..…………................
(d) Name the reagents I and II, and state the conditions where appropriate. [2 marks]
I: …………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..
II:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..
....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Namakan gas W, X, Y, dan Z. [4 markah]
W:….……………………………………………………………….……………………..……...............
X:………………………………………………………………….……………………..……………….
Y:………………………………………………………………….………………..…………………….
Z: ………………………………………………………………….………………..…………................
(d) Namakan reagen I dan II, dan nyatakan keadaan di mana-mana yang berkenaan. [2 markah]
I: …………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..
II:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..
....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Appendix A
Table of Cations Reactions
Reagent H2S in alkaline
H2S in acid medium medium or (NH4)2S
NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) Others reagen
Cation
Al3+ White precipitate White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate, White precipitate. (a) Aluminon reagent: red precipitate.
soluble in excess. soluble in mineral (b) CH3COONa: no precipitate; white
acid and NaOH, precipitate when boiled.
insoluble in (c) K2CrO4: orange yellow precipitate,
CH3COOH. dissolve in mineral asid.
Ba2+ White precipitate in White precipitate. White precipitate, (a) Dilute H2SO4 or CaSO4(aq): white
concentrated soluble in HNO3 or precipitate.
solution HCl. (b) (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate,
dissolve in hot CH3COOH.
(c) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate.
Ca2+ White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate in (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate, insoluble
excess reagent. in CH3COOH.
Cr3+ Greyish green Greyish green Greyish green Green precipitate, Greyish green (a) Excess NaOH + H2O2: yellow
134
Cu2+ Blue precipitate, Blue precipitate, Blue precipitate, Redish brown Blue precipitate. Black precipitate, Black precipitate. (a) SCN : black precipitate.
turns black when soluble in excess to turns black when precipitate soluble soluble in hot (b) KI: white precipitate in brown
heated. produce dark blue heated. in excess NH3(aq) HNO3. solution.
solution. Soluble in to produce blue
NH4Cl. solution.
Fe2+ Dirty green Dirty green precipitate, Dirty green Blue precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) K3Fe(CN)6(aq): dark blue precipitate.
precipitate. soluble in NH4Cl. precipitate. (b) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation at room
temperature.
Fe3+ Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Dark blue Yellowish white Yellow precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) SCN : blood red solution.
precipitate. precipitate, soluble (b) K3Fe(CN)6: brown solutin.
in mineral acids, (c) KI: brown solution/yellow/black
insoluble in precipitate.
CH3COOH. (d) K2CrO4: orange brown precipitate.
(e) CH3COONa: red solution, brown
precipitate when heated.
Lampiran A
Jadual bagi Tindak Balas Kation
Reagen H2S dalam medium
H2S dalam medium beralkali atau
NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) Na2CO3(ak) K4Fe(CN)6(ak) Na2HPO4(ak) berasid Reagen lain
(NH4)2S
Kation
Al3+ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. (a) Reagen Aluminon: mendakan
larut dalam larut dalam asid merah.
berlebihan. mineral dan NaOH, (b) CH3COONa: tiada mendakan;
tak larut dalam mendakan putih apabila dididihkan.
CH3COOH. (c) K2CrO4: mendakan kuning jingga,
larut dalam asid mineral.
Ba2+ Mendakan putih Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih, (a) H2SO4 cair atau CaSO4(ak):
dalam larutan pekat. larut dalam HNO3 mendakan putih.
atau HCl. (b) (NH4)2C2O4: mendakan putih, larut
dalam CH3COOH panas.
(c) K2CrO4: mendakan kuning.
Ca2+ Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih (NH4)2C2O4: mendakan putih, tak larut
dalam berlebihan. dalam CH3COOH.
135
Cr3+ Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau, Mendakan hijau (a) NaOH berlebihan + H2O2: larutan
kelabu, larut dalam kelabu, larut dalam kelabu. larut dalam asid kelabu. kuning.
berlebihan berlebihan membentuk mineral. (b) Asidkan larutan + H2O2: larutan
membentuk larutan larutan ungu. biru mendakan biru larutan
hijau. kuning.
Cu2+ Mendakan biru, Mendakan biru, larut Mendakan biru, Mendakan coklat Mendakan biru. Mendakan hitam, Mendakan hitam. (a) SCN-: mendakan hitam.
menjadi hitam dalam berlebihan menjadi hitam kemerahan, larut larut dalam HNO3 (b) KI: mendakan putih dalam larutan
apabila dipanaskan. membentuk larutan apabila dalam NH3 (ak) panas. coklat.
biru tua. Larut dalam dipanaskan. berlebihan
NH4Cl. membentuk larutan
biru.
Fe2+ Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau kotor, Mendakan hijau Mendakan biru. Mendakan hitam. (a) K3Fe(CN)6: mendakan biru tua.
kotor. larut dalam NH4Cl. kotor. (b) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan pada
suhu bilik.
Fe3+ Mendakan coklat. Mendakan coklat. Mendakan coklat. Mendakan biru tua. Mendakan putih Mendakan kuning. Mendakan hitam. -
(a) SCN : larutan merah darah.
kekuningan, larut
(b) K3Fe(CN)6: larutan coklat.
dalam asid mineral,
(c) KI: larutan coklat/ kuning/
tak larut dalam
mendakan hitam.
CH3COOH.
(d) K2CrO4: mendakan coklat jingga.
(e) CH3COONa: larutan merah,
mendakan coklat apabila dididihkan.
Reagent
H2S in alkaline
NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) H2S in acid medium Others reagent
Cation medium or (NH4)2S
Mg2+ White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate, (a) Magneson reagent + NaOH: blue
soluble in NH4Cl. soluble in NH4Cl. soluble in NH4Cl. soluble in mineral precipitate.
acid. (b) Na3PO4: white precipitate.
Mn2+ White precipitate, White precipitate, Yellowish brown Yellowish brown Yellowish brown (a) Sodium bismutate + HNO3: violet
turns brown. turns brown, soluble in precipitate. precipitate turns precipitate. solution.
NH4Cl. brown when heated. (b) PbO2 + HNO3 (conc): violet
solution.
(c) K2S2O8 + AgNO3: violet solution.
(d) NaClO + NaO: dark brown
precipirate.
Ni2+ Green precipitate. Green precipitate, Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Green precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dimetilglioksima reagent + NH3:
soluble in excess red precipitate.
forms blue solution. (b) NaClO + NaOH: black precipitate.
Soluble in NH4Cl.
136
Pb2+ White precipitate, White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate. Black precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dilute HCl: white precipitate,
soluble in excess. soluble when heated; reforms when
cool.
(b) Dilute H2SO4: White precipitate,
soluble in (NH4)2C2O4.
(c) KI: yellow precipitate, soluble
when is heated, reforms when cool.
(d) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate.
(e) NaClO: dark brown precipitate.
Zn2+ White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate. White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate. K3Fe(CN)6: orange brown precipitate.
soluble in excess. soluble in excess, soluble in alkali, soluble in NaOH,
soluble in NH4Cl. insoluble in mineral acid or
mineral acid. NH4Cl.
NH4+ Pungent gas Pungent gas liberated (a) Nessler reagent: brown precipitate.
liberated when when heated. (b) Heated with NaOH, gases evolved
heated. tested with concentrated HCl: white
fume.
Reagen H2S dalam medium
NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) Na2CO3(ak) K4Fe(CN)6(ak) Na2HPO4(ak) H2S dalam medium beralkali atau Reagen lain
berasid (NH4)2S
Kation
Mg2+ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, (a) Reagen Magneson + NaOH:
larut dalam NH4Cl. larut dalam NH4Cl. larut dalam NH4Cl. larut dalam asid mendakan biru.
mineral. (b) Na3PO4: mendakan putih.
Mn2+ Mendakan putih Mendakan putih Mendakan coklat Mendakan coklat Mendakan coklat (a) Natrium bismutat + HNO3:
bertukar menjadi bertukar menjadi kekuningan. kekuningan menjadi kekuningan. larutan ungu/lembayung.
coklat. coklat. Larut dalam coklat apabila (b) PbO2 + HNO3 pekat: larutan ungu/
NH4Cl. dipanaskan. lembayung.
(c) K2S2O8 + AgNO3: larutan ungu/
lembayung.
(d) NaClO: mendakan coklat tua.
Ni2+ Mendakan hijau. Mendakan hijau, larut Mendakan hijau. Mendakan hijau. Mendakan hijau. Mendakan hitam. (a) Reagen dimetilglioksima + NH3:
dalam berlebihan mendakan merah.
membentuk larutan (b) NaClO + NaOH: mendakan hitam.
137
Pb2+ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan hitam. Mendakan hitam. (a) HCl cair: mendakan putih, larut
larut dalam apabila panas; terbentuk semula
berlebihan. apabila disejukkan.
(b) H2SO4 cair: mendakan putih,
larut dalam (NH4)2C2O4.
(c) KI: mendakan kuning, larut
apabila panas; terbentuk semula
apabila disejukkan.
(d) K2CrO4: mendakan kuning.
(e) NaClO: mendakan coklat tua.
Zn2+ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. K3Fe(CN)6: mendakan coklat jingga.
larut dalam larut dalam berlebihan. larut dalam alkali, larut dalam NaOH,
berlebihan. Larut dalam NH4Cl. tak larut dalam NH4Cl, atau asid
asid mineral. mineral
NH4+ Gas berbau hancing Gas berbau hancing (a) Reagen Nessler: mendakan
dibebaskan apabila dibebaskan apabila coklat.
dipanaskan. dipanaskan. (b) Panaskan dengan NaOH, uji gas
dengan HCl pekat: wasap putih.
Appendix B
Choking gas is Gas burned with a blue White precipitate turns Dark red solution; brown (a) KMnO4/H+: decolouration.
HCOO
liberated. flame is liberated. black. precipitate when heated. (b) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
fragrant smell
Gas smell of vinegar is Gas of vinegar smell is White precipitate in Red solution; brown (a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
CH 3 COO
released when heated. released. concentrated solution, precipitate when heated. fragrant smell.
soluble in HNO3 or (b) Sodalime: gas burned with blue flame
NH3(aq). without soot.
White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate. Yellowish-brown (a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
C 6 H 5 COO
soluble in hot water, soluble in hot water; soluble in hot water or precipitate. fragrant smell.
white crystal formed white crystal formed NH3(aq). (b) Sodalime: gas burned with yellow flame
upon cooling. upon cooling. without soot.
138
Gas burned with blue White White precipitate, White precipitate, (a) KMnO4/H+: decolourised when heated.
C2 O24
flame and gas turned lime precipitate, soluble in HNO3 or soluble in HNO3. (b) CaCl2(aq): when precipitate.
water chalky when soluble in HCl, NH3(aq).
heated. HNO3 or H2SO4.
Cl
White fume is formed. White precipitate, White precipitate, MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): greenish-yellow gas
insoluble in HNO3 but soluble in hot water; or is liberated.
soluble in NH3(aq). concentrated HCl; white
crystal formed upon
cooling.
Br
Redish-brown gas is Light yellow White precipitate, (a) MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): redish-brown gas
liberated. precipitate, insoluble soluble in hot water, is liberated.
in dulute HNO3 or white crystal formed (b) Cl2 /NaOCl(aq) + CCl4: redish-brown
NH3(aq). upon cooling. colouration at the bottom layer.
(c) Concentrated HNO3 and heated: redish-
brown gas is liberated.
I
Brown fume is formed; Yellow precipitate, Yellow precipitate, Redish brown solution. (a) Cl2 water/NaOCl(aq)/Br2 water + CCl4:
purple fume formed when insoluble in dilute soluble in hot water; redish violet colouration formed at the
heated. HNO3 or NH3(aq). yellow crystal formed bottom layer.
upon cooling. (b) NaNO2(aq) + dilute asid: brown solution
and brown gas is liberated.
Lampiran B
HCOO
Gas berbau sengit Gas terbakar Mendakan putih Larutan merah tua; (a) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
dibebaskan. dengan nyalaan biru menjadi hitam. mendakan coklat (b) CH3CH2OH + sedikit H2SO4 pekat:
dibebaskan. apabila dipanaskan. bau buah-buahan/wangi.
Gas berbau cuka Gas berbau cuka Mendakan putih Larutan merah; (a) CH3CH2OH + sedikit H2SO4 pekat:
CH 3 COO
dibebaskan apabila dibebaskan. dalam larutan pekat, mendakan coklat bau buah-buahan/wangi.
dipanaskan. larut dalam HNO3 apabila dididihkan. (b) Kapur soda: gas terbakar dengan
atau NH3(ak). nyalaan biru tanpa jelaga.
Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. Mendakan coklat (a) CH3CH2OH + sedikit H2SO4 pekat:
C 6 H 5 COO
larut dalam air panas; larut dalam air panas; larut dalam air panas kekuningan. bau buah-buahan/wangi.
hablur putih apabila hablur putih apabila atau NH3(ak). (b) Kapur soda: gas terbakar dengan
disejukkan. disejukkan. nyalaan kuning berjelaga.
139
Gas terbakar dengan Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, (a) KMnO4/H+: dinyahwarnakan apabila
C2 O24
nyalaan biru dan gas larut dalam HCl, larut dalam HNO3 larut dalam HNO3. dipanaskan.
mengeruhkan air kapur HNO3 , atau atau NH3(ak). (b) CaCl2(ak): mendakan putih.
apabila dipanaskan. H2SO4.
Cl
Wasap putih dibebaskan. Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, MnO2(p) + H2SO4 pekat: gas kuning
tidak larut dalam larut dalam air panas kehijauan dibebaskan.
HNO3 tetapi larut atau HCl pekat;
dalam NH3(ak). hablur putih apabila
disejukkan.
Br
Gas coklat kemerahan Mendakan kuning Mendakan putih, (a) MnO2(p) + H2SO4 pekat: gas
dibebaskan. pucat, tidak larut larut dalam air panas; coklat kemerahan dibebaskan.
dalam HNO3 cair hablur putih apabila (b) Air Cl2 /NaOCl(ak) + CCl4: lapisan
atau NH3(ak). disejukkan. bawah berwarna coklat kemerahan.
(c) HNO3 pekat dan panas: gas coklat
kemerahan dibebaskan.
I
Wasap coklat dibebaskan; Mendakan kuning, Mendakan kuning, Larutan coklat (a) Air Cl2/NaOCl/air Br2 + CCl4: lapisan
wasap ungu dibebaskan tidak larut dalam larut dalam air panas; kemerahan. bawah berwarna ungu.
apabila dipanaskan. HNO3 cair atau hablur kuning apabila (b) NaNO2(ak) + asid cair: larutan coklat
NH3(ak). disejukkan. dan gas coklat dibebaskan.
Reagent
Dilute HCl or BaCl2(aq) or Pb(NO3)2(aq) or
H2SO4 Concentrated H2SO4 Ba(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq) Pb(CH3COO)2(aq) FeCl3(aq) Others reagent
Anion
CO23 Gas liberated can turn Gas liberated can turn White White precipitate White precipitate, Brown precipitate; MgSO4(aq)/MgCl2(aq): white precipitate.
lime water chalky. lime water chalky. precipitate, turned yellow in excess; soluble in dilute HNO3. gas liberated which turn
soluble in HCl become brown when lime water chalky.
or dilute HNO3. heated.
SO23 Brimstone smell gas/ Brimstone smell gas/ White White precipitate, White precipitate, Red solution; brown (a) I2: decolourisation.
burnt sulphur, burnt sulphur, gas precipitate, soluble in HNO3, soluble in dilute HNO3. precipitate when heated. (b) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.
gas decolourise decolourise KMnO4/H+. soluble in HCl NH3(aq), or SO32 in (c) K2Cr2O7/H+: green solution.
KMnO4/H+. or HNO3. excess; turn black
precipitate when heated.
Yellow precipitate; Yellow precipitate; White White precipitate turn to White precipitate, Purplish solution (a) I2: decolourisation.
S2 O23
brimstone smell gas/ brimstone smell gas/ precipitate in yellow and then brown soluble in excess S2O32 ; decolourise. (b) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.
burnt sulphur, gas burnt sulphur, gas concentrated and finally black; white turn black precipitate (c) K2Cr2O7/H+: green solution.
decolourise KMnO4/H+. decolourise KMnO4/H+. solution. precipitate soluble in when heated. (d) Ammonium molybdate + H2SO4:
excess S2O32 . blue ring.
140
S2 A foul (rotten egg), A foul (rotten egg) Black precipitate, Black precipitate. A yellow sediment in an (a) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation,
smell was liberated, smell was liberated, soluble in hot HNO3. acidic medium. A black yellow precipitate.
blackening blackening sediment in an alkaline (b) K2Cr2O7/H+: green solution,
Pb(CH3COO)2 paper. Pb(CH3COO)2 paper, medium. yellow precipitate.
yellow precipitate.
NO2 Brown fume liberated. Brown fume liberated. White precipitate in Redish brown (a) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation.
concentrated solution, precipitated/solution (b) K2Cr2O7/H+: green solution.
soluble in HNO3 or when heated. (c) FeSO4 + H2SO4: brown ring.
NH3. (d) Devarda alloy: pungent gas.
(e) KI + dilute acid: brown sol.
- - - -
MnO4 (a) C2O42 /SO32 /S2O32 /NO2 with H+:
decolourisation.
(b) S2-: decolourisation, yellow precipitate.
Reagen
HCl cair atau BaCl2(ak) atau Pb(NO3)2(ak) atau
H2SO4 cair H2SO4 pekat Ba(NO3)2(ak) AgNO3(ak) Pb(CH3COO)2(ak) FeCl3(ak) Reagen lain
Anion
CO23 Gas yang mengeruhkan Gas yang mengeruhkan Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih Mendakan putih, Mendakan coklat; MgSO4(ak)/MgCl2(ak): mendakan putih.
air kapur dibebaskan. air kapur dibebaskan. larut dalam HCl menjadi kuning dalam larut dalam HNO3 cair. gas yang mengeruhkan
atau HNO3 cair. berlebihan; menjadi air kapur dibebaskan.
coklat apabila
dididihkan.
SO23 Gas berbau belerang/ Gas berbau belerang/ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Larutan merah; (a) I2: penyahwarnaan.
sulfur terbakar, sulfur terbakar, larut dalam HCl larut dalam HNO3, NH3, larut dalam HNO3. mendakan coklat (b) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
gas menyahwarnakan gas menyahwarnakan atau HNO3. atau SO32- berlebihan; apabila dididihkan. (c) K2Cr2O7/H+: larutan hijau.
KMnO4/H+. KMnO4/H+. mendakan hitam
apabila dididihkan.
Mendakan kuning; gas Mendakan kuning; Mendakan putih Mendakan putih kepada Mendakan putih, Larutan ungu luntur (a) I2: penyahwarnaan.
S2 O23
berbau belerang/sulfur gas berbau belerang/ dalam larutan kuning kepada coklat larut dalam S2O32- apabila dibiarkan. (b) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
terbakar, sulfur terbakar, pekat. kepada hitam; berlebihan; (c) K2Cr2O7/H+: larutan hijau.
gas menyahwarnakan gas menyahwarnakan mendakan putih larut mendakan hitam (d) Ammonium molibdat + H2SO4 pekat:
KMnO4/H+. KMnO4/H+. dalam S2O32- berlebihan. apabila dididihkan. cincin biru.
141
S2 Gas berbau telur busuk Gas berbau telur busuk Mendakan hitam, Mendakan hitam. Mendakan kuning (a) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan,
dibebaskan, dibebaskan, larut dalam HNO3 dalam medium berasid. mendakan kuning.
gas menghitamkan gas menghitamkan panas. Mendakan hitam (b) K2Cr2O7/H+: larutan hijau,
kertas Pb(CH3COO)2. kertas Pb(CH3COO)2, dalam medium beralkali. mendakan kuning.
mendakan kuning.
NO2 Wasap coklat Wasap coklat Mendakan putih Mendakan/larutan coklat (a) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
dibebaskan. dibebaskan. dalam larutan pekat, kemerahan apabila (b) K2Cr2O7/H+: larutan hijau.
larut dalam HNO3 atau dipanaskan. (c) FeSO4 + H2SO4 cair: cincin coklat.
NH3. (d) Aloi Devarda: gas berbau hancing.
(e) KI + asid cair: larutan coklat.