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 Expansions – Summary Notes

INTRODUCTION
Expansion is the process in which the contents of brackets are evaluated.

Recall of concepts of expansions learned in earlier classes:

1. Since,  a  b    a  b  a  b 
2

 a  a  b  b  a  b
 a2  ab  ab  b2
 a2  2ab  b2 …….. (i)
a 2  2ab  b2 is the expansion of  a  b 
2

Similarly,
 a  b  a 2  2ab  b2
2
2. ……. (ii)

 a  b  a  b  2  a 2  b2 
2 2
3. [On adding (i) and (ii)]

 a  b   a  b  4ab
2 2
4. [On subtracting (ii) from (i)]
If a  0 , then:
2 2
 1 1 1  1
5.  a    a 2  2  2  a 2  2   a    2
 a a a  2
2 2
 1 1 1  1
6.  a    a 2  2  2  a 2  2   a    2
 a a a  a
2 2
 1  1  1
7.  a     a    2  a 2  2 
 a  a  a 
2 2
 1  1
8.  a     a    4
 a  a

IDENTITIES
Consider the expansion:  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2
2

1. If a  5 and b  3
 a  b   5  3  82  64 and
2 2

a2  2ab  b2  52  2  5  3  32  25  30  9  64 .
i.e.,  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2
2

2. If a  8 and b  5
 a  b   8  5   3  9 and
2 2 2

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 a 2  2ab  b2   8  5   3  9 and
2 2

a 2  2ab  b2   8  2  8  5  52  64  80  25  9
2

i.e.,  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2
2

In the same way, if we give any number of values to a and b; every time  a  b  and
2

a 2  2ab  b2 will come same (equal).

An equation, which is true for all values of its variables, is called an identity.
Each equation (expansion) given above in article 4.1 is an identity.

EXPANSIONS OF  a  b 
3

 a  b  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b
3
1.
 a3  b3  3ab  a  b   a3  b3   a  b   3ab  a  b 
3

 a  b  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3
3
2.
 a3  b3  3ab  a  b   a3  b3   a  b3   3ab  a  b 
On combining result 1 and result 2, we get:
(a)  a  b   a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3
3

(b) a3  b3   a  b  3ab  a  b 
3

3
 1 1  1
3.  a    a3  3  3  a  
 a a  a
3
1  1  1
 a3    a    3 a  
a 
3
a  a
3
 1 1  1
4.  a    a3  3  3  a  
 a a  a
3
1  1  1
 a  3   a    3 a   .
3

a  a  a

EXPANSION OF  x  a  x  b 
1.  x  a  x  b   x2  ax  bx  ab 1.  x  3 x  5  x2  3  5 x  3 5
 x2   a  b x  ab  x2  8x  15
2.  x  a  x  b  x  ax  bx  ab 2.  x  3 x  5  x2  33  5 x  35
 x2   a  b  x  ab  x2  2 x 15

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 3.  x  a  x  b   x2  ax  bx  ab 3.  x  3 x  5  x2  3  5 x  3 5
 x2   a  b  x  ab  x2  2 x 15
4.  x  a  x  b   x2  ax  bx  ab 4.  x  3 x  5  x2  3  5  3 5
 x2   a  b x  ab  x2  8x  15

EXPANSION OF  a  b  c 
2

a  b  c  a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca

2

a  b  c  a 2  b2  c3  2ab  2bc  2ca

2
1.
 a2  b2  c2  2  ab  bc  ca 

a  b  c  a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca

2
2.
 a2  b2  c2  2  ab  bc  ca 

a  b  c  a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca

2
3.
 a2  b2  c2  2  ab  bc  ca 

a  b  c  a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca

2
4.
 a 2  b2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca 
2

USING EXPANSIONS

SPECIAL PRODUCTS
1.  x  a  x  b  x  c    x2   a  b  x  ab   x  c 
 x3   a  b   x2  abx  cx2   a  b   cx  abc
 x3   a  b  c  x2   ab  bc  ca  x  abc
2.  a  b   a2  ab  b2   a3  b3
3.  a  b   a2  ab  b2   a3  b3
4.  a  b  c   a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca 
 a3  b3  c3  3abc

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