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Class XII – NCERT – Maths Chapter 3 - Matrices
Exercise 3.1
Question 1:
2 5 19 7 
 
 5
In the matrix A  35 2 12  ,write:
 2 
 
 3 1 5 17 
(i) The order of the matrix
(ii) The number of elements,
(iii) Write the elements a13 , a21 , a33 , a24 , a23
Solution 1:
(i) In the given matrix, the number of rows is 3 and the number of columns is 4. Therefore, the
order of the matrix is 3 4 .
(ii) Since the order of the matrix is 3 4 , there are 3 4 12 elements in it.
5
(iii) a13  19, a21  35, a33  5, a24  12, a23 
2
Question 2:
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 13 elements?
Solution 2:
We know that if a matrix is of the order m  n , it has mn elements.
Thus, to find all the possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements, we have to find all the
ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 24.
The ordered pairs are: 1, 24 ,  24,1 ,  2,12 , 12, 2 , 3,8 , 8,3 ,  4,6  , and  6, 4
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements are:
1 24, 24 1, 2 12,12  2,

3 8,8  3, 4  6 and 6  4
1,13 and 13,1 are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 13.
Hence the possible orders of matrix having 13 elements are 113 and 131 .
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Question 3:
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 5 elements?
Solution 3:
We know that if a matrix is of the order m  n , it has mn elements.
Thus, to find all the possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements, we have to find all the
ordered pairs of natural numbers whose products is 18.
The ordered pairs are: 1,18 , 18,1 ,  2,9 , 9, 2 , 3,6 , and  6,3
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements are :
118,181, 2 9,9  2,3 6 and 6  3
1,5 and  5,1 are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 5.
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 5 elements are 1 5 and 51.
Question 4:
Construct a 3 x 4 matrix, whose elements are given by
1
(i) aij  3i  j (ii) aij  2i  j
2
Solution 4:
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
In general, a 3 x 4 matrix is given by A   a21 a22 a23 a24 
 a31 a32 a33 a34 
1
(i) Given : aij  | 3i  j |, i  1, 2, 3 and j  1, 2, 3, 4
2
Thus, we have
1 1 1 2
• a11  3 1  1  3  1  2   1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 5
• a21  3  2  1  6  1  5 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
• a31  3  3  1  9  1  8  4
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
• a12  3 1  2   3  2   1 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 4
• a22  3  2  2  6  2  4   2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 7
• a32  3  3  2   9  2   7 
2 2 2 2
1 1
• a13  3 1  3   3  3  0
2 2
1 1 1 3
• a23  3  2  3  6  3   3 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 6
• a33   3  3  3   9  3  6   3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
• a14  3 1  4  3  4  1 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
• a24  3  2  4  6  4  2   1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 5
• a34  3  3  4   9  4   5 
2 2 2 2
 1 1
1 2
0
2
 
5 3
Therefore, the required matrix is A   2 1
2 2 
 7 5 
4 3
 2 2 
(ii) Given : aij  2i  j , i 1, 2,3 and j  1, 2,3, 4

Thus, we have
• a11  2 1  1= 2 1=1
• a21  2  2 1= 4 1= 3
• a31  2  3 1= 6 1= 5
• a12  2 1  2 = 2  2 = 0
• a22  2  2  2 = 4  2 = 2
• a32  2  3  2 = 6  2 = 4
• a13  2 1  3= 2  3=  1
• a23  2  2  3= 4  3=1
• a33  2  3  3= 6  3 = 3
• a14  2 1  4 = 2  4 =  2
• a24  2  2  4 = 4  4 = 0
• a34  2  3  4 = 6  4 = 2
1 0 1 2 
Therefore, the required matrix is A  3 2 1 0 
5 4 3 2 
Question 5:
Find the value of x, y and z from the following equation:
 x  y  z  9 
 4 3  y z  x  y 2  6 2 
(i)    (ii)   (iii)  x  z    5 
 x 5  1 5  5  z xy  5 8 
 y  z  7 
Solution 5:
 4 3  y z 
(i) Given :   
 x 5  1 5 
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
x 1, y  4 and z  3
x  y 2  6 2 
(ii)  
5  z xy  5 8 
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
x  y  6, xy  8, 5  z  5
Now, 5  z  5  z  0
Using  x  y    x  y   4 xy , we get
2 2
  x  y   36  32  4
2
x y2
• When x  y  2 and x  y  6 ,we get x  4 and y  2
• When x  y   2 and x  y  6 we get x  2 and y  4

 x  4, y  2, and z  0 or x  2 , y  4 , and z  0
 x  y  z  9 
(iii)  x  z    5 
 y  z  7 
As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
x y z9 ...(1)
x z 5 ...(2)
yz7 ...(3)
From (1) and (2), we have:
y  5 9  y  4
From (3), we have:
4 z 7 z 3
x  z  5  x  2
 x  2, y  4, and z  3
Question 6:
Find the value of a, b , c , and d from the equation:
 a  b 2 a  c   1 5 
 2a  b 3c  d    0 13
   
Solution 6:
 a  b 2 a  c   1 5 
 2a  b 3c  d    0 13
   
As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
a  b  1 ...(1)
2a  b  0 ...(2)
2a  c  5 ...(3)
3c  d  13 ...(4)
From (2), we have:
b  2a
Then, from (1), we have:
a  2a   1
 a 1
b2
Now, from (3), we have:
2 1 c  5
 c 3
From (4) we have:
3  3  d  13
 9  d  13  d  4
a  1, b  2, c  3, and d  4
Question 7:
A  ai j  is a square matrix, if
m n
A. m < n
B. m > n
C. m = n
D. None of these
Solution 7:
The correct answer is C.
It is known that a given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal to
the number of columns.
Therefore, A   ai j  is a square matrix, if m = n.
m n
Question 8:
Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal
3 x  7 5  0 y  2
 y  1 2  3 x   8 4 
  
1
A. x , y 7
3
B. Not possible to find
2
C. y  7, x 
3
1 2
D. x  , y 
3 3
Solution 8:
The Correct answer is B.
3 x  7 5  0 y  2
It is given that   4 
 y  1 2  3 x  8
Equating the corresponding elements, we get:

7
3x  7  0  x  
3
5  y  2 y  7
y 1  8  y  7
2
2  3x  4  x  
3
We find that on comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we get two
different values of x, which is not possible.
Hence, it is not possible to find the values of x and y for which the given matrices are equal.
Question 9:
The number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:
A. 27
B. 18
C. 81
D. 512
Solution 9:
The correct answer is D.

The given matrix of the order 3 x 3 has 9 elements and each of these elements can be either
0 or 1.
Now, each of the 9 elements can be filled in two possible ways.
Therefore, by the multiplication principle, the required number of possible matrices is
29  512
Exercise 3.2
Question 1:
2 4  1 3  2 5 
Let A    ,B    ,C   
3 2  2 5  3 4
Find each of the following
(i) A  B (ii) A  B
(iii) 3A  C (iv) AB
(v) BA
Solution 1:
 2 4   1 3   2  1 4  3  3 7
(i) A  B     
 3 2   2 5 3  2 2  5 1 7 
 2 4  1 3  2  1 4  3 1 1
(ii) A  B     
 3 2  2 5 3   2  2  5 5 3
 2 4   2 5 
(iii) 3 A  C  3   
3 2  3 4
3  2 3  4   2 5 
  
3  3 3  2  3 4
6 12   2 5 
  
9 6   3 4 
 6  2 12  5 
 
9  3 6  4 
8 7 
 
6 2 
(iv) Matrix A has 2 columns. This number is equal to the number of rows in matrix B.
Therefore, AB is defined as:
 2 4   1 3
AB    
 3 2   2 5
 2 1  4  2  2  3  4  5  
 
 3 1  2  2  3  3  2  5  
 2  8 6  20 
 
3  4 9  10 
 6 26 
 
 1 19 
(v) matrix B has 2 columns. This number is equal to the number of rows in matrix A.
Therefore, BA is defined as:
 1 3  2 4   1 2   3  3  1 4   3  2  
BA       
 2 5  3 2   2  2   5  3 2  4   5  2  
 29 4  6  11 10 
=  
 4  15 8  10  11 2 
Question 2:
Compute the following:
 a b  a b 
(i)   
 b a   b a 
 a 2  b2 b2  c 2   2ab 2bc 
(ii)  2 2 2 2

 a  c a  b   2ac 2ab 
 1 4 6  12 7 6 
(iii)  8 5 16    8 0 5 
 2 8 5   3 2 4 
cos2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos2 x 

(iv)  2 2 
 2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x 
Solution 2:
 a b  a b   a  a b  b   2a 2b 
(i)   = 
a   b  b a  a   0 2a 
 b a   b
 a 2  b2 b2  c 2   2ab 2bc 
(ii)  2 2 2 2

 a  c a  b   2ac 2ab 
 a 2  b 2  2ab b 2  c 2  2bc 
 2 2 
 a  c  2ac a 2  b 2  2ab 
 a  b  2 b  c  
2
 
  a  c   a  b  
2 2
 1 4 6  12 7 6 
(iii)  8 5 16    8 0 5 
 2 8 5   3 2 4 
 1  12 4  7 6  6 
  8  8 5  0 16  5 
 2  3 8  2 5  4 
11 11 0 
 16 5 21
 5 10 9 
cos2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos2 x 

(iv)  2 2 
 2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x 
cos 2 x  sin 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x 

 2 2 
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x 
2 2
1 1
   sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
1 1
Question 3:
Compute the indicated products
 a b   a b 
(i)   
 b a   b a 
1 
(ii)  2   2 3 4
 3 
1 2  1 2 3
(iii)   
 2 3   2 3 1
 2 3 4  1 3 5 
(iv)  3 4 5  0 2 4 
 4 5 6  3 0 5 
 2 1
 1 0 1
(v)  3 2  
1 2 1
 1 1  
 2 3
 3 1 3 
(vi)    1 0 
 1 0 2   3 1 
 
Solution 3:
 a b   a b 
(i)   
 b a   b a 
 a  a   b b  a  b   b  a  
 
 b  a   a  b  b  b   a  a  
 a 2  b2 ab  ab   a 2  b 2 0 
  
 ab  ab b2  a 2   0 a  b2 
2
1   1 2  1 3  1 4    2 3 4 
 
(ii)  2   2 3 4   2  2  2  3 2  4     4 6 8 
 3   3  2  3  3 3  4   6 9 12 
1 2  1 2 3
(iii)   
 2 3   2 3 1
11  2  2  1 2   2  3 1 3  2 1 
 
 2 1  3  2  2  2   3  3 2  3  3 1 
1  4 2  6 3  2   3 4 1 
  
 2  6 4  9 6  3  8 13 9 
 2 3 4  1 3 5 
(iV)  3 4 5  0 2 4 
 4 5 6  3 0 5 
 2 1  3  0   4  3 2  3   3  2   4  0  2  5   3  4   4  5  
 
  3 1  4  0   5  3 3  3  4  2   5  0  3  5   4  4   5  5  
 4 1  5  0   6  3 4  3   5  2   6  0  4  5   5  4   6  5  
 2  0  12 6  6  0 10  12  20  14 0 42 
  3  0  15 9  8  0 15  16  25   18 1 56 

 4  0  18 12  10  0 20  20  30   22 2 70 
 2 1
 1 0 1
(v)  3 2  
 1 2 1
 1 1 
 2 1  1 1 2  0   1 2  2 1  11 

 
  3 1  2  1 3  0   2  2  3 1  2 1 
 11  1 1 1 0   1 2   1  11 
 2  1 0  2 2  1   1 2 3
  3  2 0  4 3  2    1 4 5 
 1  1 0  2 1  1  2 2 0 
 2 3
 3 1 3 
(vi)    1 0 
 1 0 2   3 1 
 
 3  2   11  3  3 3  3  1 0   3 1 
 
 1 2   0 1  2  3 1 3  0  0   2 1 
 6  1  9 9  0  3 14 6 
   
 2  0  6 3  0  2   4 5 
Question 4:
1 2 3  3 1 2  4 1 2
If A  5 0 2  , B   4 2 5  , and C  0 3 2  , then
   
1 1 1   2 0 3  1 2 3 
Compute  A  B  and  B  C  . Also, verify that A   B  C    A  B   C
Solution 4:
1 2 3  3 1 2
A  B  5 0 2    4 2 5 
1 1 1   2 0 3 
1  3 2  1 3  2   4 1 1
 5  4 0  2 2  5   9 2 7 
1  2 1  0 1  3   3 1 4 
 3 1 2   4 1 2 
B  C   4 2 5   0 3 2 
 2 0 3  1 2 3 
1 2 3  1 2 0
A   B  C   5 0 2    4 1 3
1 1 1   1 2 0
1   1 2   2  3  0  0 0 3
 
  54 0   1 2  3   9 1 5 
 1  1 1  2 1  0   2 1 1 
 4 1 1  4 1 2 
 A  B   C  9 2 7   0 3 2
 3 1 4  1 2 3
4  4 1 1 1  2   0 0 3
 
 9  0 23 7  2   9 1 5 
 3  1 1   2  4  3   2 1 1 
Hence, we have verified that A   B  C    A  B   C.
Question 5:
2 5 2 3 
3 1 3 5 5
1
   
1 2 4 1 2 4
If A   and B then compute 3 A  5B
3 3 3 5 5 5
   
7 2 2 7 6 2
 3 3   5 5 5 
Solution 5:
2 5 2 3 
3 1 1
3 5 5
   
1 2 4 1 2 4
3 A  5B  3  5
3 3 3 5 5 5
   
7 2
2 7 6 2
 3 3   5 5 5 
 2 3 5   2 3 5  0 0 0 
 1 2 4   1 2 4   0 0 0 
7 6 2  7 6 2  0 0 0 
Question 6:
 cos  sin    sin   cos  
Slimplify cos     sin  
  sin  cos   cos  sin  
Solution 6:
 cos  sin    sin   cos  
cos     sin  
  sin  cos   cos  sin  
 cos2  cos  sin    sin 2   sin  cos  

    
  sin  cos  cos 2   sin  cos  sin 2  
 cos 2   sin 2  cos  sin   sin  cos  

  
  sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
1 0 
=    cos 2   sin 2  1
0 1 
Question 7:
Find X and Y , if
7 0 3 0
(i) X  Y    and X  Y   
2 5 0 3
 2 3  2 2 
(ii) 2 X  3Y    and 3 X  2Y   
4 0  1 5 
Solution 7:
7 0
(i) X  Y   ...(1)
2 5 
3 0
XY  ...(2)
0 3
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get:
7 0   3 0   7  3 0  0  10 0 
2X      
 2 5  0 3  2  0 5  3   2 8 
1 10 0  5 0 
 X 
2  2 8  1 4 
7 0 
Now, X  Y   
2 5
5 0 7 0
  Y 
1 4 2 5 
 7 0  5 0 
 Y   
 2 5  1 4 
7  5 0  0 
 Y  
 2 1 5  4
2 0
Y  
1 1 
 2 3
(ii) 2 X  3Y    ...(3)
4 0
 2 2 
3 X  2Y    ...(4)
 1 5 
Multiplying equation (3) with (2), we get
2 3
2  2 X  3Y   2 
4 0 
4 6
 4 X  6Y    ...(5)
8 0 
Multiplying equation (4) with (3), we get
 2 2 
3  3 X  2Y   3  
 1 5 
 6 6 
 9 X  6Y    ...(6)
 3 15 
From (5) and (6), we have
4 6  6 6 
4X  6Y    9 X  6Y    
8 0   3 15 
 4  6 6   6    2 12 
  5X    
8   3  0  15   11 15
 2 
12 
1  2 12   5 
X    5
5  11 15  11
 3 
 5 
 2 3
2 X  3Y   
4 0
Now,
 2 
 5 12 
  2 3
2  5   3Y   
  11 3  4 0
 5 
 4 
 5 24 
 2 3
 5   3Y  
  22 4 0 
6 
 5 
 4 
24 
2 3  5 
 3Y    5
4 0  22
 6 
 5 
 4  6 
 2 5 3
24  
5
39 
 3Y   5  5
 4  22 06  
42
6 
 5   5 
6 39   2 13 
1 5 5 5 5
Y    
3  42   14
6 2
 5   5 
Question 8:
3 2  1 0
Find X , if Y    and 2 X  Y   
1 4  3 2 
Solution 8:
1 0
2X  Y  
 3 2 
3 2  1 0
 2X   
1 4   3 2 
1 0  3 2  1  3 0  2 
 2X    
 3 2  1 4   3  1 2  4 
 2 2 
 2X  
 4 2 
1  2 2   1 1
 X  
2  4 2   2 1
Question 9:
1 3  y 0  5 6
Find X and Y , if 2   
0 x   1 2  1 8 
Solution 9:
1 3  y 0  5 6
2  
0 x   1 2  1 8 
2 6   y 0  5 6 
  
0 2 x   1 2  1 8 
2  y 6  5 6
 
 1 2 x  2  1 8 
Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we have:
2  y 5  y  3
2x  2  8  x  3
 x  3 and y  3
Question 10:
Solve the equation for x, y, z and t if
x z 1 1 3 5
2  3  3 
y t 0 2 4 6 
Solution 10:
 x z 1 1 3 5
2  3  3 
y t  0 2 4 6 
 2 x 2 z  3 3  9 15
  
 2 y 2t  0 6  12 18
 2 x  3 2 z  3  9 15
  
 2y 2t  6  12 18
Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:

2x  3  9
 2x  6
x3
2 y  12
 y6
2 z  3  15
 2 z  18
 z 9
2t  6  18
 2t  12
t6
 x  3, y  6, z  9, and t  6
Question 11:
2  1 10 
If x    y      , find values of x and y.
3 1 5
Solution 11:
2  1 10 
x  y    
3 1 5
 2 x    y  10 
      
3x   y   5 
 2 x  y  10 
  
3x  y   5 
2 x  y  10 and 3x  y  5
Adding these two equations, we have:

5x  15  x  3
Now, 3x  y  5
 y  5  3x
 y  5  9  4
 x  3 and y   4
Question 12:
x y   x 6   4 x  y
Given 3      , find the values of x , y, z and w.
 z w  1 2 w  z  w 3 
Solution 12:
x y   x 6   4 x  y
3    
 z w  1 2w  z  w 3 
3x 3 y   x  4 6  x  y
  
 3z 3w  1  z  w 2 w  3 
3x  x  4
 2x  4
x2
3x  6  x  y
 2y  6  x  6  2  8
 y4
3w  2 w  3
w3
3z   1  z  w
 2z  1  w  1  3  2
z 1
 x  2, y  4, z  1, and w  3
Question 13:
cos x  sin x 0 
If F  x    sin x cos x 0 , show that F  x  F  y   F  x  y .
 0 0 1 
Solution 13:
cos x  sin x 0  cos y  sin y 0 

F  x    sin x cos x 0  , F  y    sin y cos y 0 
 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 
 cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0 
 
R.H.S : F  x  y    sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0 
 0 0 1 
L.H.S : F  x  F  y 
cos x  sin x 0 cos y  sin y 0 
  sin x cos x 0  sin y cos y 0 

 0 0 1   0 0 1 
 cos x cos y  sin x sin y  0  cos x sin y  sin x cos y  0 0 

 sin x cos y  cos x sin y  0  sin x sin y  cos x cos y  0 0 
 0 0 0 
 cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0
 
  sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0
 0 0 1 
 F  x  y
 F  x F  y   F  x  y 
Question 14:
Show that
5 1  2 1 2 1  5 1
(i)   
6 7   3 4   3 4  6 7 
1 2 3  1 1 0   1 1 0  1 2 3 
(ii) 0 1 0   0 1 1    0 1 1  0 1 0 
1 1 0   2 3 4   2 3 4  1 1 0 
Solution 14:
 5 1  2 1
(i)  
6 7   3 4 
 5  2   1 3 5 1  1 4  
 
6  2   7  3 6 1  7  4  
 10  3 5  4   7 1
 
12  21 6  28 33 34 
2 1  5 1
3 4  6 7 

 2  5   1 6  2  1  1 7  
  
3  5   4  6  3  1  4  7  
 10  6 2  7  16 5 
  
15  24 3  28 39 25 
 5 1  2 1   2 1  5 1
  
6 7   3 4   3 4   6 7 
1 2 3  1 1 0 
(ii) 0 1 0   0 1 1 
1 1 0   2 3 4 
1 1  2  0   3  2  11  2  1  3  3  1 0   2 1  3  4  

 
0  1  1 0   0  2  0 1  1 1  0  3 0  0   11  0  4  
1 1  1 0   0  2  11  1 1  0  3 1 0   11  0  4  
 5 8 14 
 0 1 1 
 
 1 0 1 
 1 1 0  1 2 3
 0 1 1  0 1 0 
  
 2 3 4 1 1 0 
 11  1 0   0 1 1 2   1 1  0 1 1 3   1 0   0  0  

 
0 1   1 0   11 0  2    11  11 0  3    1 0   1  0  
 2 1  3  0   4 1 2  2   3 1  4 1 2  3   3  0   4  0  
 1 1 3
  1 0 0 
 6 11 6 
1 2 3  1 1 0   1 1 0  1 2 3
 0 1 0  0 1 1    0 1 1  0 1 0 
1 1 0  2 3 4  2 3 4 1 1 0
Question 15:
2 0 1
Find A  5 A  6 I if A   2 1 3
2
1 1 0 
Solution 15:
We have A2  A x A
2 0 1 2 0 1
A  AA  2 1 3  2 1 3
2
1 1 0 1 1 0 

 2  2   0  2   11 2  0   0 1  1 1 2 1  0  3   1  0  
 
 2  2   1 2   3 1 2  0   11  3  1 2 1  1 3   3  0  
1 2    1 2   0 1 1 0    11  0  1 11   1 3   0  0  
 4  0  1 0  0  1 2  0  0
  4  2  3 0  1  3 2  3  0 
 2  2  0 0  1  0 1  3  0 
5 1 2 
 9 2 5 
0 1 2 
Substituting the matrices in the given equation : A2  5 A  6 I
5 1 2   2 0 1  1 0 0 
 9 2 5   5  2 1 3  6 0 1 0 
   
0 1 2 1 1 0  0 0 1 
5 1 2  10 0 5  6 0 0 
 9 2 5   10 5 15  0 6 0 
0 1 2   5 5 0  0 0 6 
5  10 1  0 2  5  6 0 0 
 9  10 2  5 5  15   0 6 0 
 0  5 1  5 2  0  0 0 6 
 5 1 3  6 0 0 
  1 7 10  0 6 0 
 5 4 2  0 0 6 
 5  6 1  0 3  0 
  1  0 7  6 10  0 
 5  0 4  0 2  6 
 1 1 3 
  1 1 10 
 5 4 4 
Question 16:
1 0 2
If A  0 2 1  , prove that A3  6 A2  7 A  2 I  0
 2 0 3
Solution 16:
1 0 2  1 0 2
A  AA  0 2 1  0 2 1 
2
 2 0 3  2 0 3
1  0  4 0  0  0 2  0  6   5 0 8 
 0  0  2 0  4  0 0  2  3  2 4 5 
 2  0  6 0  0  0 4  0  9  8 0 13
Now, A3  A2 . A
 5 0 8  1 0 2 
  2 4 5   0 2 1 
8 0 13  2 0 3 
 5  0  16 0  0  0 10  0  24 
  2  0  10 0  8  0 4  4  15 
8  0  26 0  0  0 16  0  39 
 21 0 34 
 12 8 23
34 0 55
Substituting the matrices in the given equation A3  6 A2  7 A  2I

 21 0 34 5 0 8  1 0 2 1 0 0 
 12 8 23  6  2 4 5   7 0 2 1   2 0 1 0 
     
34 0 55 8 0 13  2 0 3  0 0 1 
 21 0 34 30 0 48  7 0 14   2 0 0 

 12 8 23  12 24 30    0 14 7   0 2 0 
34 0 55  48 0 78 14 0 21 0 0 2
 21  7  2 0  0  0 34  14  0  30 0 48
  12  0  0 8  14  2 23  7  0   12 24 30 
34  14  0 0  0  0 55  21  2   48 0 78
30 0 48 30 0 48

 12 24 30   12 24 30 
 48 0 78  48 0 78
0 0 0 
 0 0 0   0
0 0 0 
 A3  6 A2  7 A  2 I  0
Question 17:
 3 2  1 0 
If A    and I    , find k so that A  kA  2 I
2
 4 2   0 1 
Solution 17:
 3 2   3 2 
A2  A. A    
 4 2   4 2 
 3  3   2  4  3  2    2  2   1 2 
  
 4  3   2  4  4  2    2  2    4 4 
Now A2  kA  2I
1 2  3 2  1 0 
   k  2 
4 4  4 2  0 1 
1 2   3k 2k   2 0 
  
4 4   4k 2k   0 2 
1 2  3k  2 2k 
   
 4 4   4k 2k  2 
Comparing the corresponding elements, we have:
3k  2  1
 3k  3
 k 1
Thus, the value of k is 1.
Question 18:
 
 0  tan
If A   2  and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show that

 tan  0 
 2 
cos   sin  
I  A   I  A  
 sin  cos  
Solution 18:
L.H.S.
I  A
 
0  tan
1 0   2
 
  
0 1   tan  0 
 2 
 
 1  tan
2
  ...(1)
 tan  1 
 2 
R.H.S :
cos   sin  
I  A 
 sin  cos  
   
 1 0   0  tan
2   cos   sin  
    
 0 1   tan  sin  cos  
 0   
  2  
 
 1 tan
2  cos   sin  
=  
  tan  sin  cos  
1 
 2 
  
 cos   sin  tan 2  sin   cos  tan
2
=   ... (2)
  cos  tan   sin  
sin  tan  cos  
 2 2 
 2          
 1  2sin 2  2sin 2  cos 2 tan 2 2sin
2 2 
  2 cos 2  1 tan 
cos
2  2
  
  2          
   2 cos  1 tan  2sin cos 2sin cos tan  1  2sin 2 
  2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
 2  2      
 1  2sin  2sin 2sin cos  2sin cos  tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  
 2sin  cos   tan   2sin  cos  2sin 2

 1  2sin 2
 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
 
 1  tan
2
 
 tan  1 
 2 
Thus, from (1) and (2), we get L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Question 19:
A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond
pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divide Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust
fund must obtain an annual total interest of :
(a) Rs 1,800 (b) Rs 2,000
Solution 19:
(a) Let Rs x be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money invested in the second
bond pays
Rs (30000  x) .
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year and the second bond pay 7% interest per
year.
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1800, we have:
 
 5  Principal  Rate 

 x  30000  x      1800
 S .I for 1 year  
100  100
 7 
 100 
5 x 7  30000  x 
   1800
100 100
 5 x  210000  7 x  180000
 210000  2 x  180000
 2 x  210000  180000
 2 x  30000
 x  15000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1800, the trust fund should invest Rs 15000
in the first bond and the remaining Rs 15000 in the second bond.
(b) Let Rs x be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond
will be Rs  30000  x  .
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2000, we have :
 
 
 5 
 x  30000  x    2000
 100 
 7 
 100 
5 x 7  30000  x 
   2000
100 100
 5 x  210000  7 x  200000
 210000  2 x  200000
 2 x  210000  200000
 2 x  10000
 x  5000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2000, the trust fund should invest Rs 5000
in the first bond and the remaining Rs 25000 in the second bond.
Question 20:
The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, 10
dozen economics books. Their selling prices are Rs 80, Rs 60 and Rs 40 each respectively. Find
the total amount the bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix algebra.
Solution 20:
The bookshop has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, and 10 dozen economics
books.
The selling prices of a chemistry book, a physics book, and an economics book are respectively
given as Rs 80, Rs 60 and Rs 40.
The total amount of money that will be received from the sale of all these books can be
represented in the form of a matrix as :
80 
12 10 8 10 60 
 40
 12 10  80  8  60  10  40
 12  800  480  400 
 12 1680 
 20160
Thus, the bookshop will receive Rs 20160 from the sale of all these books.
Question 21:
Assume X , Y , Z ,W and P are the matrices of order 2  n, 3  k , 2  p , n  3 and p  k
respectively. The restriction on n , k and p so that PY  WY will be defined are:
A. k  3, p  n
B. k is arbitrary, p  2
C. p is arbitrary, k  3
D. k  2, p  3
Solution 21:
Matrices P and Y are of the orders p  k and 3  k respectively.
Therefore, matrix PY will be defined if k  3.

Consequently, PY will be of the order p  k .
Matrices W and Y are of the orders n  3 and 3  k respectively.
Since the number of columns in W is equal to the number of rows in Y , matrix WY is well-
defined and is of the order n x k .
Matrices PY and WY can be added only when their orders are the same.
However, PY is of the order p  k and WY is of the order n  k .Therefore. we must have

p  n.
Thus, k  3 and p  n. are the restrictions on n , k , and p so that PY  WY will be defined.
Question 22:
Assume X , Y , Z , W and P are matrices of order 2  n, 3  k , 2  p , n  3 and p  k

respectively. If n  p , then the order of the matrix 7 X  5Z is
A. p  2
B. 2  n
C. n  3
D. p  n
Solution 22:
The correct answer is B.
Matrix X is of the order 2  n .

Therefore, matrix 7 X is also of the same order.
Matrix Z is of the order 2  p , i.e, 2  n since n  p
Therefore, matrix 5Z is also of the same order.
Now, both the matrices 7 X and 5Z are of the order 2  n .
Thus, matrix 7 X  5Z is well-defined and is of the order 2  n .
Exercise 3.3
Question 1:
Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

5 
(i) 1 / 2 
 
 1 
 1 1
(ii)  
2 3 
 1 5 6 
 
(iii)  3 5 6 
 
 2 3 1
Solution 1:
 5 
 1 
(i) Let A  1/ 2  , then AT  5 1
 2 
 1 
 1 1  1 2
(ii) Let A    , then AT   
2 3   1 3 
 1 5 6   1 3 2
   
(iii) Let A   3 5 6  , then AT   5 5 3
 2 3 1 6 6 1
  
Question 2:
 1 2 3  4 1 5
If A   5 7 9  and B   1 2 0  , then verify that
 
 2 1 1   1 3 1 
(i)  A  B  '  A '  B '
(ii)  A  B '  A'  B '
Solution 2:
We have:
 1 5 2   4 1 1
A '   2 7 1  , B '   1 2 3
 
 3 9 1   5 0 1
 1 2 3  4 1 5  5 3 2 
(i) A  B   5 7 9   1 2 0    6 9 9 
 2 1 1   1 3 1   1 4 2 
 5 6 1
  A  B  '   3 9 4 
 2 9 2 
 1 5 2   4 1 1
A '  B '   2 7 1    1 2 3
 3 9 1   5 0 1
 5 6 1
  3 9 4 
 2 9 2 
Hence, we have verified that  A  B  '  A '  B '
 1 2 3  4 1 5  3 1 8 
(ii) A  B   5 7 9    1 2 0    4 5 9 
 2 1 1   1 3 1   3 2 0 
3 4 3
  A  B  '  1 5 2 
8 9 0 
 1 5 2   4 1 1 3 4 3
A '  B '   2 7 1    1 2 3  1 5 2 
 3 9 1   5 0 1 8 9 0 
Hence, we have verified that  A  B  '  A '  B ' .
Question 3:
 3 4
 1 2 1 
If A '   1 2 and B   , then verify that
 1 2 3
 0 1 
(i)  A  B  '  A '  B '
(ii)  A  B '  A '  B '
Solution 3:
(i) It is known that A   A ' '

Therefore, we have:
 3 1 0 
A 
4 2 1
 1 1 
B '   2 2 
 1 3
 3 1 0   1 2 1  2 1 1 
AB   
 4 2 1   1 2 3  5 4 4 
2 5
  A  B  '  1 4 
1 4 
 3 4  1 1   2 5 
A '  B '   1 2    2 2   1 4 
 0 1   1 3 1 4
Thus, we verified that  A  B  '  A ' B '
 3 1 0   1 2 1  4 3 1
(ii) A  B     
 4 2 1   1 2 3  3 0 2 
4 3
  A  B  '   3 0 
 1 2 
 3 4  1 1   4 3 
A '  B '   1 2    2 2    3 0 
 0 1   1 3  1 2 
 A  B
'
Thus, we have verified that  A'  B ' .
Question 4:
 2 3   1 0 
, then find  A  2 B 
'
If A '    and B   
 1 2  1 2
Solution 4:
We know that A   A ' '

 2 1 
A 
 3 2
 2 1   1 0   2 1   2 0   4 1 
 A  2B     2    
 3 2  1 2  3 2  2 4  5 6
 4 5 
  A  2B   
'

 1 6
Question 5:
 AB 
'
For the matrices A and B , verify that  B' A' where
1
(i) A   4  , B   1 2 1
 3 
0
(ii) A  1  , B  1 5 7 
 2 
Solution 5:
1  1 2 1 
(i) AB   4   1 2 1   4 8 4 
 
 3   3 6 3 
 1 4 3
  AB    2 8 6 
'
 1 4 3 
 1
Now, A  1 4 3 , B   2 
' '
 1 
 1  1 4 3
B A   2  1 4 3   2 8 6 
'  ' 
 1   1 4 3 
Hence, we have verified  AB   B ' A' .

'
0 0 0 0 
(ii) AB  1  1 5 7   1 5 7 
 
 2  2 10 14
0 1 2 
  AB   0 5 10
'
0 7 14
1 
Now, A   0 1 2 , B  5 
' '
7 
1  0 1 2 
 B A   5   0 1 2 
' ' 0 5 10 
 
7  0 7 14 
Hence, we have verified that  AB   B' A' .

'
Question 6:
 cos  sin  
If (i) A    , then verify that A' A  1
  sin  cos  
 sin  cos  
(ii) A , then verify that A' A  1
  cos  sin  
Solution 6:
A
  sin  cos  
cos   sin  
 A'  
 sin  cos  
cos   sin    cos   sin  

A' A  
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
 cos   cos      sin    sin    cos   sin      sin   cos  


  sin   cos     cos    sin    sin   sin     cos   cos   
 cos2   sin 2  sin  cos   sin  cos  

 
sin  cos   sin  cos  sin 2   cos2  
1 0
 I
0 1 
Hence, we have verified that A' A  1.
 sin  cos  
(ii) A  
  cos  sin  
 sin   cos  
 A'  
 cos  sin  
 sin   cos    sin  cos  

A' A  
cos  sin     cos  sin  
 sin   cos    sin  cos  

cos  sin     cos  sin  
  
 sin   sin      cos    cos    sin   cos      cos   sin  

  cos   sin     sin    cos    cos   cos     sin   sin   
 sin 2   cos2  sin  cos   sin  cos  

  
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
1 0 
 I
0 1 
Hence, we have verified that A' A 1.
Question 7:
 1 1 5
(i) Show that the matrix A   1 2 1  is a symmetric matrix
 5 1 3
 0 1 1
(ii) Show that the matrix A   1 0 1  is a skew symmetric matrix
 1 1 0 
Solution 7:
(i) We have:
 1 1 5
A   1 2 1  A
'
 5 1 3
 A'  A
Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) We have:
 0 1 1   0 1 1
A   1 0 1    1 0 1    A
' 
 1 1 0   1 1 0 
 A'   A
Hence, A is a skew – symmetric matrix.
Question 8:
1 5 
For the matrix A    , verify that
6 7 
(i)  A  A'  is a symmetric matrix
(ii)  A  A  is a skew symmetric matrix
'
Solution 8:
1 5  1 6 
Given : A    , then A'   
6 7  5 7 
1 5  1 6   2 11
(i) A  A'     
6 7  5 7  11 14 
 2 11
  A  A'   
'
  A A
'
11 14 
Hence,  A  A'  is a symmetric matrix.
1 5  1 6  0 1
(ii) A  A'     
 6 7  5 7   1 0 
0 1
 A  A   1
0 1
   A A 
' '
   '
 0  1 0 
Hence,  A  A'  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 9:
 0 a b
1 1
Find  A  A  and  A  A  , when A   a 0 c 
' '
2 2
 b c 0
Solution 9:
 0 a b
The given matrix is A   a 0 c  , then
 b c 0
 0 a b 
A   a 0 c 
'
 b c 0 
 0 a b   0 a b  0 0 0
A  A   a 0 c    a 0 c   0 0 0
'
 b c 0 b c 0  0 0 0
0 0 0 
1
  A  A   0 0 0 
'
2
0 0 0 
 0 a b   0 a b   0 2a 2b 
Now, A  A   a 0 c    a 0 c    2a 0 2c 
 '    
 b c 0  b c 0   2b 2c 0 
 0 a b
1
  A  A    a 0 c 
'
2
 b c 0
Question 10:
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix:
3 5 
(i)  
1 1
 6 2 2 
(ii)  2 3 1
 2 1 3 
 3 3 1
(iii)  2 2 1 
 4 5 2 
 1 5
(iV)  
 1 2 
Solution 10:
3 5  3 1 
Let A    , then A 
'
5 1
1 1  
3 5   3 1   6 6 
Now, A  A '     
1 1 5 1 6 2 
1 1  6 6  3 3 
Let P 
2
 A  A'    
2 6 2  3 1
3 3 
Now, P '   P
3 1
1
Thus, P 
2
 A  A'  is a symmetric matrix.
3 5   3 1   0 4 
Now, A  A'     
1 1 5 1  4 0 
1 1  0 4  0 2
Let Q 
2
 A  A'    
2  4 0   2 0 
 0 2
Now, Q '     Q
 2 0 
1
Thus, Q 
2
 A  A'  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q :
3 3   0 2  3 5 
PQ    A
3 1  2 0  1 1
 6 2 2   6 2 2 
(ii) Let A   2 3 1 , then A   2 3 1
  '
 2 1 3   2 1 3 
 6 2 2   6 2 2  12 4 4 
Now, A  A   2 3 1   2 3 1   4 6 2 
'
 2 1 3   2 1 3   4 2 6 
12 4 4   6 2 2 
1 1
Let P   A  A    4 6 2  2 3 1
'
2 2
 4 2 6   2 1 3 
 6 2 2 
Now, P   2 3 1  P
'
 2 1 3 
1
Thus, P 
2
 A  A'  is a symmetric matrix.
 6 2 2   6 2 2  0 0 0 
Now, A  A'   2 3 1   2 3 1  0 0 0 
 2 1 3   2 1 3  0 0 0 
0 0 0
1
Let Q   A  A   0 0 0
'
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
Now, Q  0 0 0    Q
'
0 0 0 
1
Thus Q 
2
 A  A'  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q
 6 2 2  0 0 0  6 2 2 
P  Q   2 3 1  0 0 0   2 3 1  A
 2 1 3  0 0 0  2 1 3 
 3 3 1  3 2 4 
(iii) Let A   2 2 1  , then A   3 2 5
  '
 4 5 2   1 1 2 
 3 3 1  3 2 4   6 1 5
Now, A  A   2 2 1    3 2 5   1 4 4
'
 4 5 2   1 1 2   5 4 4 
 1 5
 3  
 6 1 5   2 2

1 1 1
P   A  A    1 4 4   
'
2 2 
2 2  2 
 5 4 4   
 5 2 2 
 2 
 1 5
 3  
2 2
 
 1
Now, P 
'
2  2   P
 2 
 5 
 2 2 
 2 
1
Thus, P 
2
 A  A'  is symmetric matrix.
 3 3 1  3 2 4  0 5 3
Now, A  A   2 2 1    3 2 5  5 0 6 
'
 4 5 2   1 1 2   3 6 0
 5 3
 0 2 2
 0 5 3   
1 1 5
Let Q   A  A    5 0 6    
'
0 3
2 2  2 
 3 6 0   
 3 3 0 
 2 
 5 3
0  2  2
 
 5
Now, Q 
'
0 3    Q
2 
3 
 3 0 
 2 
1
Thus, Q   A  A'  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
2
Representing A as the sum of P and Q :
 1 5   5 3
 3 2 2 
0
2 2   3 3 1
   
1 5
PQ   2 2     0 3    2 2 1   A
 2   2 
 5   3   4 5 2 
 2 2   3 0 
 2   2 
 1 5 1 1
(iv) Let A    , then A'   
 1 2  5 2 
 1 5  1 1  2 4 
Now A  A'     
 1 2  5 2   4 4 
1 1 2 
Let P   A  A'    
2 2 2
1 2
Now P '   P
2 2
1
Thus P 
2
 A  A'  is symmetric matrix.
 1 5  1 1  0 6 
Now, A  A'     
 1 2  5 2   6 0 
1  0 3
Let Q   A  A'    
2  3 0 
 0 3 
Now Q '     Q
3 0 
1
Thus Q 
2
 A  A'  is a skew symmetric matrix.
Representing A as the sum of P and Q.
1 2   0 3  1 5 
PQ     A
 2 2   3 0   1 2 
Question 11:
If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB  BA is a
A. Skew symmetric matrix
B. Symmetric matrix
C. Zero matrix
D. Identity matrix
Solution 11:
The correct answer is A.
A and B are symmetric matrices, therefore, we have:
A'  A and B '  B …….(1)
Consider  AB  BA   AB    BA   A  B  A'  B' 
' ' ' '
 
  AB   B' A' 
'
 B ' A'  A' B '
 
= BA  AB  by 1 
   AB  BA
  AB  AB     AB  BA
'
Thus,  AB  BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Question 12:
cos   sin  
If A   , then A  A'  I , if the value of  is
 sin  cos  

A.
6

B.
3
C. 
3
D.
2
Solution 12:
The correct answer is B.
cos   sin  
A
 sin  cos  
 A'  
  sin  cos  
Now A  A,  1
cos   sin    cos  sin   1 0 

   
 sin  cos     sin  cos   0 1 
 2 cos  0  1 0 
 
 0 2 cos   0 1 
Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:

1
cos  
2
1
  cos 1  
2

 
3
Exercise 3.4
Question 1:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 1 1
2 3 
 
Solution 1:
 1 1
Let A   
2 3 
We know that A  IA
 1 1 1 0 
  A
 2 3  0 1 
Applying R2  R2  2 R1
1 1  1 0 
  A
0 5   2 1 
1
Applying R2  R2
5
 1 0
1 1 
  2 1  A
0 1   
 5 5 
Applying R1  R1  R2
 3 1
1 0   5 5 
  A
0 1    2 1 
 5 5 
Post – multiplying both sides by, we get
 3 1
1 0  1  5 5  1
0 1  A   2 1  A  A
   
 5 5 
 3 1
 5 5
 A1   I
 2 1 
 5 5 
 3 1
 5 5
Thus, A1   
 2 1
 5 5 
Question 2:
 2 1
1 1
 
Solution 2:
 2 1
Let A   
1 1
 2 1 1 0 
  A
1 1 0 1 
Applying R1  R1  R2
1 0  1 1
   A
0 1  0 1 
1 0   1 1
   A
0 1   1 2 
 1 1
 A1   
 1 2 
Question 3:
1 3 
2 7
 
Solution 3:
1 3 
Let A   
2 7
 1 3  1 0 
  A
 2 7  0 1 
Applying R2  R2  2R1
 1 3  1 0 
   A
 0 1   2 1 
1 0   7 3
  A
 0 1   2 1 
 7 3
 A1   
 2 1 
Question 4:
2 3
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.  
5 7 
Solution 4:
2 3
Let A   
5 7 
 2 3  1 0 
  A
5 7  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1
2
 3 1 
1 0
  2  2 A
   
5 7   0 1 
 3   1 
1 2   2 0 
  A
0  1    5 1 
 2   2 
Applying R1  R1  3R2
1 0   7 3
  A
 0  1    5 1
 2  2 
Applying R2   2 R1
1 0   7 3 
   A
0 1   5 2 
 7 3 
 A 1   
 5 2 
Question 5:
2 1
7 4 
 
Solution 5:
2 1
Let A   
7 4 
 2 1  1 0 
  A
7 4  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1
2
 1 1 
 1   0
 2  2 A
   
7 4   0 1 
Applying R2  R2  7 R1
 1  1 
1 2   2 0 
    A
0 1    7 1 
 2   2 
1 0   4 1
  A
0 1    7 1 
 2  2 
Applying R2  2 R2
1 0   4 1
  A
 0 2   7 2 
 4 1
 A 1   
 7 2 
Question 6:
 2 5
 1 3
Solution 6:
 2 5
Let A   
 1 3
 2 5  1 0 
  A
 1 3  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1
2
 5 1 
1 0
 2    2 A
   
0 3   0 1 
 5  1 
1 2   2 0 
  A
0 1   1
1
 2   2 
1 0   3 5
  A
0  1    1 1 
 2  2 
Applying R2  2 R2
1 0   3 5
  A
0 1   1 2 
 3 5 
 A 1   
 1 2 
Question 7:
3 1 
Find the inverse of each matrices, if exists.  
5 2 
Solution 7:
3 1 
Let A   
5 2 
3 1 1 0 
   A 
5 2 0 1 
1 1  1 0
  A  C1  C2  2C2 
1 2  2 1 
1 0  1 1
   A  C2  C2  C1 
1 1  2 3 
1 0  2 1
   A  C1  C1  C2 
0 1  5 3 
 2 1
 A 1   
 5 3 
Question 8:
4 5
3 4
Solution 8:
4 5
Let A   
3 4
 4 5  1 0 
  A
 3 4  0 1 
1 1  1 1
 
4   0 1 
A  R1  R1  R2 
3
1 1  1 1
 
1  3 4 
A  R2  R2  3R1 
0
1 0   4 5
  A  R1  R1  R2 
 0 1   3 4 
 4 5
 A1   
 3 4 
Question 9:
 3 10 
2 7 
Solution 9:
 3 10 
Let A   
2 7 
 3 10  1 0 
  A
 2 7  0 1 
1 3  1 1
 
7  0 1 
A  R1  R1  R2 
2
1 3  1 1
 
1  2 3 
A  R2  R2  2R1 
0
1 0   7 10 
  A  R1  R2  3R2 
 0 1   2 3 
 7 10 
 A1   
 2 3 
Question 10:
 3 1
Find The inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.  
 4 2 
Solution 10:
 3 1
Let A   
 4 2 
We know that A  AI
 3 1 1 0
   A
 4 2  0 1 
1 1 1 0
   A
1 
C1  C1  2C2 
0 2  2
1 0  1 1
   A
3
C2  C2  C1 
0 2  2
 1
 1
 1 0  2  1 
   A   C2  C2 
0 1  2 3   2 
 2 
 1
 1
2
 A1   
2 3 
 2 
Question 11:
 2 6 
 1 2 
Solution 11:
 2 6 
Let A   
 1 2 
We know that A  AI
2 6  1 0 
   A 
1 2  0 1 
C2  C2  3C1 
2 0  1 3
   A 
1 1 0 1
2 0  2 3
   A  C1  C1  C2 
0 1  1 1
 1 3
1 0     1 
    A 1   C1  C1 
 0 1   1  2 
 2 
 1 3
A   1 
1
 1
 2 
Question 12:
 6 3 
 2 1 
Solution 12:
 6 3 
Let A   
 2 1 
We Know that A  IA
 6 3 1 0 
   A
 2 1  0 1 
 1  1 
 1    0  1 
 2  6 A  R1  R1 
     6 
 2 1   0 1 
1 
 1  0
1   6
  2  A  R2  R2  2R1 
  1 
0 0   1

3
Now, in the above equation, we can see all the zeros in the second row of the matrix on the
L.H.S,
Therefore, A1 does not exist.
Question 13:
 2 3 
 1 2 
Solution 13:
 2 3
Let A  
 1 2 
 2 3 1 0 
  A
 1 2  0 1 
 1 1 1 1
   A  R1  R1  R2 
 1 2   0 1
1 1 1 1 
   A  R2  R2  R1 
0 1  1 2 
1 0   2 3 
   A  R1  R1  R2 
0 1  1 2 
 2 3
 A1   
1 2
Question 14:
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exist.
2 1
4 2
 
Solution 14:
2 1
Let A   
4 2
 2 1  1 0 
  A
 4 2 0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1  R2 , we have:
2
 1
 0 0  1  
 4 2   2 A
  0 1 
 
Now, in the above equation, we can see all the zeros in the first row of the matrix on the L.H.S.
Therefore, A1 does not exist.
Question 15:
 1 3 2 
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.  3 0 5
 2 5 0 
Solution 15:
 1 3 2 
Let A   3 0 5
 2 5 0 
 1 3 2  1 0 0 
  3 0 5  0 1 0  A
 2 5 0  0 0 1 
Applying R2  R2  3R1 and R3  R3  2 R1 , we have:
1 3 2   1 0 0
0 9 11   3 1 0  A
  
0 1 4   2 0 1 
Applying R1  R1  3R3 and R2  R2  8R3 , we have:
1 0 10   5 0 3
0 1 21   13 1 8 A
   
0 1 4   2 0 1
Applying R3  R3  R2 , we have:
1 0 10   5 0 3
0 1 21   13 1 8  A
   
0 0 25  15 1 9 
1
Applying R3  R3 , we have:
25
 
1 0 10   5 0 3
0 1 21   13 1 
8 A
  
0 0 1   3 1 9
 
 5 25 25 
Applying R1  R1  10 R3 , and R2  R2  21R3 , we have:
 2 3
 1   
 1 0 0   5 5

0 1 0     2 4 11 
A
   5 25 25 
0 0 1   
 3 1 9 
 5 25 25 
 2 3
 1   
5 5
 
2 4 11 
 A_1  
 5 25 25 
 
 3 1 9 
 5 25 25 
Question 16:
 2 0 1
Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.  5 1 0 
 0 1 3 
Solution 16:
 2 0 1
Let A   5 1 0 
 0 1 3 
 2 0 1 1 0 0 
5 1 0   0 1 0  A
0 1 3  0 0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1 , we have:
2
 1 1 
1 0  2   2 0 0 
   
5 1 0    0 1 0  A
0 1 3   0 0 1 
   
   
Applying R2  R2  5R1 , we have:
 1  1 
1 0  2   2 0 0 
   
0 1 5     5 1 0 A
 2   2 
0 1 3   0 0 1 
   
   
Applying R3  R3  R2 , we have:
 1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2
   
0 1 5     5 1 0 A
 2   2 
   
0 0 1   5 1 1 
 2   2 
Applying R3  2 R3 ,we have:
 1  1 
1 0  2   2 0 0
   
0 1 5     5 1 0 A
 2   2 
0 0 1   5 2 2 
  
   
1 5
Applying R1  R1  R3 , and R2  R2  R3 , we have:
2 2
1 0 0   3 1 1 
0 1 0   15 6 5 A
   
0 0 1   5 2 2 
 3 1 1 
 A   15 6 5
1
 5 2 2 
Question 17:
Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if
A. AB  BA
B. AB  0, BA  I
C. AB  BA  0
D. AB  BA  I
Solution 17:
We know that if A is a square matrix of order m , and if there exists another square matrix B
of the same order m , such that AB  BA  I , then B is said to be the inverse of A . In this case,
it is clear that A is the inverse of B .
Thus, matrices A and B will be inverses of each other only if AB  BA  I .
Miscellaneous Solutions
Question 1:
0 1
, show that  aI  bA  a n I  na n1bA , where I is the identity matrix of order
n
Let A   
0 0
2 and n  N
Solution 1:
0 1 
It is given that A   
0 0 
To show: P  n  :  aI + bA  a n I  nan-1bA, n N
n
We shall prove the result by using the principal of mathematical induction.

For n  1 , we have:
P 1 :  aI +bA =aI +ba0 A=aI +bA
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k.
That is,
P  k  :  aI + bA =a k I + ka k-1bA
k
Now, we prove that the result is true for n = k 1.

Consider
 aI  bA   aI  bA  aI  bA
k 1 k
  a k I  ka k 1 bA  aI  bA
 a k 1  ka k bAI  a k bIA  ka k 1b 2 A2
 ak 1I   k 1 ak bA  kak 1b2 A2 ... (1)
0 1  0 1  0 0
Now, A2     0
0 0  0 0  0 0 
From (1), we have:
 aI  bA  a k 1   k  1 a k bA  0
k 1
 ak 1   k  1 ak bA
Therefore, the result is true for n  k  1.
Thus, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
0 1 
 aI  bA  a n I  na n1bA where A  
n
,n  N
0 0
Question 2:
1 1 1 3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
 
If A  1 1 1 , prove that An  3n 1 3n 1 3n 1  , n  N
1 1 1 3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
 
Solution 2:
1 1 1
It is given that A  1 1 1
1 1 1
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
 
To show: P  n  An  3n 1 3n 1 3n 1  , n  N
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
 
We shall prove the result by using the principles of mathematical induction.
311 311 311  30 30 30  1 1 1
   
P 1  311 311 311   30 30 30   1 1 1  A
 11 311 311  30 30 30  1 1 1
3  
Therefore, the result is true for n  1.
Let the result be true for n  k .
3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
P  k  : Ak  3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
That is Now, we prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
Now, Ak 1  A . Ak
1 1 1 3 3k 1 3k 1 
k 1
 
 1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
3.3k 1 3.3k 1 3.3k 1 

 
 3.3k 1 3.3k 1 3.3k 1 
3.3k 1 3.3k 1 3.3k 1 
 
3.3 k 11 3.3 k 11 3.3 k 11 
 k 1 1 
 3.3  3.3  3.3  
k 1 1 k 1 1
  k 11 k 1 1 
3.3  3.3  
k 1 1
3.3
Therefore, the result is true for n  k  1 .
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
 
An  3n 1 3n 1 3n 1  , n  N
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
 
Question 3:
3 4  1  2n 4n 
If A   , then prove An   where n is any positive integer
1 1

 n 1  2n 
Solution 3:
3 4 
1 1
1  2n 4n 
To prove: P  n  : An   , nN
 n 1  2n 
We shall prove the result by using the principle of mathematical induction.
1  2 4  3 4 
P 1 : A1    A
 1 1  2  1 1
That is,
1  2k 4k 
P  k  : Ak   ,n  N
 k 1  2k 
Now, we prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
Consider
Ak 1  Ak . A
1  2k 4k  3 4 

 k 1  2k  1 1
3 1  2k   4k 4 1  2k   4k 
 
 3k  1  2k 4k  11  2k  
3  6 k  4 k 4  8k  4k 

 3k  1  2k 4k  1  2k 
3  2k 4  4 k 

 1 k 1  2k 
1  2  k  1 4  k  1 
 
 1 k 1  2  k  1 

1  2n 4n 
An   , nN
 n 1  2n 
Question 4:
If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Solution 4:
It is given that A and B are symmetric matrices. Therefore, we have:
A'  A and B '  B …..(1)
    AB    BA
'
Now, AB  BA
' '
 A  B '  A'  B' 
 
 B ' A'  A' B '  AB '  B' A' 
 
 BA  AB  Using 1
   AB  BA
  AB  BA    AB  BA
'
Thus,  AB  BA is a skew – symmetric matrix.
Question 5:
Show that the matrix B' AB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric or
skew symmetric.
Solution 5:
We suppose that A is a symmetric matrix, then A'  A …. (1)
Consider
 B AB   B  AB 
' ' ' '
  AB   B 
' '
 AB '  B' A' 
 
 B' A'  B   B '  '  B 
 
 B '  A' B 
 B'  AB   Using (1)
  B ' AB   B ' AB
'
Thus, if A is a symmetric matrix, then B' AB is a symmetric matrix.

Now, we suppose that A is a skew – symmetric matrix.
Then, A'  A
Consider
 B AB    B  AB    AB   B 
' ' ' ' ' '
  B A  B  B   A B
' ' '
  B ' AB
  B ' AB    B ' AB
'
Thus, if A is a skew – symmetric matrix then B' AB is a skew – symmetric matrix.

Hence, if A is a asymmetric or skew – symmetric matrix, then B' AB is a symmetric or skew –
symmetric matrix accordingly.
Question 6:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.
2x  y   2
3x  4 y  3
Solution 6:
The given system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B, where
 2 1  x  2 
A  , X    and B   
3 4   y 3
Now,
A  8  3  11 0
Thus, A is non – singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.
1 1  4 1
A1  adjA  
A 11 3 2
1  4 1   2 
 X  A1 B 
11  3 2   3 
 5

 x  1  8  3 1  5  11
      
 y  11  6  6  11 12   12 
 11 
5 12
Hence, x  and y 
11 11
Question 7:
1 2 0   0 
For what values of x, 1 2 1  2 0 1   2   0 ?
1 0 2  x 
Solution 7:
1 2 0   0 
We have 1 2 1  2 0 1   2   0
1 0 2  x 
0
 1  4  1 2  0  0 0  2  2  2   0
 x 
0
  6 2 4  2   0
 x 
 6  0   2  2   4  x    0
  4  4 x    0
 4  4x  0
 x  1
Thus, the required value of x is  1 .
Question 8:
 3 1
If A    , show that A2  5 A  7 I  O
 1 2 
Solution 8:
 3 1
 1 2 
 3 1  3 1
 A2  A A    
 1 2   1 2 
 3  3  1 1 3 1  1 2  
 
 1 3  2  1 11  2  2  
 9  1 3  2   8 5
  
 3  2 1  4   5 3
L.H.S.  A2  5 A  7 I
 8 5  3 1 1 0 
  5  7 
 5 3  1 2  0 1 
 8 5 15 5  7 0 
   
 5 3  5 10   0 7 
 7 0   7 0 
  
 0 7   0 7 
0 0 
 
0 0 
 0  R.H.S.
 A2  5 A  7 I  0
Question 9:
1 0 2  x 
Find X , if  x 5 1 0 2 1   4   0
 2 0 3   1 
Solution 9:
We have:
1 0 2  x 
 x 5 1 0 2 1   4  0
 2 0 3   1 
 x
  x  0  2 0  10  0 2 x  5  3  4   0
1 
 x
  x  2 10 2 x  8  4   0
 1 
  x  x  2   40  2 x  8  0
  x 2  2 x  40  2 x  8  0
  x 2  48  0
 x 2  48  0
 x 2  48
 x  4 3
Question 10:
A manufacture produces three products X , Y , Z which he sells in two markets.
Annual sales are indicated below:
Marke
Products
t
I 10000 2000 18000
II 6000 20000 8000
a) If unit sale prices of X , Y and Z are Rs 2.50 , Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00 , respectively, find
the
Total revenue in each market with the help of matrix algebra.
b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00 , Rs 1.00 and 50 paise
respectively. Find the gross profit.
Solution 10:
a. The unit sale prices of X , Y and Z are respectively given as Rs 2.50 , Rs 1.50 ,and
Rs 1.00
Consequently, the total revenue in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix as
:
 2.50 
10000 2000 18000 1.50 
1.00 
 10000 x 2.50 + 2000 x 1.50 + 18000 x 1.00
= 25000 + 3000 + 18000
= 46000
The total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
 2.50 
6000 20000 8000 1.50 
1.00 
 6000 x 2.50 + 20000 x 1.50 + 8000 x 1.00
= 15000 + 30000 + 8000
= 53000
Therefore, the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 and the same in market II is Rs 53000
b. The unit cost price of X , Y and Z are respectively given as Rs 2.00 RS 1.00 and
50 paise.
Consequently, the total cost prices of all the products in the market I can be represented in the
form of a matrix as:
 2.50 
10000 2000 18000 1.00 
 0.50 
 10000 x 2.00 + 2000 x 1.00 + 18000 x 0.50
= 20000 + 2000  9000  31000
Since the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs 46000  Rs 31000 = Rs 15000.
The total cost prices of all the products in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix
as:
 2.00 
6000 20000 8000 1.00 
 0.50 
 6000 x 2.00 + 20000  1.00 + 8000  0.50
= 12000 + 20000 + 4000
= 36000
Since the total revenue in market II is Rs 53000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs 53000  Rs 36000  Rs 17000.
Question 11:
 1 2 3   7 8 9 
Find the matrix X so that X   4 6 
4 5 6  2
Solution 11:
It is given that:
 1 2 3   7 8 9 
X  4 6 
4 5 6  2
The matrix given on the R.H.S. of the equation is a 2  3 matrix and the one given on the L.H.S.
of the equation is 2  3 matrix.
Therefore, X has to be a 2  2 matrix.
a c 
Now, let X   
b d 
Therefore, we have:
 a c   1 2 3  7 8 9 
b d   4 5 6   2 4 6 
    
 a+4c 2a+5c 3a+6c   7 8 9 
  
 b+4d 2b+5d 3b+6d   2 4 6 
Equating the corresponding elements of two matrices, we have:
a + 4c =  7, 2a + 5c =  8, 3a + 6c =  9
b + 4d = 2, 2b + 5d = 4, 3b + 6d = 6
Now, a + 4c =  7  a =  7  4c … (1)
2a  5c   8  14  8c  5c  8 [From (1)]

  3c  6
 c  2
a   7  4  2  7  8 1
Now, b + 4d = 2  b = 2  4d
 2b  5d  4  4  8d  5d  4
  3d  0
d 0
 b  2  4  0  2
Thus, a  1 , b  2 , c   2 , d  0
 1 2 
Hence, the required matrix X is  .
2 0 
Question 12:
If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB  BA , then prove by induction
that AB n  B n A . Further, prove that  AB   An B n for all n  N
n
Solution 12:
A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB  BA .
To prove: P  n : ABn  Bn A, n  N
P 1 : AB  BA Given
 AB1  B1 A
P  k  : ABk  Bk A …..(1)
Now, we prove that the result is true for n  k 1.
ABk 1  ABk  B
  B k A B  By 1 
 Bk  AB  Associative law
 Bk  BA  AB  BA  Given 
  Bk B  A Associative law
 B k 1 A
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have AB n  B n A, n  N.
Now, we prove that  AB   An B n for all n  N

n
 AB 
1
 A1B1  AB
 AB 
k
 Ak B k ……..(2)
Now, we prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
 AB    AB    AB 
k 1 k
  Ak Bk    AB   By  2 
 Ak  B k A B Associative law
 Ak  AB k  B  ABn  B n A for all n  N 
  Ak A   B k B  Associative law
 Ak 1Bk 1
 AB 
n
Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, we have  An B n , for all natural
numbers.
Question 13:
Choose the correct answer in the following questions:
  
If A    is such that A  I then
2
   
A. 1   2    0
B. 1   2    0
C. 1   2    0
D. 1   2    0
Solution 13:
  
Given : A   
   
     
Then, A2  A. A    
       
 2      
 2 
      
 2   0 
 
 0    2 
 2   0  1 0 
Now, A2  1   
 0    2  0 1
On comparing the corresponding elements, we have:

 2   1
  2    1  0
1   2    0
Hence, the correct answer is C.
Question 14:
If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then
A. A is diagonal matrix
B. A is a zero matrix
C. A is a square matrix
D. None of these
Solution 14:
If A is both symmetric and skew – symmetric matrix, then we should have
A'  A and A'   A
 AA
 A A0
 2A  0
 A0
Therefore, A is a zero matrix.

Hence, the correct answer is B.
Question 15:
If A is square matrix such that A2  A , then  I  A  7 A is equal to
3
A. A
B. I  A
C. I
D. 3A
Solution 15:
I  A  7 A  I 3  A3  3I 2 A  3 A2 I  7 A
3
 I  A3  3 A  3 A2  7 A
 I  A2  A  3 A  3 A  7 A  A2  A
 I  A A  A
 I  A2  A
I  A A
I
  I  A  7 A  I
3
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(ii) Given : aij  2i  j , i 1, 2,3 and j  1, 2,3, 4

• a21  2  2 1= 4 1= 3

• a31  2  3 1= 6 1= 5

Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:

• When x  y  2 and x  y  6 ,we get x  4 and y  2

• When x  y   2 and x  y  6 we get x  2 and y  4

From (1) and (2), we have:

From (3), we have:

Find the value of a, b , c , and d from the equation:

From (2), we have:

Then, from (1), we have:

Now, from (3), we have:

The correct answer is C.

The Correct answer is B.

Equating the corresponding elements, we get:

The correct answer is D.

Find each of the following

cos2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos2 x 

cos2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos2 x 

cos 2 x  sin 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x 

 2 1  1 1 2  0   1 2  2 1  11 

Hence, we have verified that A   B  C    A  B   C.

 cos2  cos  sin    sin 2   sin  cos  

 cos 2   sin 2  cos  sin   sin  cos  

Adding equations (1) and (2), we get:

From (5) and (6), we have

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we have:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:

Adding these two equations, we have:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:

cos x  sin x 0  cos y  sin y 0 

 cos x cos y  sin x sin y  0  cos x sin y  sin x cos y  0 0 

1 1  2  0   3  2  11  2  1  3  3  1 0   2 1  3  4  

 11  1 0   0 1 1 2   1 1  0 1 1 3   1 0   0  0  

1 1 0 1 1 0 

Substituting the matrices in the given equation : A2  5 A  6 I

Substituting the matrices in the given equation A3  6 A2  7 A  2I

 21 0 34 30 0 48  7 0 14   2 0 0 

30 0 48 30 0 48

Thus, from (1) and (2), we get L.H.S. = R.H.S.

(a) Rs 1,800 (b) Rs 2,000

Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1800, we have:

Matrices P and Y are of the orders p  k and 3  k respectively.

Therefore, matrix PY will be defined if k  3.

However, PY is of the order p  k and WY is of the order n  k .Therefore. we must have

Assume X , Y , Z , W and P are matrices of order 2  n, 3  k , 2  p , n  3 and p  k

Matrix X is of the order 2  n .

Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

Hence, we have verified that  A  B  '  A '  B '

Hence, we have verified that  A  B  '  A '  B ' .