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Chapter 16 - Permutation
Exercise: 16.1
Page Number: 16.4
Q1.
Solution:
(i)
30! 30  29  28!
i    n !  n  n  1 !
28! 28!
 30  29
 870
(ii)
11! 10! 11 10  9!  10  9!
 ii    n !  n  n  1 !

9! 9!
9!110  10 
=
9!
 100
(iii)
LCM of  6!, 7! and 8! : n! = n(n-1)!

Therefore,  6!, 7! and 8! can be rewritten as:
8!  8  7  6!
7!  7  6!
6!  6!
therefore,
LCM of  6!, 7! and 8!  LCM 8  7  6!, 7  6! , 6!
 8  7  6!
 8!
Q2.
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Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
NEET Previous Year Question Paper
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Solution:
1 1 1
LHS   
9! 10! 11!
1 1 1
  
9! 10  9! 1110  9!
110  11  1

11 10  9!
122
  RHS
11!
 RHSHence, proved.
Q3.
Solution:
1 1 x
i 
 
4! 5! 6!
1 1 x
  
4! 5  4! 6!
5 1 x
 
5  4! 6!
6 x
 
5! 6!
6 x
 
5! 6  5!
 x  36
x 1 1
 ii   
10! 8! 9!
x 1 1
  
10! 8! 9  8!
x 9 1
 
10! 9  8!
x 10
 
10! 9!
x 10
 
10  9! 9!
 x  100
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1 1 x
 iii 
 
6! 7! 8!
1 1 x
  
6! 7  6! 8!
7 1 x
 
7  6! 8!
8 x
 
7! 8!
8 x
 
7! 8  7!
 x  64
Q4.
Solution:
1 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10
 i  5  6  7  8  9 10 
1 2  3  4
10!

4!
 ii  3  6  9 12 15 18   3 1   3  2    3  3   3  4    3  5   3  6 
 36 1 2  3  4  5  6 
 36  6!
1 2  3 ...  n  n  1 n  2  n  3 ...  2n 

 iii   n  1 n  2  n  3 ...  2n  
1 2  3 ...  n 

 2n 
n!
1 3 5  .........  2n  1   2  4  6  .........  2n  
 iv  1 3 5 ......... 2n  1 
 2  4  6  .........  2n  
 1 2  3 4  5  .........  2n  1 2n  

2n 1 2  3 .........  n  
 2n  !

2n n !
Q5.
Solution:
(i) LHS = (2 +3)!
= 5!
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= 120
RHS = 2! + 3!
=2+6
=8
Since LHS ≠ RHS,
Thus, (i) is false.
(ii) LHS = (2 × 3)!
= 6!
= 720
RHS = 2! × 3!
=2×6
= 12
LHS ≠ RHS
Thus, (ii) is false.
Q6.
Solution:
RHS = n! + (n + 1)!
= n! + (n + 1)(n!)
= n! ( 1+ n + 1)
= n! (n+2) = LHS
Hence, proved.
Q7.
Solution:
(n + 2)! = 60 [(n − 1)!]
⇒(n + 2)×(n + 1)×(n)×(n − 1)! = 60 [(n − 1)!]
⇒(n + 2)×(n + 1)×(n) = 60
⇒(n + 2)×(n + 1)×(n) = 5×4×3
∴n=3
Q8.
Solution:
(n + 1)! = 90 [(n − 1)!]
⇒(n + 1)×(n)×(n−1)! = 90[(n − 1)!]
⇒(n + 1)×(n) = 90
⇒(n + 1)×(n) = 10 × 9
On comparing, we get:
n=9
Q9.
Solution:
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(n + 3)! = 56 [(n + 1)!]
⇒(n + 3)×(n + 2)×(n + 1)! = 56 [(n + 1)!]
⇒(n + 3)×(n + 2) = 56
⇒(n + 3)×(n + 2) = 8×7
⇒n + 3 = 8
∴n=5
Q10.
Solution:
 2n ! : n !  44 : 3
3! 2n  3 ! 2! n  2  !
 2n ! 2! n  2 ! 44
  
3! 2n  3 ! n! 3
 2n  2n  1 2n  2   2n  3! 2! n  2  ! 44
  
3  2! 2n  3 ! n  n  1  n  2  ! 3
 2n  2n  1 2n  2  1 44
  
3 n  n  1 3

 2n  2n  1 2  n  1  1  44
3 n  n  1 3
4  2n  1 n  n  1 1 44
  
3 n  n  1 3
4  2n  1 44
 
3 3
  2n  1  11
 2n  12
n  6
Q11.Prove that:
Solution:
n!
 i  LHS 
 n  r !
n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4  ...  n  r  1  n  r  !

 n  r !
 n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4  ...  n  r  1
 n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4  ...  n   r  1   RHS
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n! n!
 ii  LHS  
 n  r !r !  n  r  1!
n! n!
 
 n  r !r !  n  r  1  n  r !
n ! n  r  1  n !r !

r ! n  r  1  n  r  !
n ! n  1  n !r !  n !r !
=
r ! n  r  1 n  r  !
n ! n  1

r ! n  r  1 n  r  !
 n  1!
  RHS
r ! n  r  1 !
Q12.Prove that:
Solution:
LHS 
 2n  1!
n!

 2n  1 2n  2n  1 .... 4  3 2 1
n!
1 3 5  .........  2n  1 2n  1   2  4  6  .........  2n  

n!
n
2 1 3 5 .........  2n  1 2n  1  1 2  3 .........  n  

n!
2n 1 3 5 .........  2n  1  2n  1   n !

n!
n
 2 1 3 5  .........  2n  1 2n  1   RHS
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Exercise: 16.2
Page Number: 16.14
Q1.
Solution :
No. of boys in the class = 27

No. of girls in the class = 14
Ways to select a boy = 27
Similarly, ways to select a girl = 14
Number of ways to select 1 boy and 1 girl  27  14  378
Q2.
Solution :
Number of fountain pen varieties = 10

Number of ball pen varieties = 12
Number of pencil varieties = 5
Ways to select a fountain pen = 10
Ways to select a ball pen = 12
Ways to select a pencil = 5
Ways to select a fountain pen, a ball pen and a pencil = 10 ×12 × 5 = 600 (Using the fundamental
principle of multiplication)
Q3.
Solution :
Number of routes from Goa to Bombay = 2

Number of routes from Bombay to Delhi = 3
Using fundamental principle of multiplication:
Number of routes from Goa to Delhi via Bombay = 2 × 3 = 6
Q4.
Solution :
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The first day of the year can be any one of the days of the week, i.e the first day can be selected
in 7 ways.
But, the year could also be a leap year.
So, the mint should prepare 7 calendars for the non-leap year and 7 calendars for the leap year.
So, total number of calendars that should be made = 7 + 7 = 14
Q5.
Solution :
Number of ways of sending 1 parcel via registered post = 5

Number of ways of sending 4 parcels via registered post through 5 post offices = 5×5×5×5 = 625
Q6.
Solution :
Number of outcomes when the coin is tossed for the first time = 2
Number of outcomes when the coin is tossed for the second time = 2
Thus, there would be 2 outcomes, each time the coin is tossed.
Total number of possible outcomes on tossing the coin five times = 2×2×2×2×2 = 32
Q7.
Solution :
Number of ways of Solutioning the first question = 2 (either true or false)

Similarly, each question can be Solutioned in 2 ways.
Therefore, total number of ways of Solutioning all the 10 questions is:
2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  210  1024
Q8.
Solution :
Number of ways of marking each of the ring = 10 different letters

Therefore, total number of ways of marking any letter on these three rings = 10×10×10 = 1000
Out of these 1000 combinations of the lock, 1 combination will be successful.
Total number of unsuccessful attempts = 1000 -1 = 999
Q9.
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Solution :
Number of ways of Solutioning the first three questions = 4 each

Number of ways of Solutioning the remaining three questions = 2 each
Total number of ways of Solutioning all the questions = 4×4×4×2×2×2 = 512
Q10.
Solution :
Number of books on mathematics = 5

Number of books on physics = 6
Number of ways of buying a mathematics book = 5
Similarly, number of ways of buying a physics book = 6
(i) By using fundamental principle of multiplication:

Number of ways of buying a mathematics and a physics book = 6×5 = 30
(ii) By using the fundamental principle of addition:

Number of ways of buying either a mathematics or a physics book = 6 + 5 = 11
Q11.
Solution :
Number of flags = 7
Number of ways of selecting one flag = 7
Number of ways of selecting the other flag = 6 (as only 6 colours are available for use)
A signal requires use of two flags
Total number of signal that can be generated = 7×6 = 42
Q12.
Solution :
A boy can be selected from the first team in 6 ways and from the second team in 5 ways.
∴ Number of ways of arranging a match between the boys of the two teams = 6×5 = 30
Similarly, A girl can be selected from the first team in 4 ways and from the second team in 3
ways.
Number of ways of arranging a match between the girls of the two teams = 4×3= 12
Total number of matches = 30 + 12 = 42
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Q13.
Solution :
Number of competitors in the race = 12

Number of competitors who can come first in the race = 12
Number of competitors who can come second in the race = 11 (as one competitor has already
come first in the race)
Number of competitors who can come third in the race = 10
Total number of ways of awarding the first three prizes = 12×11×10 = 1320
Q14.
Solution:
Number of ways of selecting the first term from the set 1, 2, 3  3
Corresponding to each of the selected first terms, the number of ways of selecting the common
difference from the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5  5
Total number of AP’s that can be formed = 3×5 = 15
Q15.
Solution :
Total number of teachers in the college = 36

Number of ways of selecting a principal = 36
Number of ways of selecting a vice-principal = 35 (as one of the teacher is already being selected
for the post of principal)
Similarly, number of ways of selecting the teacher-incharge = 34
Total number of ways of selecting all the three = 36×35×34 = 42840
Q16.
Solution :
The thousand’s place cannot be zero.
Number of ways of selecting the thousand’s digit = 9
Number of ways of selecting the ten’s digit = 9 ( as repetition of digits is not allowed and one
digit has already been used in the thousand’s place)
Similarly, number of ways of selecting the unit’s digit = 8 (as two digits have been used for the
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thousand’s and the ten’s places)
Total three digit number that can be formed = 9×9×8 = 648
Q17.
Solution :
Available digits for filling any place = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0

Since the thousand’s place cannot be zero, available digits to fill the thousand’s place = 9
Number of ways of filling the ten’s digit = 10
Similarly, number of ways of filling the unit’s digit = 10
Total number of three digit numbers = 9×10×10 = 900
Q18
Solution :
Available digits for filling any place 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0

Since the thousand’s place cannot be zero, the number of ways of filling the thousand’s place is
9.
Number of ways of filling the ten’s place = 10
Number of ways of filling the unit’s place = 5 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Total 3-digit odd numbers = 9×10×5 = 450
Q19.
Solution :
(i) Since the first digit cannot be zero, the number of ways of filling the first digit = 9
Number of ways of filling the second digit = 9 (Since repetition is not allowed)
Number of ways of filling the third digit = 8
Number of ways of filling the fourth digit = 7
Number of ways of filling the fifth digit = 6
Total number of licence plates that can be made = 9×9×8×7×6 = 27216
(ii) Since the first digit cannot be zero, the number of ways of filling the first digit = 9
Number of ways of filling the second digit = 10 (Since repetition is allowed)
Total number of licence plates that can be made = 9×10×10×10×10 = 90000
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Q20.
Solution :
Since the number has to be greater than 7000, the thousand’s place can only be filled by three
digits, i.e. 7, 8 and 9.
Now, the hundred’s place can be filled with the remaining 4 digits as the repetition of the digits
is not allowed.
The ten’s place can be filled with the remaining 3 digits.
The unit’s place can be filled with the remaining 2 digits.
Total numbers that can be formed = 3×4×3×2 = 72
Q21.
Solution :
Since the number has to be greater than 8000, the thousand’s place can be filled by only two
digits, i.e. 8 and 9.
Now, the hundred’s place can be filled with the remaining 4 digits as the repetition of the digits
is not allowed.
The ten’s place can be filled with the remaining 3 digits.
The unit’s place can be filled with the remaining 2 digits.
Total numbers that can be formed = 2×4×3×2 = 48
Q22.
Solution :
Number of seats available to the first person = 6

Number of seats available to the second person = 5
Number of seats available to the third person = 4
Number of seats available to the fourth person = 3
Number of seats available to the fifth person = 2
Number of seats available to the sixth person = 1
Total number of ways of making the seating arrangement = 6×5×4×3×2×1 = 720
Q23.
Solution :
Since the first digit cannot be zero, number of ways of filling the first digit = 9
Number of ways of filling the second digit = 9 (as repetition is not allowed or the digits are
distinct)
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Number of ways of filling the sixth digit = 5
Number of ways of filling the seventh digit = 4
Number of ways of filling the eighth digit = 3
Number of ways of filling the ninth digit = 2
Total such 9-digit numbers = 9×9×8×7×6×5×4×3×2 = 9 (9!)
Q24.
Solution :
Since the number is less than 1000, it could be a three-digit, two-digit or single-digit number.
Case I: Three-digit number:
Now, the hundred’s place cannot be zero. Thus, it can be filled with three digits, i.e. 3, 5 and 7.
Also, the unit’s place cannot be zero. This is because it is an odd number and one digit has
already been used to fill the hundred’s place.
Thus, the unit’s place can be filled by only 2 digits.
Number of ways of filling the ten’s digit = 2 (as repetition is not allowed)
Total three-digit numbers that can be formed = 3×2×2 = 12
Case II: Two-digit number:
Now, the ten’s place cannot be zero. Thus, it can be filled with three digits, i.e. 3, 5 and 7.
Also, the unit’s place cannot be zero. This is because it is an odd number and one digit has
already been used to fill the ten’s place,
Thus, the unit’s place can be filled by only 2 digits.
Total two-digit numbers that can be formed = 3×2 = 6
Case III: Single-digit number:
It could be 3, 5 and 7.
Total single-digit numbers that can be formed = 3
Hence, required number = 12 + 6 + 3 = 21
Q25
Solution :
The hundred’s place can be filled by {1, 3, 5, 7, 9), i.e. 5 digits.

The ten’s place can now be filled by 4 digits (as one digit is already used in the hundred’s place
and repetition is not allowed )
Similarly, the unit’s place can be filled by 3 digits.
Total number of 3-digit numbers = 5×4×3 = 60
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Q26.
Solution :
Number of ways of filling the first digit = 6

Number of ways of filling the second digit = 5 (as repetition is not allowed)
Number of ways of filling the fourth digit =3
Total numbers = 6×5×4×3×2×1 = 720
Q27.
Solution :
The first digit cannot be zero. Thus, the first digit can be filled in 5 ways.
Number of ways for filling the second digit = 5 (as repetition of digits is not allowed)
Number of ways for filling the third digit = 4
Number of ways for filling the fourth digit = 3
Number of ways for filling the fifth digit = 2
Number of ways for filling the sixth digit = 1
Total numbers = 5×5×4×3×2×1 = 600
Q28.
Solution :
As the number has to be greater than 5000, the first digit can either be 5 or 9.
Hence, it can be filled only in two ways.
Number of ways for filling the second digit = 4
Number of ways for filling the third digit = 3 (as repetition is not allowed)
Number of ways for filling the fourth digit = 2
Total numbers = 2×4×3×2 = 48
Q29.
Solution :
Number of ways of selecting the first letter = 6

Number of ways of selecting the second letter = 5 (as repetition of letters is not allowed)
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Number of ways of selecting the digit in the third place = 10
Number of ways of selecting the digit in the fourth place = 9 (as repetition of digits is not
allowed)
Number of ways of selecting the digit in the fifth place = 8
Number of ways of selecting the digit in the sixth place = 7
Possible serial numbers = 6×5×10×9×8×7 = 151200
Q30.
Solution :
The digits in the sequence do not repeat.

Number of ways of selecting the first digit = 10
Number of ways of selecting the second digit = 9
Number of ways of selecting the third digit = 8
Total number of possible sequences = 10×9×8 = 720
Of all the possible sequences, only one sequence is successful.
Number of unsuccessful sequences = 720 – 1 = 719
Q31.
Solution :
Consider that the code of an ATM has all distinct digits.

Number of ways for selecting the first digit = 4
Number of ways for selecting the second digit = 3
Number of ways for selecting the third digit = 2
Number of ways for selecting the fourth digit = 1
Total number of possible codes for the ATM = 4×3×2×1 = 24
Q32.
Solution :
Number of ways of assigning a job to person A = 3

Number of ways of assigning the remaining jobs to person B = 2 (since one job has already been
assigned to person A)
The number of ways of assigning the remaining job to person C = 1
Total number of ways of job assignment = 3×2×1 = 6
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Q33.
Solution :
Case I: Four-digit number

Total number of ways in which the 4 digit number can be formed = 4×4×4×4 = 256
Now, the number of ways in which the 4-digit numbers greater than 4321 can be formed is as
follows:
Suppose, the thousand’s digit is 4 and hundred’s digit is either 3 or 4.
Number of ways = 2×4×4 = 32
But 4311, 4312, 4313, 4314, 4321 (i.e. 5 numbers) are less than or equal to 4321.
Remaining number of ways = 256-32-5=229
Case II: Three-digit number
The hundred’s digit can be filled in 4 ways.
Similarly, the ten’s digit and the unit’s digit can also be filled in 4 ways each. This is because the
repetition of digits is allowed.
Total number of three-digit number = 4×4×4 = 64
Case III: Two-digit number
The ten’s digit and the unit’s digit can be filled in 4 ways each. This is because the repetition of
digits is allowed.
Total number of two digit numbers = 4×4 = 16
Case IV: One-digit number
Single digit number can only be four.
Required numbers = 229 + 64 + 16 +4 = 313
Q34.
Solution :
The first digit of the number cannot be zero. Thus, it can be filled in 5 ways.
The number of ways of filling the second digit = 5 (as the repetition of digits is not allowed)
The number of ways of filling the third digit = 4
The number of ways of filling the fourth digit = 3
The number of ways of filling the fifth digit = 2
The number of ways of filling the sixth digit = 1
Required numbers = 5×5×4×3×2×1 = 600
For the number to be divisible by 10, the sixth digit has to be zero.
Now, the first digit can be filled in 5 ways.
Number of ways of filling the second digit = 4
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Total numbers divisible by 10 = 5×4×3×2×1×1 = 120
Q35.
Solution :
Number of possible outcomes on one dice = 6 {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Number of possible outcomes on both the other two dice = 6
Total number of outcomes when three dice are thrown = 6×6×6 = 216
Q36.
Solution :
Total number of outcomes when a coin is tossed once = 2 (Heads, Tails)

Number of outcomes when the coin is tossed for the second time = 2
∴ Number of outcomes when the coin is tossed thrice = 2×2×2 = 8
Similarly, the number of outcomes when the coin is tossed four times = 2×2×2×2 = 16
Similarly, the number of outcomes when the coin is tossed five times = 2×2×2×2×2 = 32
Similarly, the number of outcomes when the coin is tossed ‘n’ times = 2×2×…..n times = 2n
Q37.
Solution :
Each of the toy can be distributed in 5 ways.

Total number of ways of distributing the toys = 5×5×5×5×5×5×5×5 = 58
Q38.
Solution :
Each of the 5 letters can be posted in any one of the 7 letter boxes.
Required number of ways of posting the letters = 7×7×7×7×7 = 75
Q39.
Solution :
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Required number of possible outcomes = (Total number of outcomes – Number of possible
outcomes in which 5 does not appear on any of the dice.)
Total number of outcomes when a single dice is rolled = 6
Total number of outcomes when two dice are rolled = 6×6
Similarly, total number of outcomes when three dice are rolled = 6×6×6 = 216
Number of possible outcomes in which 5 does not appear on any dice = 5×5×5 = 125
Required number of possible outcomes = 216 – 125 = 91
Q40.
Solution :
Any one of the twenty balls can be put in the first box. Thus, there are twenty different ways for
this.
Now, remaining 19 balls are to be put into the remaining 4 boxes. This can be done in 419 ways
because there are four choices for each ball.
Required number of ways = 20×419
Q41.
Solution :
Each ball can be distributed in 3 ways.

Required number of ways in order to distribute 5 balls = 3×3×3×3×3 = 243
Q42
Solution :
Each letter can be posted in any one of the 4 letter boxes.

Number of ways of posting one letter = 4
Required number of ways of posting the 7 letters = 4×4×4×4×4×4×4 = 47
Q43.
Solution :
(i) Since no student gets more than one prize; the first prize can be given to any one of the five
students.
The second prize can be given to anyone of the remaining 4 students.
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Similarly, the third prize can be given to any one of the remaining 3 students.
The last prize can be given to any one of the remaining 2 students.
Required number of ways = 5×4×3×2 = 5!
(ii) Since a student may get any number of prizes, the first prize can be given to any of the five
students. Similarly, the rest of the three prizes can be given to the each of the remaining 4
students.
Required number of ways = 5×5×5×5 = 625
(iii) None of the students gets all the prizes.

Required number of ways = {Total ways of distributing the prizes in a condition wherein a
student may get any number of prizes – Total ways in a condition in which a student receives all
the prizes} =
625 – 5 = 620
Q44.
Solution :
The thousand’s place can be filled by any of the 5 digits.

Number of ways of filling the thousand’s place = 5
Since the digits can repeat in the number, the hundred’s place, the ten’s place and the unit’s place
can each be filled in 5 ways.
Total numbers = 5×5×5×5 = 625
Q45.
Solution :
Since the hundred’s place cannot be zero, it can be filled by any of the 4 digits (1, 3, 5 and 7).
Number of ways of filling the hundred’s place = 4
Since, the digits can be repeated in the number, the ten’s place and the unit’s place can each be
filled in 5 ways.
Total numbers = 4×5×5 = 100
Q46.
Solution :
Since the number is less than 1000, it means that it is a three-digit number, a two-digit number or
a single-digit number.
Three-digit numbers:
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The hundred’s place can be filled by 5 digits neglecting zero as it can’t be zero.
The ten’s place and the unit’s place can be filled by 6 digits.
So, total number of three digit numbers = 5×6×6 = 180
Two-digit numbers:
The ten’s place can be filled by 5 digits, except zero.
The unit’s digit can be filled by 6 digits.
Total two digit numbers = 5×6 = 30
Single digit numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 as 0 is not a natural number. Thus, on neglecting it, we get 5
numbers.
Total required numbers = 180 + 30 + 5 = 215
Q47.
Solution :
Total outcomes when a coin is tossed = 2 (head or tail)

When a coin is tossed three times:
Total number of possible outcomes = 2×2×2 = 8
Q48.
Solution :
The first two digits are fixed as 67.
As repetition of digits in not allowed, the number of available digits to fill the remaining places
is 8.
The third place can be filled in 8 ways.
The fourth place can be filled in 7 ways.
The fifth place can be filled in 6 ways.
Total number of such telephone numbers = 8×7×6 = 336
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Exercise: 16.3
Page Number: 16.28
Q1.
Solution :
(i) 8P3
nP n!
r =
 n  r !
8!
∴ 8P3 
 8  3 !
8!

5!
8  7  6  5!
  8  7  6  336
5!
10!
 ii  10 P4 
10  4 !
10!

6!
10  9  8  7  6!

6!
 10  9  8  7
 5040
6!
 iii  6 P6 
 6  6!
6!

0!
6!
 ( Since , 0!  1)
1
 720
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(iv) P(6,4)
It can also be written as 6P4 .
6 6!
P4 
2!
6  5  4  3 2!

2!
 6 5 4 3
 360
Q2.
Solution :
P (5, r) = P (6, r − 1)
or 5Pr = 6Pr-1
5! 6!

 5  r !  6  r  1!

 6  r  1!  6!
 5  r ! 5!

 7  r !  6  5!
 5  r ! 5!

 7  r  6  r  5  r !  6
 5  r !
  7  r  6  r   6
  7  r  6  r   3  2
On comparing the above two equations, we get :
7r 3
 r4
Q3.
Solution :
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5 P(4, n) = 6. P (5, n − 1)
5 4Pn = 65Pn-1
4! 5!
 5  6
 4  n !  5  n  1!
 5
 6  n !  6  5!
 4  n ! 4!
 5
 6  n  6  n  1 6  n  2 !  6  5  4!
 4  n 4!
 5
 6  n  5  n  4  n !  6  5
 4  n
  6  n  5  n   6
  6  n  5  n   3  2
On comparing the LHS and the RHS , we get :
 6n  3
n3
Q4.
n! n!
  20 
 n  5!  n  3 !

n!
 20 
 n  5 !
n!  n  3 !
 1  20 
 n  5!
 n  3 n  4  n  5 !
  n  3 n  4   20
  n  3 n  4   5  4
On comparing the two sides, we get :
 n3  5
n 8
Q5.
n!
  360
 n  4 !
n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4  !
  360
 n  4 !
 n  n  1 n  2  n  3  360
 n  n  1 n  2  n  3  6  5  4  3
On comparing thetwo sides, we get :n  6
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Q6,
9!
  3024
 9  r !
9!
  98 7  6
 9  r !
9! 9  8  7  6  5!
 
 9  r ! 5!
9! 9!
 
 9  r ! 5!
  9  r  !  5! 9  r  5
r 4
Q7.
11! 12!
 
11  r ! 13  r !

13  r   12!
11  r ! 11!

13  r 12  r 11  r !  12 11!
11  r  ! 11!
 13  r 12  r   12
 13  r 12  r   4  3
On comparing the two sides, we get :
13  r  4
r 9
Q8,
n! n!
  12 
 n  4  !  2 !
n 

 n  2 !  12  n !
 n  4 ! n!

 n  2  n  3 n  4 !  12
 n  4 !
  n  2  n  3  12
  n  2  n  3  4  3
On comparing the LHS and the RHS , we get :
n2  4
n6
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Q9.

 n  1!   n  4 !  1
 n  1  3!  n ! 9

 n  1 !   n  4 !  1
 n  4! n! 9

 n  1!  1
n! 9

 n  1!  1
n  n  1 ! 9
1 1
 
n 9
n 9
Q10.

 2n  1!   2n  1  n  1 !  22
 2n  1  n  !  2n  1! 7

 2n  1!   n  2 !  22
 n  1!  2n  1! 7

 2n  1!   n  2  n 1 n  n  1!  22
 n  1!  2n 1 2n  2n  1! 7

 n  2  n  1 n   22
 2n  1 2n  7

 n  2  n  1  22
2  2n  1 7
 7 n2  21n 14  88n  44
 7 n2  67n  30  0
 7 n2  70n  3n  30  0
  n  10  7n  3  0
3
 n  10 or
7
Since n cannot be negative, it is equal to10.

 2n  1!   2n  1  n  1 !  22
 2n  1  n  !  2n  1! 7

 2n  1!   n  2 !  22
 n  1!  2n  1! 7

 2n  1!   n  2  n 1 n  n  1!  22
 n  1!  2n 1 2n  2n  1! 7
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
 n  2  n  1 n   22
 2n  1 2n  7

 n  2  n  1  22
2  2n  1 7
 7 n 2  21n  14  88n  44
 7 n 2  67 n  30  0
 7 n 2  70n  3n  30  0
  n  10  7 n  3  0
3
 n  10 or
7
Since n cannot be negative, it is equal to10.
Q11.

n!

 n  3 !  2
 n  5! n ! 1

n!

 n  3 n  4  n  5 !  2
 n  5! n! 1
  n  3 n  4   2
  n  3 n  4   21
Thus, on comparing the LHS and the RHS in above expression, we get ,
n3  2
n5
Q12,
n
 r.r!
r 1
n
   r  1  1 r !
r 1
n
   r  1 r !  r ! 
r 1
n
   r  1! r !
r 1
  2! 1!   3! 2!  ... n 1 ! n!

  n 1 ! 1!
  n 1 ! 1  RHS
Hence, proved .
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Q13.

15!

16  r  2 !  3
15  r  1! 16! 4

15!

18  r !  3
16  r ! 1615! 4

18  r 17  r 16  r !  3
16  r !16  4
 18  r 17  r   12
 18  r 17  r   4 3
On comparing the LHS and the RHS in above expression, we get :
 18  r  14
 r  14
Q14.

 n  5! 
11 n 1

 n  3 !
 n  5  n 1! 2  n  3  n !

 n  5!  11 n 1   n  3!
4! 2 3!

 n  5      4!
! 11 n  1
 n  3 ! 2 3!

 n  5 n  4  n  3 !  11 n 1  4  3!
 n  3 ! 2 3!
  n  5  n  4   22  n  1
 n 2  9n  20  22n  22
 n 2 13n  42  0
 n  7, 6
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Exercise: 16.4
Page Number: 16.36
Q1.
Solution :
There are 7 letters in the word FAILURE.

We wish to find the total number of arrangements of these 7 letters so that the
consonants occupy only odd positions.
There are 3 consonants and 4 odd positions. These 3 consonants can be arranged in
the 4 positions in 4! ways.
Now, the remaining 4 vowels can be arranged in the remaining 4 positions in 4! ways.
By fundamental principle of counting:

Total number of arrangements = 4!×4! = 576
Q2.
Solution :
(i) Number of vowels = 2

Number of consonants = 5
Considering the two vowels as a single entity, we are now to arrange 6 entities taken
all at a time.
Total number of ways = 6!
Also, the two vowels can be mutually arranged amongst themselves in 2! ways.

Total number of words that can be formed = 6!×2! = 1440
(ii) Total number of words that can be made with the letters of the word STRANGE =
7! = 5040
Number of words in which vowels always come together = 1440
∴ Number of words in which vowels do not come together = 5040 -1440 = 3600
(iii) There are 7 letters in the word STRANGE.

We wish to find the total number of arrangements of these 7 letters so that the vowels
occupy only odd positions.
There are 2 vowels and 4 odd positions.
These 2 vowels can be arranged in the 4 positions in 4×3 ways, i.e. 12 ways.
The remaining 5 consonants can be arranged in the remaining 5 positions in 5! ways.
Total number of arrangements = 12×5! = 1440
Q3.
Solution :
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Total number of words that can be formed with the letters of the word SUNDAY = 6!
= 720
Fixing the first letter as D:
Number of arrangements of the remaining 5 letters, taken 5 at a time = 5! = 120
Number of words with the starting letter D = 120
Q4.
Solution :
There are 8 letters in the word ORIENTAL.

We wish to find the total number of arrangements of these 8 letters so that the vowels
occupy only odd positions.
There are 4 vowels and 4 odd positions.
These 4 vowels can be arranged in the 4 positions in 4! ways.
Now, the remaining 4 consonants can be arranged in the remaining 4 positions in 4!
ways.
Total number of arrangements = 4!×4! = 576
Q5.
Solution :
Total number of words that can be formed with the letters of the word SUNDAY = 6!
= 720
Now, if we fix the first letter as N, the remaining 5 places can be filled with the
remaining 5 letters in 5! ways, i.e. 120.
If we fix the first letter as N and the last word as Y:
Remaining 4 places can be filled with 4 letters in 4! ways = 24
Q6.
Solution :
The word GANESHPURI consists of 10 distinct letters.

Number of letters = 10!
(i) If we fix the first letter as G, the remaining 9 letters can be arranged in 9! ways to
form the words.
∴ Number of words starting with the letter G = 9!
(ii) If we fix the first letter as P and the last letter as I, the remaining 8 letters can be
arranged in 8! ways to form the words.
∴ Number of words that start with P and end with I = 8!
(iii) The word GANESHPURI consists of 4 vowels. If we keep all the vowels
together, we have to consider them as a single entity.
So, we are left with the remaining 6 consonants and all the vowels that are taken
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together as a single entity. This gives us a total of 7 entities that can be arranged in 7!
ways.
Also, the 4 vowels can be arranged in 4! ways amongst themselves.

Total number of arrangements = 7!×4! words.
(iv) The word GANESHPURI consists of 4 vowels that have to be arranged in the 5
even places. This can be done in 5! ways.
Now, the remaining 6 consonants can be arranged in the remaining 6 places in 6!
ways.
Total number of words in which the vowels occupy even places = 5!×6!
Q7.
Solution :
(i) The word VOWELS consists of 6 distinct letters that can be arranged amongst
themselves in 6! ways.
∴ Number of words that can be formed with the letters of the word VOWELS, without
any restriction = 6! = 720
(ii) If we fix the first letter as E, the remaining 5 letters can be arranged in 5! ways to
form the words.
∴ Number of words starting with the E = 5! = 120
(iii) If we fix the first letter as O and the last letter as L, the remaining 4 letters can be
arranged in 4! ways to form the words.
∴ Number of words that start with O and end with L = 4! = 24
(iv) The word VOWELS consists of 2 vowels.

If we keep all the vowels together, we have to consider them as a single entity.
Now, we are left with the 4 consonants and all the vowels that are taken together as a
single entity.
This gives us a total of 5 entities that can be arranged in 5! ways.
It is also to be considered that the 2 vowels can be arranged in 2! ways amongst
themselves.

∴ Total number of arrangements = 5!×2! = 240
(v) The word VOWELS consists of 4 consonants.

If we keep all the consonants together, we have to consider them as a single entity.
Now, we are left with the 2 vowels and all the consonants that are taken together as a
single entity.
This gives us a total of 3 entities that can be arranged in 3! ways.
It is also to be considered that the 4 consonants can be arranged in 4! ways amongst
themselves.
∴ Total number of arrangements = 3!×4! = 144
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Q8.
Solution :
The word ARTICLE consists of 3 vowels, which have to be arranged in 3 even places.
This can be done in 3! ways.
Now, the remaining 4 consonants can be arranged in the remaining 4 places in 4!
ways.
∴ Total number of words in which the vowels occupy only even places = 3!×4! = 144
Q9.
Solution :
We arrange any 2 men in 7P2 ways and then the wives of the remaining 5 men can be
arranged in 5P2 ways. This is because these two men should not be with their
respective wives.
∴ By fundamental principle of counting, the required number of ways = 7P2 × 5P2
7! 5! 7!
    840
5! 3! 3!
Q10.
Solution :
‘m’ men can be seated in a row in m! ways.

‘m’ men will generate (m+1) gaps that are to be filled by ‘n’ women = Number of
arrangements of (m+1) gaps, taken ‘n’ at a time = m=1Pn =
 m  1!
 m  1  n !
∴ By fundamental principle of counting, total number of ways in which they can be
m ! m  1 !
arranged =
 m  n  1!
Q11.
Solution :
(i) The word MONDAY consists of 6 letters.

Number of words formed using 4 letters = Number of arrangements of 6 letters, taken
6!
4 at a time = 6P4 =  6  5  4  3  360
2!
(ii) Number of words formed using all the letters = Number of arrangements of 6
letters, taken all at a time = 6P6 = 6! = 720
(iii) The word MONDAY consists of 2 vowels and 4 consonants.
The first letter has to be a vowel, which is to be chosen from the two vowels.
This can be done in two ways. The remaining 5 letters can be arranged in 5! ways to
form 6 letter words.
⇒ 2 ×5! = 240
Q12.
Solution :
The word ORIENTAL consists of 8 letters. In order to make three letter words, we
need to permute these 8 letters, taken three at a time.
⇒ 8P3 = 8×7×6 = 336
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Exercise: 16.5
Page Number: 16.42
Question 1
Solution :
(i) This word consists of 12 letters that include three Ns, two Ds and four Es.
The total number of words is the number of arrangements of 12 things, of which 3 are
similar to one kind, 2 are similar to the second kind and 4 are similar to the third kind.
12!
⇒ = 1663200
3!2!4!
(ii) This word consists of 12 letters that include two Is, two Ts and three Es.
12!
⇒ = 19958400
2!2!3!
(iii) This word consists of 7 letters that include two Rs, and two As.
similar to one kind and 2 are similar to the second kind.
7!
⇒ = 1260
2!2!
(iv) This word consists of 5 letters that include two Is.

similar to one kind.
5!
⇒ = 60
2!
(v) This word consists of 8 letters that include two As.

8!
⇒ = 20160
2!
(vi) This word consists of 6 letters that include two Ss.

6!
⇒ = 360
2!
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(vii) This word consists of 6 letters that include two Ss and two Es.
6!
⇒ = 180
2!2!
(viii) This word consists of 9 letters that include three Es and two Ss.
9!
⇒ = 30240
2!3!
(ix) This word consists of 14 letters that include three Ns, two Os and two Ts.
14! 14!
⇒ 
3!2!2! 24
Question 2:
Solution :
The relative positions of all the vowels and consonants is fixed.

The first letter is a vowel. It can be selected out of the 3 three vowels, of which two
are same. So, the vowels can be arranged in selecting 3 things, of which two are of the
same kind
3!
⇒
2!
The second, third, fifth and sixth letters are consonants that can be filled by the
available 4 consonants in 4! ways.
∴ By fundamental principle of counting, the number of words that can be formed = 4!
3!
 = 72
2!
Question 7:
Solution :
The word UNIVERSITY consists of 10 letters that include four vowels of which two
are same.
4!
Thus, the vowels can be arranged amongst themselves in ways.
2!
Keeping the vowels as a single entity, we are left with 7 letters, which can be arranged
in 7! ways.
By fundamental principle of counting, we get,
4!
Number of words = 7!× = 60480
2!
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Question 4:
Solution :
When expanded, a3 b2 c4 would result in total 9 letters.

This is same as permuting 9 things, of which 3 are similar to the first kind, 2 are
similar to the second kind and four are similar to the third kind, i.e. three as , two bs
and four cs.
9!
Required number of arrangements = = 1260
3!2!4!
Question 5:
Solution :
The word PARALLEL consists of 8 letters that include two As and three Ls.
Total number of words that can be formed using the letters of the word PARALLEL =
8!
= 3360
2!3!
Number of words in which all the Ls come together is equal to the condition if all
three Ls are considered as a single entity.
6!
So, we are left with total 6 letters that can be arranged in ways (divided by 2! since
2!
there are two As), which is equal to 360.
Number of words in which all Ls do not come together = Total number of words –
Number of words in which all the Ls come together
= 3360 -360
= 3000
Question 6:
Solution :
The word MUMBAI consists of 6 letters taht include two Ms.

When we consider both the Ms as a single entity, we are left with 5 entities that can be
arranged in 5! ways.
Total number of words that can be formed with all the Ms together = 5! = 120
Question 7:
Solution :
In a dictionary, the words are listed and ranked in alphabetical order. In the given
problem, we need to find the rank of the word LATE.
For finding the number of words starting with A, we have to find the number of
arrangements of the remaining 3 letters.
Number of such arrangements = 3!
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For finding the number of words starting with E, we have to find the number of
For finding the number of words starting with L, the next alphabetical letter would be
A, followed by E and then T, i.e. LAET.
The next alphabetical word would be LATE.
Number of words after which we reach the word LATE = 3!+3!+1+1 = 14
Question 8:
Solution :
problem, we need to find the rank of the word MOTHER.
For finding the number of words starting with E, we have to find the number of
For finding the number of words starting with H, we have to find the number of
For finding the number of words starting with M, fixing the next letter as E, we have
to find the number of arrangements of the remaining 4 letters, which is 4!.
For finding the number of words starting with M, fixing the next letter as H, we have
to find the number of arrangements of the remaining 4 letters, which is 4!.
For finding the number of words starting with M, fixing the second letter as O, and
the third letter as E, we have to find the number of arrangements of the remaining 3
letters, which is 3!.
the third letter as H, we have to find the number of arrangements of the remaining 3
the third letter as R, we have to find the number of arrangements of the remaining 3
For finding the number of words starting with M, fixing the second letter as O, the
third letter as T, and the fourth letter as E, we have to find the number of
arrangements of the remaining 2 letters, which is 2!.
Now, the next word formed would be MOTHER.

Number of words after which we reach the word MOTHER =
5!+5!+4!+4!+3!+3!+3!+2!+1 = 309
Question 9:
Solution :
problem, we need to find the rank of the word ‘debac’.
For finding the number of words starting with a, we have to find the number of
www.vedantu.com
For finding the number of words starting with b, we have to find the number of
For finding the number of words starting with c, we have to find the number of
For finding the number of words starting with d, fixing the next letter as a, we have to
find the number of arrangements of remaining 3 letters.
For finding the number of words starting with d, fixing the next letter as b, we have to
For finding the number of words starting with d, fixing the next letter as c, we have to
For finding the number of words starting with d, fixing the next letter as e:
First word- deabc
Second word- deacb
Third word- debac
Number of words after which we reach the word debac = 4!+4!+4!+3!+3!+3!+1+1+1

= 93
Question 10:
Solution :
4!
There are 4 odd digits (1,3,3 and 1) that are to be arranged in 4 odd places in
2!2!
ways.
3!
The remaining 3 even digits 2, 2 and 4 can be arranged in 3 even places in ways.
2!
4! 3!
Required number of arrangements = × = 18
2!2! 2!
Question 11:
Solution :
6!
Six ‘+’ signs can be arranged in a row in = 1 way
6!
Now, we are left with seven places in which four different things can be arranged
in 7P4 ways.
7
P
Since all the four ‘-‘ signs are identical, four ‘-‘ signs can be arranged in 4 ways,
4!
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i.e. 35 ways.
Number of ways = 1× 35 = 35
Question 12:
Solution :
We have to arrange 9 flags, out of which 4 are of one kind (red), 2 are of another kind
(white) and 3 are of the third kind (green).
9!
∴ Total number of signals that can be generated with these flags = = 1260
4!2!3!
Question 13:
Solution :
The given digits are 1, 3, 3, 0.

4!
Total numbers that can be formed with these digits =
2!
Now, these numbers also include the numbers in which the thousand’s place is 0.
But, to form a four digit number, this is not possible.
∴ Numbers in which the thousand’s place is fixed as zero = Ways of arranging the
3!
remaining digits (1,3 and 3) in three places =
2!
∴ Four digit numbers = Total numbers – Numbers in which the thousand’s place is 0
4! 3!
= - =9
2! 2!
Question 14:
Solution :
The word ARRANGE consists of 7 letters including two Rs and two As, which can be
7!
arranged in ways.
2!2!
∴ Total number of words that can be formed using the letters of the word ARRANGE
= 1260
Number of words in which the two Rs are always together = Considering both Rs as a
single entity
= Arrangements of 6 things of which two are same (two As)
6!
=
2!
= 360
Number of words in which the two Rs are never together = Total number of words –
Number of words in which the two Rs are always together
= 1260-360
= 900
Question 15:
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Solution :
Numbers greater than 50000 can either have 5 or 9 in the first place and will consist of
5 digits.
4!
Number of arrangements having 5 as the first digit =
2!
4!
Number of arrangement having 9 as the first digit =
2!
4! 4!
∴ Required arrangements = + = 24
2! 2!
Question 16:
Solution :
The word SERIES consists of 6 letters including two Ss and two Es.
The first and the last letters are fixed as S.
4!
Now, the remaining four letters can be arranged in ways = 12
2!
Q17.
Solution :
Number of words that only end with I = Number of permutations of the remaining 8
8!
letters, taken all at a time =
2!
Number of words that start with M and end with I = Permutations of the remaining 7
7!
letters, taken all at a time =
2!
Number of words that do not begin with M but end with I = Number of words that
only end with I – Number of words that start with M and end with I
8! 7!
= –
2! 2!
= 17640
Question 18:
Solution :
One million (1,000,000) consists of 7 digits.

We have digits 2, 3, 0, 3, 4, 2 and 3.
7!
Numbers formed by arranging all these seven digits =
2!3!
But, these numbers also include the numbers whose first digit is 0.
This is invalid as in that case the number would be less than a million.
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Total numbers in which the first digit is fixed as 0 = Permutations of the remaining 6
6!
digits =
2!3!
7! 6!
Numbers that are greater than 1 million = - = 360
2!3! 2!3!
Question 19:
Solution :
The word INTERMEDIATE consists of 12 letters that include two Is, two Ts and
three Es.
(i) There are 6 vowels (I, I, E, E, E and A) that are to be arranged in six even places =
6!
= 60
2!3!
6!
The remaining 6 consonants can be arranged amongst themselves in ways, which
2!
is equal to 360.
By fundamental principle of counting, the number of words that can be formed =
60×360 = 21600
(ii) The relative positions of all the vowels and consonants is fixed.
Arranging the six vowels at their places, without disturbing their respective places, we
6!
can arrange the six vowels in ways.
2!3!
Similarly, arranging the remaining 6 consonants at their places, without disturbing

6!
their respective places, we can arrange the 6 consonants in ways.
2!
By fundamental principle of counting, the number of words that can be formed =
6! 6!
× = 21600
2!3! 2!
Question 20:
Solution :
Total number of books = 12

∴ Required number of arrangements = Arrangements of 12 things of which each of
12! 12!
the 4 different books has three copies = =
3!3!3!3! (3!)4
Question 21:
Solution:
In a dictionary, the words are arranged in alphabetical order. Therefore, in the given
problem, we must consider the words beginning with E, H, I, N, T and Z.
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∴ Number of words starting with E = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with H = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with I = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with N = 5! = 120
Number of words starting with T = 5! = 120
Now, the word will start with the letter Z.
After Z, alphabetically, the next letter would be E, which is as per the requirement of
the word ZENITH.
After ZE, alphabetically, the next letter would be H, i.e. ZEH. The remaining three
letters can be arranged in 3! ways.
Now, the next letter would be I, i.e. ZEI. The remaining three letters can be arranged
in 3! ways.
Now, the next letter would be N, which as per the requirement of the word ZENITH.
After ZEN, alphabetically, the next letter would be H, i.e. ZENH. The remaining two
The next letter would now be I, i.e. ZENI, which is as per the requirement of the word
ZENITH.
H will come after ZENI, which would be followed by T.
The word formed is ZENIHT.
The next word would be ZENITH.
Total number of intermediate words = 5×120 + 3! + 3! + 2! + 1 + 1 = 616
Question 22
Solution :
The word MATHEMATICS consists of 11 letters that include two Ms, two As, and
two Ts.
11!
Total number of arrangements of the letters of the word MATHEMATICS =
2!2!2!
Number of words in which the first word is fixed as C = Number of arrangements of
10!
the remaining 10 letters, of which there are two As, two Ms and two Ts =
2!2!2!
Number of words in which the first word is fixed as T = Number of arrangements of
10!
the remaining 10 letters, of which there are two As and two Ms =
2!2!
Question 23:
Solution :
In a dictionary, the words are arranged in the alphabetical order. Thus, in the given
problem, we must consider the words beginning with I, I, R, S, T and U.
I will occur at the first place as often as the ways of arranging the remaining 5 letters,
when taken all at a time.
Thus, I will occur 5! times.
Similarly, R will occur at the first place the same number of times.
∴ Number of words starting with I = 5!
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5!
Number of words starting with R =
2!
The word will now start with S, which is as per the requirement of the word SURITI.
Alphabetically, the next letter would be I, i.e. SI. The remaining four letters can be
arranged in 4! ways.
Alphabetically, the next letter would now be R, i.e. SR. The remaining four letters can
4!
be arranged in ways.
2!
Alphabetically, the next letter would now be T, i.e. ST. The remaining four letters can
4!
be arranged in ways.
2!
Alphabetically, the next letter would now be U, i.e. SU, which is as per the
requirement of the word SURITI.
After SU, alphabetically, the third letter would be I, i.e. SUI. Thus, the remaining 3
The next third letter that can come is R, i.e. SUR, which is as per the requirement of
the word SURITI.
After SUR, the next letter that will come is I, i.e. SURI, which is as per the
requirement of the word SURITI.
The next word arranged in the dictionary will be SURIIT.
Then, the next word will be SURITI.
5! 4! 4!
Rank of the word SURITI in the dictionary = 5! + + 4! + + + 3! + 2 = 236
2! 2! 2!
Question 24:?
Solution :
Number of molecules in a chain = 12

Number of molecules with initials A = 3
Number of molecules with initials C = 3
Number of molecules with initials G = 3
Number of molecules with initials T = 3
Thus, total arrangements of all the molecules in the chain = Number of arrangements
of 12 things of which 3 are similar to the first kind, 3 are similar to the second kind, 3
are similar to the third kind and 3 are similar to the fourth kind
12!
= = 369600
3!3!3!3!
Question 25:
Solution :
Number of red discs = 4

Number of yellow discs = 3
Number of green discs = 2
Total number of discs = 9
Total number of arrangements = Number of arrangements of 9 things of which 4 are
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similar to the first kind, 3 are similar to the second kind and 2 are similar to the third
9!
kind = = 1260
4!3!2!
Question 26:
Solution :
Numbers greater than a million can be formed when the first digit can be any one out
of the given digits 1, 2, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4, except 0.
Number of arrangements of the given digits 1, 2, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4 = Arrangements of 7
things of which 3 are similar to the first kind, and 2 are similar to the second kind =
7!
2!3!
But, these arrangements also include the numbers in which the first digit is zero. This
will make the number less than a million. So, it needs to be subtracted.
Number where the first digit is zero = Number of arrangements of the remaining 6
digits 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4
6!
=
2!3!
7! 6!
Numbers greater than 1 million = - = 360
2!3! 2!3!
Question 27:
Solution :
The word ASSASSINATION consists of 13 letters including three As, four Ss, two
Ns and two Is.
Considering all the Ss are together or as a single letter, we are left with 10 letters. Out
of these, there are three As, two Ns and two Is.
Number of words in which all the Ss are together = Permutations of 10 letters of
which three are similar to the first kind, two are similar to the second kind and two are
10!
similar to the third kind = = 151200
2!2!3!
Question 28:
Solution :
The word ‘INSTITUTE’ consists of 9 letters including two Is and three Ts.
Total number of words that can be formed of the word INSTITUTE = Number of
arrangements of 9 things of which 2 are similar to the first kind and 3 are similar to
9!
the second kind =
2!3!
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Exercise: VSA
Page Number: 16.45
Q1.
Answer :
Each of the letter can be posted in anyone of the letter boxes.

This means that every letter can be posted in 5 ways.
∴ Total number of ways of posting 4 letters = 5×5×5×5 = 54
Q2.
Answer :
Number of ways in which the first digit can be filled = Number of digits available for filling
it = 2 {1,2} (Since the first one cannot be 0)
Number of ways of filling the remaining four palaces = 3 each (as each place can be filled
with either 1, 2 or 0)
By fundamental principle of counting, number of five digit numbers that can be formed =
2×3×3×3×3 = 2×34
Q3.
Answer :
Number of ways to draw water from the 1st tap = Number of women available to draw
water = 4
Number of ways to draw water from the 2nd tap = Number of women available to draw
water = 3
Number of ways to draw water from the 3rd tap = Number of women available to draw
water = 2
Number of ways to draw water from the 4th tap = Number of women available to draw
water = 1
∴ Total number of ways = 4×3×2×1 = 4! = 24
Q4.
Answer :
Total number of outcomes when 3 dice are thrown = 6×6×6 = 216

Number of outcomes in which there is an odd number on all the three dice = 3×3×3 = 27
∴ Number of outcomes in which there is an even number at least on one dice = {Total
possible outcomes} – {Number of outcomes in which there is an odd number on all the
three dice } = 216 – 27 = 189
Q5.
Answer :
The word BANANA consists of 6 letters including three As and two Ns.
Considering both Ns together or as a single letter, we are left with 5 letters including three
As.
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5!
∴ Number of arrangements of 5 things in which 3 are similar to one kind = = 20
3!
Q6.
Answer :
The word LATE consists of four letters, which when arranged alphabetically are A, E, L
and T.
Initially, the words will start with A.

Number of words starting with A = Number of arrangements of the remaining 3 letters =
3!
Then, the words starting with E will be arranged alphabetically.

Number of words starting with E = Number of arrangements of the remaining 3 letters =
3!
Now, the words will start with L, which is as per the requirement of the word LATE.
Alphabetically, A will follow the letter L, which is also as per the requirement of the word
LATE.
Alphabetically, the third letter will be E and then T.

Word formed = LAET
The next word that will be arranged in the dictionary = LATE
Rank of the word LATE = 3! + 3! + 2 = 14
Q7.
Answer :
The word COMMITTEE consists of 9 letters including two Ms, two Ts and two Es.
Number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word COMMITTEE
= Number of arrangements of 9 things of which 2 are similar to the first kind,
9! 9!
2 are similar to the second kind and 2 are similar to the third kind = 
2!2!2!  2!3
Q8.
Answer :
The word ‘MATHEMATICS’ consists of 11 letters including two Ms, two Ts and two As
Number of words that can be formed out of the letters of the word MATHEMATICS =
Number of arrangements of 11 things of which 2 are similar to the first kind, 2 are similar
11!
to the second kind and 2 are similar to the third kind =
2!2!2!
Q9.
Answer :
Each of the six men can be arranged amongst themselves in 6! ways.

The five women can be arranged amongst themselves in the six places in 5! ways.
∴ By fundamental principle of counting, total number of ways = 6!×5!
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Q10.
Answer :
Five boys can be arranged amongst themselves in 5! ways, at the places shown above.
The three girls are now to be arranged in the remaining four places taken three at a time
= <sup>4</sup>P<sub>3</sub> = 4!
By fundamental principle of counting, total number of ways = 5!×4! = 120×24 = 2880
Q11.
Answer :
Every number after 6! (i.e. 7! onwards) till 200! will consist a power of 2 and 7, which will
be exactly divisible by 14.
So, we need to divide only the sum till 6!.
1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! = 1 + 2 + 6 + 24 + 120 + 720 = 873
When 873 is divided, the remainder would be same as when 1! + 2! + 3! + … + 200! is

divided by 14.
Remainder obtained when 1! + 2! + 3! + … + 200! is divided by 14 = Remainder obtained
when 873 is divided by 14 = 5
Q12.
Answer :
Disclaimer:- (1) Here, we can form 4 digits, 5 digits , 6 digits numbers and so on…. using
the given digits. Thus, infinite numbers can be formed.
(2) Taking into account only four digit numbers.
We have to find all the numbers that can be formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4. This
means that repetition of digits is not allowed as all the digits have to be used.
Total numbers that can be formed = Number of arrangements of four digits, taken all at a
time = 4! = 24
Q13.
Answer :
Each of the seven men can be arranged amongst themselves in 7! ways.

The women can be arranged amongst themselves in seven places, in 6! ways (i.e. n
things can be arranged in (n-1)! ways around a round table).
By fundamental principle of counting, total number of ways = 7!×6!
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Exercise: 16.MCQ
Page Number: 16.46
Question 1:
Answer :
(d) r ! n-3Cr-3
Here, we have to permute n things of which 3 things are to be included.
So, only the remaining (n-3) things are left for permutation, taking (r-3) things at a
time. This is because 3 things have already been included.
But, these r things can be arranged in r! ways.
∴ Total number of permutations = r ! n-3Cr-3
Question 2
Answer :
(c) 7200
Total number of vowels = 4

Total number of consonants = 5
Number of selection of 2 vowels taking from 4 vowels

= 4C2
4!
=  6 =6
2! 4  2  !
Number of selection of 3 consonants taking from 5 consonants

= 5C3
5!
= = 10
3! 5  3!
∴ Total number of words that can be formed is 6×10×5!= 7200
Question 3:
Answer :
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9!
(a)
(2 !)3
The word COMMITTEE consists of 9 letters including two Ts, two Ms and two Es.
Number of words that can be formed = Number of arrangements of 9 things taking all
at a time, of which 2 are similar of the first kind, 2 are similar of the second kind and
9! 9!
2 are similar of the third kind = 
2!2!2! (2!)3
Question 4:
Answer :
(b) 360
10 lakhs consists of seven digits.
Number of arrangements of seven numbers of which 2 are similar of first kind, 3 are
7!
similar of second kind =
2!3!
But, these numbers also include the numbers in which the first digit has been
considered as 0. This will result in a number less than 10 lakhs. Thus, we need to
subtract all those numbers.
Numbers in which the first digit is fixed as 0 = Number of arrangements of the
6!
remaining 6 digits =
2!3!
7!
Total numbers greater than 10 lakhs that can be formed using the given digits = -
2!3!
6!
2!3!
= 420-60
= 360
Question 5:
Answer :
(b) 1956
Number of permutations of six signals taking 1 at a time = 6P1
Number of permutations of six signals taking all at a time = 6P6
6! 6! 6! 6! 6!
∴ Total number of signals =       6!
5! 4! 3! 2! 1!
 6  30  120  360  720  720 1956
Question 6:
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Answer :
(b) 240
6!
Total number of words that can be formed of the letters of the word BHARAT =
2!
= 360
5!
Number of words in which the letters B and H are always together = 2×
2!
= 120
∴ Number of words in which the letters B and H are never together = 360-120
= 240
Question 7:
Answer :
(a) 12
All S’s can be placed either at even places or at odd places, i.e. in 2 ways.
The remaining letters can be placed at the remaining places in 3!, i.e. in 6 ways.
∴ Total number of ways = 6×2 = 12
Question 8:
Answer :
(b) 60
There are 4 cases where E precedes I i.e.
Case 1: When E and I are together, which are possible in 4 ways whereas other 3
letters are arranged in 3!,
So, the number of arrangements=4×3!=24
Case 2: When E and I have 1 letter in between, which are possible in 3 ways whereas
other 3 letters are arranged in 3!,
So,the number of arrangements=3×3!=18
Case 3: When E and I have 2 letters in between, which are possible in 2 ways whereas
Case 4: When E and I have 3 letters in between, which are possible in 1 way whereas
Thus, total number of arrangements=24+18+12+6=60
Question 9:
Answer :
(a) 360
The word CONSTANT consists of two vowels that are placed at the 2nd and 6th
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position, and six consonants.
The two vowels can be arranged at their respective places, i.e. 2nd and 6th place, in 2!
ways.
6!
The remaining 6 consonants can be arranged at their respective places in ways.
2!2!
6!
∴ Total number of arrangements = 2! = 360
2!2!
Question 10:
Answer :
(a) 120
Total number of arrangements of the letters of the word CHEESE = Number of
6!
arrangements of 6 things taken all at a time, of which 3 are of one kind = = 120
3!
Question 11:
Answer :
(a) 24
In order to make a number divisible by 4, its last two digits must be divisible by 4,
which in this case can be 12, 24, 32 or 52.
Since repetition of digits is not allowed, the remaining first two digits can be arranged
in 3×2 ways in each case.
∴ Total number of numbers that can be formed = 4×{3×2} = 24
Question 12:
Answer :
(a) 324
When arranged alphabetically, the letters of the word KRISNA are A, I, K, N, R and
S.
Number of words that will be formed with A as the first letter = Number of
arrangements of the remaining 5 letters
= 5!
Number of words that will be formed with I as the first letter = Number of
= 5!
∴ The number of words beginning with KA = Number of arrangements of the
remaining 4 letters
= 4!
The number of words starting with KI = Number of arrangements of the remaining 4
letters
= 4!
The number of words starting with KN = Number of arrangements of the remaining 4
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letters
= 4!
Alphabetically, the next letter will be KR.

Number of words starting with KR followed by A, i.e. KRA = Number of
= 3!
Number of words starting with KRI followed by A, i.e. KRIA = Number of
= 2!
Number of words starting with KRI followed by N, i.e. KRIN = Number of
= 2!
The first word beginning with KRIS is the word KRISAN and the next word is
KRISNA.
∴ Rank of the word KRISNA = 5! + 5! + 4! + 4! + 4! + 3! + 2! + 2! + 2

= 324
Question 13
Answer :
(c) 6
According to the question:
nP = 12×nP
4 2
n! n!
  12 
 n  4 !  n  2 !

 n  2 !  12
 n  4 !
  n  2  n  3  43
 n2  4
n6
Question 14:
Answer :
(a) 4! × 3!
According to the question, 3 men have to be ‘consecutive’ means that they have to be
considered as a single man.
But, these 3 men can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways.
And, the remaining 3 men, along with this group, can be arranged among themselves
in 4! ways.
∴ Total number of arrangements = 4! × 3!
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Question 15:
Answer :
(a) 216
A number is divisible by 3 when the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 3.
Out of the given 6 digits, there are only two groups consisting of 5 digits whose sum
is divisible by 3.
1+2+3+4+5 = 15
0+1+2+4+5 = 12
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the 5 digit numbers that can be formed = 5!
Similarly, using the digits 0, 1, 2, 4 and 5, the number that can be formed = 5!-4!
{since the first digit cannot be 0}
∴ Total numbers that are possible = 5! + 5! – 4! = 240 – 24 = 216
Question 1 6:
Answer :
(a) r !
The product of r consecutive integers is equal to r!, so it will be divisible by r!.
Question 17:
Answer :
(b) 6 and 7
k+5P
11 k  1
k+1 = . k+3Pk
2

 k  5! 11 k  1
 
 k  3 !
 k  5  k  1! 2  k  3  k !

 k  5!  11 k  1   k  3!
4! 2 3!

 k  5!  11 k  1  4!
 k  3 ! 2 3!
  k  5  k  4   22  k  1
 k 2  9k  20  22k  22
 k 2  13k  42  0
 k  6, 7
Question 18:
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Answer :
(a) 2m+n+p − 1
Each of the object, i.e book, pen or pencil, can either be selected or not selected.
So, each of the object will have two outcomes, i.e selection or rejection.
Number of ways of selecting all the books = 2×2×2×…..m times = 2m
Number of ways of selecting all the pens = 2n
Number of ways of selecting all the pencils = 2p
Thus, by fundamental principle of counting, total number of ways = 2m×2n×2p =
2m+n+p
But, of all these ways, there is one way in which all the objects are rejected, which is
not valid. Hence, it needs to be subtracted.
∴ Total number of valid selections = 2m+n+p − 1
Question 19
Answer :
(c) 36
The word APURBA is a 6 letter word consisting of 3 vowels that can be arranged in 3
3!
alternate places, in ways.
2!
The remaining 3 consonants can be arranged in the remaining 3 places in 3! ways.
3!
∴ Total number of words that can be formed =  3! = 18
2!
But this whole arrangement can be set-up in total two ways, i.e either VCVCVC or
CVCVCV.
∴ Total number of words = 18×2 = 36
Question 20:
Answer :
(a) 60 × 5!
The four people, i.e A, B and the two persons between them are always together.
Thus, they can be considered as a single person.
So, along with the remaining 4 persons, there are now total 5 people who need to be
arranged. This can be done in 5! ways.
But, the two persons that have to be included between A and B could be selected out
of the remaining 6 people in 6P2 ways, which is equal to 30.
For each selection, these two persons standing between A and B can be arranged
among themselves in 2 ways.
∴ Total number of arrangements = 5!×30×2 = 60×5!
Question 21:
Answer :
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(a) 576
There are 3 even places in the 7 letter word ARTICLE.
So, we have to arrange 4 consonants in these 3 places in 4P3 ways.
And the remaining 4 letters can be arranged among themselves in 4! ways.
∴ Total number of ways of arrangement = 4P3 ×4! = 4!×4! = 576
Question 22:
Answer :
(c) 212 − 1
Each of the bulb has its own switch, i.e each bulb will have two outcomes − it will
either glow or not glow.
Thus, each of the 12 bulbs will have 2 outcomes.
∴ Total number of ways to illuminate the room = 212
Here, we have also considered the way in which all the bulbs are switched-off.
However, this is not required as we need to find out only the number of ways of
illuminating the room.
Hence, we subtract that one way from the total number of ways.
= 212 − 1
Question 23:
Answer :
(a) 72
When we make words after selecting letters of the word BHARAT, it could consist of
a single A, two As or no A.
Case-I: A is not selected for the three letter word.
Number of arrangements of three letters out of B, H, R and T = 4×3×2 = 24
Case-II: One A is selected and the other two letters are selected out of B, H, R or T.
Possible ways of selection: Selecting two letters out of B, H, R or T can be done in
P24 =12 ways.
Now, in each of these 12 ways, these two letters can be placed at any of the three
places in the three letter word in 3 ways.
∴ Total number of words that can be formed = 12×3 = 36
Case-III: Two A’s and a letter from B, H, R or T are selected.
Possible ways of arrangement:

Number of ways of selecting a letter from B, H, R or T = 4
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And now this letter can be placed in any one of the three places in the three letter
word other than the two A’s in 3 ways.
∴ Total number of words having 2 A’s = 4×3 = 12
Hence, total number of words that can be formed = 24 + 36 + 12 = 72
Question 24:
Answer :
(d) 69760
Total number of five digit numbers (since there is no restriction of the number
0XXXX) = 10×10×10×10×10 = 100000
These numbers also include the numbers where the digits are not being repeated. So,
we need to subtract all such numbers.
Number of 5 digit numbers that can be formed without any repetition of digits =
10×9×8×7×6 = 30240
∴ Number of five-digit telephone numbers having at least one of their digits repeated
= {Total number of 5 digit numbers} – {Number of numbers that do not have any
digit repeated} = 100000 – 30240 = 69760
Question 25:
Answer :
(d) 144
The word ARTICLE consists of 3 vowels that have to be arranged in the three even
places. This can be done in 3! ways.
And, the remaining 4 consonants can be arranged among themselves in 4! ways.
∴ Total number of ways = 3!×4! = 144
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LCM of  6!, 7! and 8! : n! = n(n-1)!

Vedantu Innovations Pvt. Ltd.

1 2  3 ...  n  n  1 n  2  n  3 ...  2n 

 1 2  3 4  5  .........  2n  1 2n  

No. of boys in the class = 27

Number of fountain pen varieties = 10

Number of routes from Goa to Bombay = 2

Number of ways of sending 1 parcel via registered post = 5

Number of ways of Solutioning the first question = 2 (either true or false)

Number of ways of marking each of the ring = 10 different letters

Number of ways of Solutioning the first three questions = 4 each

Number of books on mathematics = 5

(i) By using fundamental principle of multiplication:

(ii) By using the fundamental principle of addition:

Number of competitors in the race = 12

Total number of teachers in the college = 36

Available digits for filling any place = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0

Available digits for filling any place 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0

Number of seats available to the first person = 6

The hundred’s place can be filled by {1, 3, 5, 7, 9), i.e. 5 digits.

Number of ways of filling the first digit = 6

Number of ways of selecting the first letter = 6

The digits in the sequence do not repeat.

Consider that the code of an ATM has all distinct digits.

Number of ways of assigning a job to person A = 3

Case I: Four-digit number

Number of possible outcomes on one dice = 6 {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Total number of outcomes when a coin is tossed once = 2 (Heads, Tails)

Each of the toy can be distributed in 5 ways.

Each ball can be distributed in 3 ways.

Each letter can be posted in any one of the 4 letter boxes.

(iii) None of the students gets all the prizes.

The thousand’s place can be filled by any of the 5 digits.

Total outcomes when a coin is tossed = 2 (head or tail)

Page Number: 16.28

  2! 1!   3! 2!  ... n 1 ! n!

There are 7 letters in the word FAILURE.

By fundamental principle of counting:

(i) Number of vowels = 2

By fundamental principle of counting:

(iii) There are 7 letters in the word STRANGE.

There are 8 letters in the word ORIENTAL.

The word GANESHPURI consists of 10 distinct letters.

By fundamental principle of counting:

(iv) The word VOWELS consists of 2 vowels.

By fundamental principle of counting:

(v) The word VOWELS consists of 4 consonants.

‘m’ men can be seated in a row in m! ways.

(i) The word MONDAY consists of 6 letters.

(iv) This word consists of 5 letters that include two Is.

(v) This word consists of 8 letters that include two As.

(vi) This word consists of 6 letters that include two Ss.