30 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions

Logarithms

1. (d) It is obvious.
2. (a) Let x be the required logarithm , then by definition
(2 2 )x  32 5 4  (2 . 2 1 / 2 ) x  2 5 . 2 2 / 5 ; 
3x 2
Logarithms 5
2 2 2 5

3 27
1 d 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 a Here, by equating the indices, x
6 b 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 c
2 5
18
11 d 12 c 13 d 14 b,c 15 c x   3 .6 .
16 c 17 c 18 d 19 b 20 c
5
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 c 25 b 3. (c) Suppose, if possible, log 2 7 is rational, say p / q
where p and q are integers, prime to each other.
26 a 27 a 28 c 29 a,b,c,d 30 b
p
31 a,b,c 32 a 33 a 34 a 35 b Then,  log 2 7  7  2p / q  2p  7q ,
q
36 b 37 c 38 a 39 b 40 b
which is false since L.H.S is even and R.H.S is odd.
Obviously log 2 7 is not an integer and hence not a
Indices and Surds
prime number.
1 a 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 a log 28 log 7  log 4
4. (b) log 49 28  
6 c 7 d 8 c 9 a 10 d log 49 2 log 7
11 c 12 c 13 d 14 b 15 d log 7 log 4 1 1
16 a 17 a 18 d 19 b 20 a,d     log 7 4
2 log 7 2 log 7 2 2
21 b 22 c 23 a,b 24 b,c 25 a,c,d
26 c 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 c
1 1 1 1 1  2m
31 a 32 b 33 a 34 d 35 b   . 2 log 7 2   log 7 2   m 
36 b 37 d 38 b 39 c 40 d 2 2 2 2 2
41 b 42 b 43 d 44 d 45 b ab 1
5. (a) log e    (log e a  log e b )
46 a  2  2

Partial fractions 1
 log e (ab)  log e ab
2
1 b 2 a,d 3 c 4 c 5 a ab
6 a 7 a 8 c 9 b 10 c
  ab  a  b  2 ab
2
11
16
a,c
d
12
17
d
c
13
18
b
b,c
14
19
a
a
15
20
c
c
  a b  2
0  a b 0  a  b .
6. (b) Since 10, 3, e, 2 are in decreasing order.
21 b 22 d 23 b 24 b 25 a
Obviously, log 10  , log 3  , log e  , log 2  are in
26 d 27 b 28 d 29 d 30 a
increasing order.
31 a,d 32 b 33 d
 ab 
7. (b) log ab  log | b |  log    log | a | .
Critical Thinking Questions | b | 

1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 b
8. (c) log 02.5 4  {log 0 .5 (0 . 5 )2 } 2  (2)2  2 .

6 a,b,d 7 a,b 8 b 9 a 10 a 9. (b) log 3 4 . log 4 5 . log 5 6 . log 6 7 . log 7 8 . log 8 9

11 b 12 a 13 c 14 a 15 a
16 d log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9 log 9
 . . . . . 
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 3
 log 3 9  log 3 3 2  2 .
10. (c)
log 7 log 7 7 7 7  log 7 log 7 7 7 / 8  log 7 (7 / 8 )
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial fractions 31
 log 7 7  log 7 8  1  log 7 2 3  1  3 log 7 2 .