COMPUTER NETWORKS

Who am I ?
Engr. Nauman Ramzan
ASSISTANT NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR,
RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
AGENDA
• What is Computer Networks
• Types of Networks
• Network Components
• Applications of Networks
• Network Topologies
• Network Media
• Network Devices
• Data transfer rate (Bandwidth)
• Network Address
• MAC Address
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Connections testing tools
 WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORKS

• A collection of computing devices connected

in order to communicate and share
resources.

• Connections between computing devices can

be physical using wires or cables or wireless
using radio waves or infrared signals
COMPUTER NETWORKS
 TYPES OF NETWORKS

• LAN
• WLAN
• DIAL-UP SERVICES
• BROADBAND SERVICES
• WAN
• MAN
LAN
WLAN
WAN
 NETWORK COMPONENTS

• PHYSICAL MEDIA
• INTERCONNECTING DEVICES
• COMPUTERS (SERVERS/CLIENTS)
• NETWORKING SOFTWARE
• APPLICATIONS
 APPLICATIONS OF NETWORKS
• RESOURCE SHARING
• Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
• Software (application software)
• INFORMATION SHARING
• Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
• Search Capability (WWW)
• COMMUNICATION
• Email
• Message broadcast
• REMOTE COMPUTING
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

THE NETWORK TOPOLOGY DEFINES THE WAY IN WHICH

COMPUTERS, PRINTERS, AND OTHER DEVICES ARE CONNECTED.
A NETWORK TOPOLOGY DESCRIBES THE LAYOUT OF THE WIRE
AND DEVICES AS WELL AS THE PATHS USED BY DATA
TRANSMISSIONS.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 NETWORK MEDIA

NETWORKING MEDIA CAN BE DEFINED SIMPLY AS THE MEANS

BY WHICH SIGNALS (DATA) ARE SENT FROM ONE COMPUTER TO
ANOTHER (EITHER BY CABLE OR WIRELESS MEANS).
 NETWORK MEDIA
•ELECTRICAL (COPPER)
•Coaxial Cable
•Single copper conductor in the center surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation and a braided
metal outer shield.

•Twisted pair
•Four pairs of wires twisted to certain specifications.
•Available in shielded and unshielded versions.

•FIBER-OPTIC - A CABLE, CONSISTING OF A CENTER GLASS CORE SURROUNDED BY LAYERS OF

PLASTIC, THAT TRANSMITS DATA USING LIGHT RATHER THAN ELECTRICITY.

•ATMOSPHERE/WIRELESS – USES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. WHOSE FREQUENCY RANGE IS

ABOVE THAT OF MICROWAVES, BUT BELOW THAT OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM.
 NETWORK MEDIA
•COPPER - TWISTED PAIR
•UTP
•Un- Shielded Twisted Pair
•STP
•Shielded Twisted Pair
•CAT5
•Category 5
•CAT6
•Category 6
•Connectors
•RJ 45
 Cable Standards & Types
•STANDARDS
•568A
•568B
•TYPES
•Straight
•Cross
 NETWORK DEVICES
•HUB

•SWITCHES

•ROUTERS

•WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS

•WIRELESS ROUTERS

•MODEMS
HUB
SWITCH
ROUTER
WIRELESS ACCESS POINT
WIRELESS ROUTER
 ETHERNET STANDARD & DATA TRANSFER
RATE (BANDWIDTH)
•10BASET
•10Mbps (Mega bits per second)
•100BASET
•100Mbps
•1000BASET
•1000Mbps or 1Gbps
MB & Mbps
 NETWORK ADDRESSES
Hostname
A name made up of words separated by dots that
uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet

IP address
An address made up of four one-byte numeric
values separated by dots that uniquely identifies a
computer on the Internet
 NETWORK ADDRESSES
• An IP v4 address is a 32-bit address.

• The IP addresses are unique.

• IP v4 address Binary Notation

• 01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010

• IP v4 Dotted-decimal notation
 NETWORK ADDRESSES
Finding the class in decimal notation
 NETWORK ADDRESSES
• Default Mask
• Class A default mask is 255.0.0.0
• Class B default mask is 255.255.0.0
• Class C Default mask 255.255.255.0
 NETWORK ADDRESSES
Masking concept
 MAC ADDRESSES

• Media Access Control (MAC) address is as important as the IP address.

• The MAC address is a unique value associated with the network adapter (NIC).

• MAC addresses are known as the hardware addresses or physical addresses.

• They uniquely identify the adapter on the LAN.

• Format
MAC ADDRESSES
• MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS or 00:A0:C9:14:C8:29

• The first half of the MAC address contains the ID number of the adapter

manufacturer.

• These IDs are regulated by an Internet standards organization.

• The second half of the MAC address represents the serial number assigned to the

adapter by the manufacturer.

 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
• Domain name to IP address conversion
Eg. www.google.com → ??.???.??.??
• Domain name or IP address lookup
http://cqcounter.com/whois/
• Top-level Domains
• gTLDs (generic TLDs)
.com, .edu, .net, .org, .gov, .mil, .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro
• ccTLDs (country code TLDs)
.pk, .au, .ca, .br, .de, .fi, .fr, .jp, .hk, .cn, .tw, .my, .us
• Second-level Domains
• Domains that are directly below a TLD
Eg.
riphah.edu, ucr.edu, google.com, sony.co.jp
• Must apply to a registrar for the appropriate TLD
RECOMMENDED READING OSI MODULE
 CONNECTIONS TESTING TOOLS

• Ipconfig
• Ping
• Tracert
• NSLOOKUP
IPCONFIG
PING
TRACERT
PRACTICAL