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 Chapter 2 - Relation

Exercise:2.1

Page Number:2.8

Question 1.

Solution :
a 2 5 1
(i)   1, b     , 
3 3 3 3
By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we have:
a 2 5 1
  1, b     , 
3 3  3 3
a  5  2 1
   1  and  b   
3  3  3 3
a 5 1 2
   1 and b  
3 3 3 3
a 2
  and b  1
3 3
 a  2 and b  1
(ii) (x + 1, 1) = (3, y − 2)
By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we have:
 x  1  3 and 1  y  2  x  2 and y  3
Question 2.

Solution :
The ordered pairs (x, −1) and (5, y) belong to the set {(a, b) : b = 2a − 3}.
Thus, we have:
x = a and −1 = b such that b = 2a − 3.
∴ −1 = 2x − 3
or, 2x = 3 − 1 = 2
or, x = 1
Also,
5 = a and y = b such that b = 2a − 3.
∴ y = 2(5) − 3
or, y = 10 − 3 = 7
Thus, we get:
x = 1 and y = 7
Question 3
.
Solution :
Given:
a ∈ [−1, 2, 3, 4, 5] and b ∈ [0, 3, 6]

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We know:
−1 + 6 = 5, 2 + 3 = 5 and 5 + 0 = 5
Thus, possible ordered pairs (a, b) are {(−1, 6), (2, 3), (5, 0)} such that a + b = 5.
Question 4.

Solution :
Given:
a ∈ [2, 4, 6, 9] and b ∈ [4, 6, 18, 27]
Here,
2 divides 4, 6 and 18 and 2 is less than all of them.
6 divides 18 and 6 and 6 is less than 18.
9 divides 18 and 27 and 9 is less than 18 and 27.
Now,
Set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a divides b and a < b = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 18), (6, 18), (9,
18), (9, 27)}
Question 5.
Solution :
Given:
A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 3}
Now,
A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3)}
B × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Question 6.
Solution :
Given:
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4}
Now,
A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
To represent A × B graphically, follow the given steps:
(a) Draw two mutually perpendicular lines—one horizontal and one vertical.
(b) On the horizontal line, represent the elements of set A; and on the vertical line, represent the
elements of set B.
(c) Draw vertical dotted lines through points representing elements of set A on the horizontal line
and horizontal lines through points representing elements of set B on the vertical line.
The points of intersection of these lines will represent A × B graphically.

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Question 7.
Solution :
Given :
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4}
Now,
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4)}
B × A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
B × B = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (4, 4)}
We observe:
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(2, 2)}
Question 8.

Solution :
Given:
n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 4
Thus, we have:
n(A × B) = 5(4) = 20
A and B are two sets having 3 elements in common.
Now,
Let:
A = (a, a, a, b, c) and B = (a, a, a, d)
Thus, we have:
(A × B) = {(a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, d), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, d), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, d), (b, a),
(b, a), (b, a), (b, d), (c, a), (c, a), (c, a), (c, d)}
(B × A) = {(a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a),
(a, b), (a, c), (d, a), (d, a), (d, a), (d, b), (d, c)}
[(A × B) ∩ (B × A)] = {(a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a), (a, a)}
∴ n[(A × B) ∩ (B × A)] = 9
Question 9.

Solution :

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Case (i): Let:
A = (a, b, c)
B = (e, f)
Now, we have:
A × B = {(a, e}), (a, f), (b,e), (b, f), (c, e), (c, f)}
B × A = {(e, a), (e, b), (e, c), (f, a), (f, b), (f, c)}
Thus, they have no elements in common.
Case (ii): Let:
A = (a, b, c)
B = (a, f)
Thus, we have:
A × B = {(a, a}), (a,f), (b, a), (b, f), (c,a), (c, f)}
B × A = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (f, a), (f, b), (f, c)}
Here, A × B and B × A have two elements in common.
Thus, A × B and B × A will have elements in common iff sets A and B have elements in
common.
Question 10.

Solution :
A is the set of all first entries in ordered pairs in A × B and B is the set of all second entries in
ordered pairs in A × B.
Also,
n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2
∴ A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}

Question 11.
Solution :
Given:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ A, a divides b}
We know:
1 divides 1, 2, 3 and 4.
2 divides 2 and 4.
3 divides 3.
4 divides 4.
∴ R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
Question 12.
Solution :
Given:
A = {−1, 1}
Thus, we have:
A × A = {(−1, −1), (−1, 1), (1, −1), (1, 1)}
And,
A × A × A = {(−1, −1, −1), (−1, −1, 1), (−1, 1, −1), (−1, 1, 1), (1, −1, −1), (1, −1, 1), (1, 1, −1),
(1, 1, 1)}
Question 13.

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Solution :
(i) False
Correct statement:
If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then P × Q = {(m, n), (m, m), (n, n), (n, m)}.
(ii) False
Correct statement:
If A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of an ordered pair (x, y) such that x
∈ A and y ∈ B.
(iii) True
A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}
Now,
(B ∩ ϕ) = ϕ
The Cartesian product of any set and an empty set is an empty set.
∴ A × (B ∩ ϕ) = ϕ
Question 14 .

Solution :
Given:
A = {1, 2}
Now,
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
∴ A × A × A = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2), (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 2, 2)}
Question 15.

Solution :
Given:
A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3}
(i) A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}

(ii) B × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4)}

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(iii) A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 4)}

(iv) B × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}

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Exercise:2.2

Page number:2.12

Question 1.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}
Now,
(A × B) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
(B × C) = {(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
∴ (A × B) ∩ (B × C) = {(3, 4)}

Question 2.

Solution :

Given:
A = {2, 3}, B = {4, 5} and C ={5, 6}
Also,
(B ∪ C) = {4, 5, 6}
Thus, we have:
A × (B ∪ C) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3,6)}
And,
(B ∩ C) = {5}
Thus, we have:
A × (B ∩ C) = {(2, 5), (3, 5)}
Now,
(A × B) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
(A × C) = {(2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
∴ (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

Question 3.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4} and C = {5}

(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
We have:
(B ∪ C) = {4, 5}

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LHS: A × (B ∪ C) = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
Now,
(A × B) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
And,
(A × C) = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
RHS: (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
∴ LHS = RHS
(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
We have:
(B ∩ C) = ϕ
LHS: A × (B ∩ C) = ϕ
And,
(A × B) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(A × C) = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
RHS: (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ϕ
∴ LHS = RHS
(iii) A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C)
We have:
(B − C) = ϕ
LHS: A × (B − C) = ϕ
Now,
(A × B) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
And,
(A × C) = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
RHS: (A × B) − (A × C) = ϕ
∴ LHS = RHS

Question 4.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}

(i) A × C ⊂ B × D
LHS: A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}
RHS: B × D = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8),
(4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}
∴A×C⊂B×D
(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
We have:
(B ∩ C) = ϕ
LHS: A × (B ∩ C) = ϕ
Now,
(A × B) = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
(A × C) = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

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RHS: (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = ϕ
∴ LHS = RHS

Question 5.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} and C = {4, 5, 6}

(i) A × (B ∩ C)
Now,

(B ∩ C) = {4}
∴ A × (B ∩ C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
Now,
(A × B) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
And,
(A × C) = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
∴ (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

(iii) A × (B ∪ C)
Now,
(B ∪ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ A × (B ∪ C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3,
6)}

(iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
Now,
(A × B) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
And,
(A × C) = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
∴ (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5),
(3, 6)}

Question 6.

Solution :

(i) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)
Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of (A ∪ B) × C.
Thus, we have:

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 a, b    A  B   C
 a   A  B  and b  C
  a  A or a  B  and b  C
  a  A and b  C  or  a  B and b  C 
  a, b    A  C  or  a, b    B  C 
  a, b    A  C    B  C 
  A  B   C   A  C    B  C  ...  i 
Again, let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A × C) ∪ (B × C).
Thus, we have:

 x, y    A  C    B  C 
  x, y    A  C  or  x, y    B  C 
  x  A & y  C  or  x  B & y  C 
  x  A or x  B  or y  C
  x  A  B & y C
  x, y    A  B   C
  A  C    B  C    A  B   C ...  ii 
From (i) and (ii), we get:
(A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

(ii) (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B×C)
Let (a, b) be an arbitrary element of (A ∩ B) × C.
Thus, we have:

 a, b    A  B   C
 a   A  B & b C
 a  A & a  B & b  C
 a  A & b C  & a  B & b C 
  a, b    A  C  &  a, b    B  C 
  a, b    A  C    B  C 
  A  B   C   A  C    B  C  ...  iii 
Again, let (x, y) be an arbitrary element of (A × C) ∩ (B × C).
Thus, we have:

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 x, y    A  C    B  C 
  x, y    A  C  &  x, y    B  C 
  x  A & y C &  x  B & y C
  x  A & x  B & y C
 x  A  B & y C
  x, y    A  B   C
  A  C    B  C    A  B   C ...  iv 
From (iii) and (iv), we get:
(A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

Question 7.

Solution :

Let :
 x, y    A  B 
 x  A, y  B
Now,
 A B  C  D 
  x, y    C  D 
Or ,
x  C and y  D
Thus, we have :
AC & B D

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Exercise:2.3

Page number:2.20

Question 1.

Solution:

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}
Thus, we have:
A × B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

(i) {(1, 6), (3, 4), (5, 2)}

Since it is not a subset of A × B, it is not a relation from A to B.
(ii) {(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6)}
Since it is a subset of A × B, it is a relation from A to B.
(iii) {(4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)}
Since it is not a subset of A × B, it is not a relation from A to B.
(iv) A × B
Since it is a subset (equal to) of A × B, it is a relation from A to B.

Question 2.

Solution:

Given:
(x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x is relatively prime to y.
Here,
2 is co-prime to 3 and 7.
3 is co-prime to 7 and 10.
4 is co-prime to 3 and 7.
5 is co-prime to 3, 6 and 7.
Thus, we get:
R = {(2, 3), (2, 7), (3, 7), (3, 10), (4, 3), (4, 7), (5, 3), (5, 6), (5, 7)}
Domain of R = {2, 3, 4, 5}
Range of R = {3, 7, 6, 10}

Question 3.

Solution:

Given:
A is the set of the first five natural numbers.

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∴ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The relation is defined as:
(x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x ≤ y
Now,
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4,
5), (5, 5)}
R-1 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (4, 4), (5,
4), (5, 5)}
(i) Domain of R-1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(ii) Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Question 4.

Solution:

(i) R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2), (5, 6)}
R−1 = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (6, 5)}

(ii) R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ N, x + 2y = 8}
On solving x + 2y = 8, we get:
x = 8 – 2y
On putting y = 1, we get x = 6.
On putting y = 2, we get x = 4.
On putting y = 3, we get x = 2.
∴ R = {(6, 1), (4, 2), (2, 3)}
Or,
R−1 = {(1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 2)}

(iii) R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x − 3.
x belongs to {11, 12, 13} and y belongs to {8, 10, 12}.
Also, 11 − 3 = 8 and 13 − 3 = 10
∴ R = {(11, 8), (13,10)}
Or,
R−1 = {(8, 11), (10,13)}

Question 5.

Solution:

(i) A relation R from the set [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] to the set [1, 2, 3] is defined by x = 2y.
Putting y = 1, 2, 3 in x = 2y, we get:
x = 2, 4, 6
∴ R = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3)}

(ii) A relation R on the set [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x is relatively prime to y.

Here,

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2 is relatively prime to 3, 5 and 7.
3 is relatively prime to 2, 4, 5 and 7.
4 is relatively prime to 3, 5 and 7.
5 is relatively prime to 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7.
6 is relatively prime to 5 and 7.
7 is relatively prime to 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
∴ R = {(2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 7), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5,
6), (5, 7), (6, 5), (6, 7), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7,4), (7, 5), (7, 6)}

(iii) A relation R on the set [0, 1, 2,…, 10] is defined by 2x + 3y = 12.

12  3 y
x
2
Putting y = 0, 2, 4, we get:
x = 6, 3, 0
∴ R = {(0, 4), (3, 2), (6, 0)}

(iv) A relation R from the set A = [5, 6, 7, 8] to the set B = [10, 12, 15, 16, 18] defined by (x, y)
∈ R ⇔ x divides y.
Here,
5 divides 10 and 15.
6 divides 12 and 18.
8 divides 16.
∴ R = {(5, 10), (5, 15), (6, 12), (6, 18), (8,16)}

Question 6.

Solution:

Let R be a relation in N defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x + 2y = 8.

We have:
x = 8-2y
For y = 3, 2, 1, we have:
x = 2, 4, 6
∴ R = {(2, 3), (4, 2), (6, 1)}
And,
R−1 = {(3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 6)}

Question 7.

Solution:

Given:
A = (3, 5) and B = (7, 11)
Also,

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R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a − b is odd}
a are the elements of A and b are the elements of B.

 a  b  3  7, 3  11, 5  7, 5  11
 a  b  4,  8,  2,  6
Here, a  b is always an even number.
So, R is an empty relation from A to B.
Hence proved.

Question 8.

Solution:

We have:
A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}
Now,
n  A  B   n  A  n  B   2  2  4
There are 2n relations from A to B, where n is the number of elements in their Cartesian product.
∴ Number of relations from A to B is 24 = 16.

Question 9.

Solution:

(i) R = {(x, x + 5): x ∈ (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)}

We have:
R = {(0, 0 + 5), (1, 1 + 5), (2, 2 + 5), (3, 3 + 5), (4, 4 + 5), (5, 5 + 5)}
Or, R = {(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 10)}
∴ Domain (R) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range (R) = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(ii) R = {(x, x3) : x is a prime number less than 10}

We have:
x = 2, 3, 5, 7
x3 = 8, 27, 125, 343
Thus, we get:
R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}
Domain (R) = {2, 3, 5, 7}
Range (R) = {8, 27, 125, 343}

Question 10.

Solution :

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(i) R = {(a, b) : a ∈ N, a < 5, b = 4}
We have:
a = 1, 2, 3, 4
b=4
R = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)}
Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range (R) = {4}

(ii) S   a, b  : b  a  1 , a  Z and a  3
Now,
a = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
b  3  1  4
b  2  1  3
b  1  1  2
b  0 1  1
b  1 1  0
b  2 1  1
b  3 1  2
Thus, we have:
b = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
Or,
S = {(-3, 4), (-2, 3), (-1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)}
Domain (S) = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Range (S) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

Question 11.

Solution:

Any relation in A can be written as a set of ordered pairs.

The only ordered pairs that can be included are (a, a), (a, b), (b, a) and (b, b).

There are four ordered pairs in the set, and each subset is a unique combination of them.
Each unique combination makes different relations in A.
{ } [the empty set]
{(a, a)}
{(a, b)}
{(a, a), (a, b)}
{(b, a)}
{(a, a), (b, a)}
{(a, b), (b, a)}
{(a, a), (a, b), (b, a)}
{(b, b)}

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{(a, a), (b, b)}
{(a, b), (b, b)}
{(a, a), (a, b), (b, b)}
{(b, a), (b, b)}
{(a, a), (b, a), (b, b)}
{(a, b), (b, a), (b, b)}
{(a ,a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)}

Number of elements in the Cartesian product of A and A = 2×2=4

∴ Number of relations = 24=16

Question 12.

Solution:

Given:
A = (x, y, z) and B = (a, b)
Now,
Number of elements in the Cartesian product of A and B  3  2  6
Number of relations from A to B = 26  64

Question 13.

Solution:

Given: R = [(a, b) : a, b ∈ N and a = b2]

(i) (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ N.

Here, 2 ∈N, but 2≠22.
∴ (2,2)∉R
False

(ii) (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

∵ 4 = 22
(4, 2) ∈ R, but (2,4)∉R.
False

(iii) (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R

∵ 16 = 42 and 4 = 22
∴ (16, 4) ∈ R and (4, 2) ∈ R
Here,
(16,2)∉R
False

Question 14.

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Solution:

A = [1, 2, 3,…, 14]

R = {(x, y) : 3x − y = 0, where x, y ∈ A}
Or,
R = {(x, y) : 3x = y, where x, y ∈ A}
As
3 1  3
3 2  6
3 3  9
3  4  12

Or,
R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}

Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Range (R) = {3, 6, 9, 12}
Co-domain (R) = A

Question 15.

Solution:

R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5, x is a natural number less than 4, x, y ∈ N}

(i) ∵ x = 1, 2, 3
∴ y = 1 + 5, 2 + 5, 3 + 5
y = 6, 7, 8
Thus, we have:
R = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}

(ii)

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Now,
Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3}
Range (R) = {6, 7, 8}

Question 16.

Solution:

A = [1, 2, 3, 5] and B = [4, 6, 9]

R = {(x, y) : the difference between x and y is odd, x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
For x = 1,
4-1 = 3 and 6-1 = 5
y = 4, 6
For x = 2,
9-2 = 7
y=9
For x = 3,
4-3 = 1 and 6-3 = 3
y = 4, 6
For x = 5,
5-4 =1 and 6-5 =1
y = 4, 6
Thus, we have:
R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}

Question 17.

Solution:

R = {(x, x3) : x is a prime number less than 10}

x = 2, 3, 5, 7
x3 = 8, 27, 125, 343
R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}

Question 18.

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Solution:

A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ A, b is exactly divisible by a}

(i) Here,
2 is divisible by 1 and 2.
3 is divisible by 1 and 3.
4 is divisible by 1 and 4.
5 is divisible by 1 and 5.
6 is divisible by 1, 2, 3 and 6.
∴ R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6,
6)}

(ii) Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(iii) Range (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Question 19

Solution :

(i) We have:
5-2 = 3
6-2 = 4
7-2 = 5
∴ R =  x, y  : y  x  2, x  P, y  Q

(ii) R = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5)}

(iii) Domain (R) = {5, 6, 7}

Range (R) = {3, 4, 5}

Question 20.

Solution:

R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ Z, a − b is an integer}
We know:
Difference of any two integers is always an integer.
Thus, for all a, b ∈ Z, we get a − b as an integer.
∴ Domain (R) = Z
And,
Range (R) = Z

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Question 21.

Solution:

We have:
(a, b) ∈ R1 ⇔ 1 + ab > 0
Let:
a = 1, b = -12 and c = -4
Now,

 1  1   1  1
1,    R1 and   , 4   R1 , as 1      0 and 1      4   0 .
 2  2   2  2

But 1+1×-4 <0.

∴ (1,-4) ∉R1
And,
(a, b) ∈ R1 and (b , c) ∈ R1
Thus, (a, c) ∈ R1 is not true for all a, b, c ∈ R.

Question 22.

Solution:

We are given ,
(a, b) R (c, d) ⇔ a + d = b + c for all (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N

(i) (a, b) R (a, b) for all (a, b) ∈ N × N

 a  b  b  a for all a, b  N
  a, b  R  a, b  for all a, b  N

(ii) (a, b) R (c, d) ⇒ (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N
 a , b  R  c, d   a  d  b  c
 cb  d a
  c, d  R  a , b 

(iii) (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) ⇒ (a, b) R (e, f) for all (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ N × N
 a, b  R  c, d  and  c, d  R  e, f 
 a  d  b  c and c  f  d  e
 ad c f  bcd e
 a f  be
  a, b  R  e, f 

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Exercise: Very Short Question

Page number:2.24

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact
requirement of the question:

Question 1.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5} and C = {2, 5}
Now,
(A − C) = {1, 4}
(B − C) = {4}
Thus, we have:
(A − C) × (B − C) = {(1, 4), (4, 4)}

Question 2.

Solution :

Given:
n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 4
Now, we have:
n(A × A × B) = n  A  A  n  B   3  3  4  36

Question 3.

Solution :

We need to find (x, y) ∈ R such that x2 + y2 = 9.

2 2
Now, 3   02  9  3  02  9
x can take values -3, 0 and 3.
∴ Domain (R) = {-3, 0, 3}

Page number:2.25

Question 4.

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Solution :

Given:
R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4}
We know:
2
 2   02  4
2
 2   02  4
2
 1  02  4
2
1  02  4
2 2
 1  1  4
02  02  4
2 2
1  1  4
2 2
 1   1  4
∴ Domain (R) = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

Question 5.

Solution :

Given:
A = (11, 12, 13) and B = (8, 10, 12)
R is defined by (y = x − 3) from A to B.
We know:
8 = 11-3
10 = 13-3
∴ R = {(11, 8), (13, 10)}
Or,
R-1 = {(8, 11), (10, 13)}

Question 6.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3}

R   a, b  : a 2  b 2  5, a, b  A 

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We know that
12  12  5,
22  22  5,
32  32  5,
12  22  5,
22  12  5,
22  32  5,
32  22  5
Thus, R ={(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2)}

Question 7.

Solution :

R = [(x, y) : x, y ∈ Z, y = 2x − 4]
(a, -2) and (4, b2) ∈ R

So,  2  2(a)  4
 2  2a
 a 1

Also, b 2  2  4   4
 b2  4
b  2

Thus, a =1 and b = ±2

Question 8.

Solution :

Given:
R = {(2, 1), (4, 7), (1, −2), …}
We can observe that
1  3 2  5
7  3 4  5
2  3 1  5

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Thus, the linear relation between the components of the ordered pairs of the relation R is y = 3x –
5.

Question 9.

Solution

Given:
A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4}
R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ A × B and x > y}

A × B = {(1,2),(1,4),(3,2),(3,4),(5,2),(5,4)}
As 3 > 2, 5 > 2 and 5 > 4,
we have R = {(3,2),(5,2),(5,4)}

Question 10.

Solution :

R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ W, 2x + y = 8}

As y  8  2 x
For x  0, y  8
For x  1, y  6
For x  2, y  4
For x  3, y  2
For x  4, y  0
For x  5, y  0
So, y 0 for all x 5

∴ Domain (R) = {0,1,2,3,4} and Range (R) = {0,2,4,6,8}

Question 11.

Solution :

Given:
(x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B
n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2

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 x,1  A  B  x  A , 1 B
Similarly, y  A, 2  B
and z  A, 1 B

So, A = {x,y,z} and B = {1,2}

Question 12.

Solution :

Given:
A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}
R = {(x, y) : x − y is odd}

Since 1-4 = -3 is odd, we have:

1-6 = -5 is odd
2-9 = -7 is odd
3-4 =-1 is odd
3-6 = -3 is odd
5-4 = 1 is odd
5-6 = -1 is odd

∴ R = {(1,4),(1,6),(2,9),(3,4),(3,6),(5,4),(5,6)}

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Exercise: Multiple Choice Questions

Page number:2.25

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

Question 1.

Solution :

(b) {(1, 4)}

A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5} and C = {2, 5}

(A − B) = {1}
(B − C) = {4}
So, (A − B) × (B − C) = {(1,4)}

Question 2.

Solution :

(d) none of these

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
x R y ⇔ y = 3x
For x = 1, y = 3
For x = 2, y = 6
For x = 3, y = 9

Thus, R = {(1,3),(2,6),(3,9)}

Question 3.

Solution :

(a) {(3, 3), (3, 1), (5, 2)}

A = {1, 2, 3}, B ={1, 3, 5}

R = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3)}
∴ R−1 = {(3,1),(5,2),(3,3)}

Question 4.

Solution :

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(c) {1}
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 4, 6, 9}
R is a relation from A to B defined by: x is greater than y.
Then R = {(2,1),(3,1)}
∴ Range (R) = {1}

Question 5.

Solution :

(c) {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4}
We know that,
2
 2   02  4
2
  2   02  4
2
  1  02  4
2
 1  02  4
2 2
  1  1  4
 02  02  4
2 2
 1  1  4
2 2
  1   1  4
Hence, domain (R) = {-2,-1,0,1,2,}

Question 6.

Solution :

(d) {2, 3, 4, 5}

Given:
From {2, 3, 4, 5} to {3, 6, 7, 10}, x R y ⇔ x is relatively prime to y

2 is relatively prime to 3,7

3 is relatively prime to 7,10
4 is relatively prime to 3,7
5 is relatively prime to 3,6,7

So, domain of R is {2,3,4,5}

Question 7.

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Solution :

(d) i ϕ 1

We have i  12  02 1
Thus, i ϕ 1 satisfies x ϕ y ⇔ x = y.

Question 8.

Solution :

(c) {2, 4, 6}

x + 2y = 8
⇒ x = 8 – 2y
For y = 1, x = 6
y = 2, x = 4
y = 3, x = 2
Then R = {(2,3),(4,2),(6,1)}
∴ Domain of R = {2,4,6}

Question 9.

Solution:

(a) [(8, 11), (10, 13)]

R is a relation from [11, 12, 13] to [8, 10, 12], defined by y = x − 3

Now, we have:
11- 3 = 8
13 – 3 = 10
So, R = {(13,10),(11,8)}
∴ R−1 = {(10,13),(8,11)}

Question 10.

Solution:

(c) pq

n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B)

= p × q = pq

Question 11.

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Solution:

(c) R ⊆ A × B

If R is a relation from set A to set B, then R is always a subset of A × B.

Question 12.

Solution:

(a) 2mn

Given: n(A) = m
n(B) = n
∴ nA×B = mn
Then, the number of relations from A to B is 2mn .

Question 13.

Solution:

(b) 2n2

Given : A finite set with n elements

Its Cartesian product with itself will have n2 elements.
∴ Number of relations on A = 2n2

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