SURVEY PRACTICAL II

LABORATORY MANUAL

List of Experiments
1) Study of parts of a transit theodolite & performing temporary adjustments
2) Measurement of horizontal angle by repetition method
3) Measurement of horizontal angle by reiteration method
4) Determination of horizontal distance (base inaccessible)
5) Determination of horizontal distance (base accessible)
6) Measurement of vertical Angles
7) Determination of elevation of top of the building, if base is accessible
8) Determination of elevation of top of the building, if base is inaccessible
9) Traverse using Theodolite
10) Profile Leveling
11) Cross-sectional Leveling
12) Contour Survey (Square or Grid Method)
13) Contour Survey (Radial method)

Prepared by
Kiran S. R.
Lecturer
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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
STUDY OF PARTS OF A TRANSIT THEODOLITE & PERFORMING
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS
OBJECTIVE:
To study different parts of transit Theodolite and its Temporary adjustments.
DEFINITON AND TERMS:
1. Vertical Axis:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.
2. Horizontal Axis:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.
3. Line Of Collination:
It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the diaphragm to the optical
center of the object glass and its continuation.
4. Axis Of The Telescope:
It is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye-piece.
5. Axis Of The Level Tube:
It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at the center of the tube.
6. Centering:
The process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark is known as centering.
7. Transiting:
It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180º about the trunnion axis.
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT:
1. Telescope:
It consists of eye-piece, object glass and focusing screw and it is used to sight the object.
2. Vertical Circle:
It is used to measure vertical angles.
3. Levelling Head:
It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates. Its uses are
a. To support the main part of the instrument.
b. To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
4. Lower Plate:
It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw.
5. Upper Plate: The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. It
consists an upper clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper plate with
lower plate accurately.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
6. Foot Screws:
These are used to level the instrument
7. Plumb Bob:
It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.
8. Swinging The Telescope:
It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane. A swing is called
right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter clockwise.
9. Face Left:
If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the observation of the angles
taken is known as face left observation.
10. Face Right:
If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the observation of the
angles taken is known as face right observation.
11. Changing Face:
It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and vice-versa.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:
There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. These are
1. Setting up the theodolite over a station.
2. Leveling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.
1. Setting Up:
It includes two operations
1. Centering a theodolite over a station: Done by means of plumb bob.
2. Approximately leveling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs radially or
circumferentially.
2. Leveling Up:
Having centered and approximately leveled the instrument, accurate leveling is done with the
help of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical axis shall be truly
vertical.
To level the instrument the following operations have to be done.
1. Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to a
line joining any two of the leveling screws (A & B).
2. Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand
uniformly so that the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each other until the
bubble comes to the center.
3. Turn the upper plate through 90º i.e until the axes of the level passes over the position
of the third leveling screw ‘C’.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
 4. Turn this leveling screw until the bubble comes to the center.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90º to its original position fig(a) and repeat step(2) till
the bubble comes to the center.
6. Turn back again through 90º and repeat step 4.
7. Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.
8. Now rotate the instrument through 180º. The bubble should be remaining in the center
of its run, provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis will then be truly vertical.
3. Elimination Of Parallax:
Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of the
cross hairs. Unless parallax is eliminated, accurate sighting is not possible. Parallax can be
eliminated in two steps.
A. Focussing The Eye-Piece:
Point the telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in front of the telescope. Move the
eyepiece in and out until a distant and sharp black image of the cross-hairs is seen.
B. Focussing The Object:
Telescope is now turned towards object to be sighted and the focusing screw is turned until
image appears clear and sharp.

RESULT:

______________________________________________________________________________
Miscellaneous Notes: Measurement of Angles
(Not to be reproduced on Fair Record)

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE BY REPETITION
METHOD
OBJECTIVE:
To measure a horizontal angle by repetition method.

THEORY: In this method, the angle is added several times mechanically and the value of
the angle obtained by dividing the accumulated reading by the number of repetitions.

EQUIPMENTS USED:
Transit Theodolite, Tripod and Ranging rods

PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the instrument over ‘O’ and level it accurately.
2. With the help of upper clamp and tangent screw, set 0º reading on vernier ‘A’. Note the
reading of vernier ‘B’.
3. Release the upper clamp and direct the telescope approximately towards the point ‘P’. Tighten
the lower clamp and bisect point ‘P’ accurately by lower tangent screw.
4. Release the upper clamp and turn the instrument clock-wise towards Q. Clamp the upper
clamp and bisect ‘Q’ accurately with the upper tangent screw. Note the readings of verniers ‘A’
and ‘B’ to get the values of the angle POQ.
5. Release the lower clamp and turn the telescope clockwise to sight P again. Bisect P by using
the lower tangent screw.
6. Release the upper clamp, turn the telescope clockwise and sight Q. Bisect Q by using the
upper tangent screw.
7. Repeat the process until the angle measured (required number of times is 3). The average
angle with face left will be equal to final reading divided by three.
8. Change face and make three more repetitions as described above. Find the average angle with
face right, by dividing the final reading by three.
9. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the two angles with
face left and face right.

RESULT:
The Included angle POQ is _______________________.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE BY REITERATION
METHOD
OBJECTIVE:
To measure horizontal angle by reiteration method.

EQUIPMENTS:
Transit Theodolite, Tripod and Ranging rods

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the instrument over “O” and level it. Now set the Vernier to zero and bisect point A
accurately.
2. Loose the upper clamp and turn the Telescope clockwise to point B. Bisect B by using the
upper tangent screw. Read both the Verniers, the mean of the Verniers will give the angles AOB.
3. Similarly, bisect successively C, D etc, thus closing the circle. Read both the Verniers at each
bisection.
4. Finally sight to A the reading of the vernier should be the same as the original setting reading.
Repeat the steps 02 to 04 with other face i.e. Face Right. The average of angles measured with
Face Left & Face Right is then computed.

RESULT:
Included Angle AOB is _________________________.
Included Angle BOC is _________________________.
Included Angle COD is _________________________.
Included Angle DOA is _________________________.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DETERMINATION OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (BASE
INACCESSIBLE)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the horizontal distance between two points, the base of which are not accessible
from the instrument station.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Transit Theodolite, Pegs, Hammers, Metric Tape, Field book etc.

PROCEDURE:
Let PQ is the inaccessible line, whose distance is to be determined.
1. Set the instrument over “A” and perform temporary adjustments. Now set the Vernier to zero
and bisect point P accurately with the Theodolite in Face Left position.
2. Loose the upper clamp and turn the Telescope clockwise to point Q. Bisect B by using the
upper tangent screw. Read both the Verniers.
3. Similarly, bisect B and read both the Verniers.
4. Now transit the telelcope. Theodolite is now is Face Right position. Make A-vernier 360-360
and bisect B exactly. Swing the telescope anticlockwise to bisect points Q and P. Also note the
vernier readings at these positions.
5. Instrument is now shifted to the station B. Perform the temporary adjustments and measure
angles about B, bisecting A, P & Q at both Face positions.
6. Measure the baseline distance AB using a Tape.
௔ ௕ ௖
7. Using sine formula, = = , the sides of the triangle formed by the lines of sight
ୱ୧୬ ஺ ୱ୧୬ ஻ ୱ୧୬ େ
can be determined.
8. Using the cosine formula, a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A, the distance PQ can be determined.

P.T.O
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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
RESULT:
The horizontal distance PQ = ______________________________ is determined.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DETERMINATION OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (BASE ACCESSIBLE)

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the horizontal distance between two points, the base of which are accessible from
the instrument station.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Transit Theodolite, Pegs, Hammers, Metric Tape etc.

PROCEDURE:
Let PQ is the inaccessible line, whose distance is to be determined.
1. Set the instrument over “A” and perform temporary adjustments. Now set the Vernier to zero
and bisect point P accurately with the Theodolite in Face Left position.
2. Loose the upper clamp and turn the Telescope clockwise to point Q. Bisect Q by using the
upper tangent screw. Read both the Verniers.
3. Now transit the telescope. Theodolite is now is Face Right position. Make A-vernier 360-360
and bisect Q exactly. Swing the telescope anticlockwise to bisect P. Also note the vernier
readings at these positions. Find the mean included angle PAQ.
4. Measure the horizontal distance AP and AQ with tape.
5. Using the cosine formula, a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A, the distance PQ can be determined.

RESULT:
The horizontal distance PQ = ______________________________ is determined.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES

OBJECTIVE:
To measure the vertical angle of an object with respect to instrument station.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Transit Theodolite and tripod

THEORY:
A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line of sight and the horizontal.

PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the instrument at station P and perform all temporary adjustments.
2. Bring the line of collimation horizontal and enter the initial readings in the tabular form.
3. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the top of the object Q, and clamp the vertical
clamp screw. Read C and D verniers and enter the readings.
4. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the bottom of the object Q, and clamp the screw. Read
vernier readings.
5. Change the face of the instrument and repeat the process.
6. The sum or difference of these reading of top & bottom of objects gives the vertical angle of
the object with respect to the instrument station.

RESULT:
Observed vertical angle = ____________________________.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Staff Reading at Benchmark S =
RL of BM =
HI = RLBM + S =
h1 = D tan α1 =
h2 = D tan α2 =
Height of building = h1 + h2 =
RL of top of building = HI + h1 =
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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
DETERMINATION OF THE ELEVATION OF TOP OF THE BUILDING
IF BASE IS ACCESSIBLE

OBJECTIVE:
To Determine the height of Building by measuring vertical angles. Further to find the elevation
of the top of the building, if base of the building is accessible.

EQUIPMENTS:
Theodolite, Leveling Staff, Tape or Chain, Pegs, Plumb bob

PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the instrument at station P.
2. Perform all temporary adjustments.
3. Bring the line of collimation horizontal.
4. Enter the initial readings in the tabular form.
5. Swing the telescope and take staff reading over the given B.M.
6. Swing the telescope towards the object.
7. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the top of the object Q1, and clamp the vertical
clamp screw.
8. Read C and D verniers and enter the readings.
9. Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the bottom of the object Q, and clamp the screw.
10. Read vernier readings and enter in the tabular form.
11. The above procedure will be repeated with the face right observation.
12. The average of the two observations by transiting the telescope taken with different
faces will be vertical angle.
13. Measure the Horizontal distance D between the instrument station and the object.
14. Calculate the height of the top point Q1 from horizontal line (h1) and height of the bottom
point Q from horizontal line (h2) by using formula h = D tan α

RESULT:
Height of the building = ____________________________.
Elevation of the top of building = ____________________________.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Staff Readings, S1 = S2 =
Horizontal dist. b/w P & R = b =
h1-h2 = S2-S1 = S
ୗ ା ୠ ୲ୟ୬ ஑ଶ
D=
୲ୟ୬ ஑ଵ ି ୲ୟ୬ ஑ଶ
h1 = D tan α1
h2 = (b + D) tan α2
R.L. of Q = R.L. of B.M. + S1 + h1
R.L. of Q = RL of B.M. + S2 + h2

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
DETERMINATION OF THE ELEVATION OF TOP OF THE BUILDING
IF BASE IS INACCESSIBLE

OBJECTIVE:
To find the elevation of the top of the building, if base of the building is inaccessible.

EQUIPMENTS:
Theodolite, Leveling Staff, Tape or Chain, Pegs, Plumb bob

PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the Theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble. See that
the vertical circle reads zero, when the line of sight is horizontal.
2. Direct the telescope towards Q and bisect it accurately clamp both the plates. Read the vertical
angle α1.
3. Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reversed. Mark the instrument station R on the
ground along the line of sight. Measure the dist. b/w P&R accurately. Let it be ‘b’. Repeat the
steps (2) & (3) for both face observations. The mean values should be adopted in the
calculations.
4. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading and the altitude bubble in the center of its run take
the reading on the leveling staff kept at B.M. Let it be ‘S1’.
5. Shift the instrument to R and set up the Theodolite there. Measure the vertical angle ‘α2’ to Q
with both face observations. Also, take the staff reading at BM and let it be ‘S2’.

RESULT:
Horizontal distance between the building & instrument station = _______________________.
Elevation of the top of building = ____________________________.

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Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
TRAVERSE USING THEODOLITE

OBJECTIVE:
To prepare Gale’s Traverse table and to determine the area of given plot ABCDE

EQUIPMENTS:
Theodolite, Tape or Chain, Pegs, Plumb bob

PROCEDURE:
Let ABCDE is the given field the area of which is required to be determined and plotted.
1. Measure the length of the sides AB, BC, CD, DE& EA accurately using a Tape.
2. Setup the Theodolite over A. Conduct centring, leveling and make A vernier zero.
3. Making telescope in Face Left position & releasing lower clamp, bisect the preceding
station E accurately. Read the C & D vernier with Face left position and note the readings
in the field book.
4. Release the upper clamp, swing right and bisect the succeeding station B and repeat the
step 3. Change the face and read the mean angle EAB. The average included angle EAB
is noted.
5. Shift the instrument and setup over B. Repeat the steps from 2 to 4, to find the successive
included angles of the closed traverse.
6. Observe the whole circle bearing (WCB) of any line where the local attraction will be
zero or minimum. For measuring WCB, set A vernier to zero, release the lower clamp,
swing the telecope towards north. Using the tubular compass attachment, direct the
telescope towards the North. Release the upper clamp and swing Right and bisect the
succeeding station. Note the horizontal angle, which the WCB of the line.
7. From the observed included angles, WCB and linear measurements, Gale’s traverse table
is prepared and the area is calculated.

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 Calculations:

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
 RESULT:

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
PROFILE LEVELLING
OBJECTIVE:
To prepare the longitudinal section or profile of the given points and also find out the reduced
levels.

THEORY:
The process of determining elevation of the points at short intervals along a fixed line is called
longitudinal or a profile leveling.

PROCEDURE:
1. Let A and B the line of section set out on the ground and marked with pegs driven at
equal intervals.
2. The level is set up generally on one side of the profile to avoid too short sight on the
point near the instrument and care is taken to set up the level approximately mid way between
two change points.
3. The levelling is started from the bench mark (usually 100.00 m).
4. From each set up, staff reading are taken on pegs which are already fixed at desired
intervals and also at significant points where abrupt changes of slope etc occur.
5. All this readings are recorded as intermediate sights against the respective changes along
the line in the level book.
6. Change points are taken at suitable intervals as per requirement.

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
RESULT:

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
 Distance Staff Reading
Station L C R BS IS FS HI RL Remarks

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
CROSS SECTIONAL LEVELLING

OBJECTIVE:
To find the elevation and traverse station for making cross section

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Level instrument, tripod, chain, leveling staff, tape, cross staff, steel arrows.

THEORY:
Cross sectioning is a method of leveling to know the nature of ground on either sides of
the centre line of the proposed route and leveling is carried out along these cross sections. They
are the sections run at right angles to the centre line and on the either side on the centre line. The
length of cross section depends upon the nature of the work.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the station point A and B.
2. Then fix intermediate station points between A and B with the interval of 10 m
3. For each station point, to be measured convenient length on both side of each station (at
least 2 points in each side) perpendicular to the longitudinal line.
4. Leveling instrument is set up at convenient position near bench mark.
5. After setting up instrument, perform temporary adjustment.
6. First sight of B.M (point of known elevation) is taken on A and reading is entered as back
sight.
7. If distance is large, instrument is shifted to new point.
8. After setting up instrument at new position, perform temporary adjustment and take back
sight on the last point. The change point will have both back sight and fore sight reading.
9. Continue the above procedure till reach the last station point B.
10. Readings are entered in a tabular form and reduced levels calculated by height of
instrument method.

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RESULT:

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 Staff Reading
Station Chainage BS IS FS HI RL Remarks

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Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
CONTOUR SURVEYING (Indirect)
[SQUARE or GRID METHOD]
AIM:
To determine the reduced level of various stations by conducting leveling along predetermined
staff stations at particular intervals and preparing contour map by square method.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Dumpy level with tripod, 4m leveling staff, tape or chain, level field book.

PROCEDURE:
Let ABCDE is the field of which the contour map is to be prepared. For preparing the map
reduced level of various points at particular intervals shall be taken.
1. Conduct reconnaissance survey. The whole field is divided into squares at convenient
intervals of 5m along X-axis and 5m along Y-axis.
2. Select the instrument station so that maximum staff stations are visible and readable at
reasonable distance .
3. Set up the leveling instrument at a station so that staff at the bench mark and the staff at
A1, A2, A3,…….etc, B1, B2, B3,……etc, C1,C2,C3…….etc are visible.
4. Conduct all temporary adjustments correctly.
5. Take a back sight reading on the staff held at the bench mark and enter in the field book.
6. Rotate the telescope smoothly and side staff held at A1, A2, A3,…….etc, B1, B2,
B3,……etc, C1,C2,C3…….etc take the staff reading. Enter in the IS column of field book and
enter the respective chainages also.
7. Rotate the telescope smoothly and sight last staff that observable, read the staff reading.
Enter in the FS column of field book.
8. Shift the instrument to another station so that the remaining station D1,D2,D3 …etc and
E1, E2, E3......etc are visible.
9. Conduct all temporary adjustment correctly. Take a back sight reading on the last staff in
the previous set up of the instrument and enter in the field book.
10. Rotate the telescope smoothly and sight the staff held at D1,D2,D3 …etc and E1, E2,
E3......etc and take the staff reading. Enter in the IS column of field book and enter the respective
chainage also.
11. The process is repeated till the last station in the field.
12. From the observed staff reading the reduced level of stations are calculated.
13. Draw the map and locate the staff station in it by drawing the grid. Name the stations
accordingly.

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14. Mark the respective reduced level of the station.
15. After fixing the contour interval, interpolate the stations of required reduced levels
(arithmetical method or trial and error method can be adopted accordingly to the precision of the
map)
16. Using a smooth and freehand line, join the station having the same reduced level. These
lines will be the required contour lines.

RESULT :

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Prepared by Kiran S. R., Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Central Polytechnic College Thiruvananthapuram
 Staff Reading
Station Chainage BS IS FS HI RL Remarks

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Date:
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
CONTOUR SURVEYING (Indirect)
[RADIAL METHOD]
AIM:
To determine the reduced level of various stations by conducting leveling along the
predetermined staff station at particular interval and preparing contour map by radial method.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Auto level with horizontal angle attachment (or Theodolite), tripod, 4m leveling staff,
tape or chain, level field book.

PROCEDURE:
Let ABCDE is the field of which the contour map is to be prepared. For preparing the map
reduced level of various point at particular intervals shall be taken.
1. Conduct reconnaissance survey. Select the instrument station so that max staff stations
are visible and readable.
2. Set up the leveling instrument at a station so that the staff at the bench mark and the
remaining staff stations are visible.
3. Conduct all temporary adjustments correctly. Take a back sight reading on the staff held
at the bench mark and enter in the field book.
4. Select any radial line as the reference line and set horizontal angle 0-0.
5. Rotate the telescope smoothly and sight the staff held at A1, A2, A3,…….etc, and take the
readings. Enter in the IS column of field book. Enter the respective chainages and horizontal
angle also.
6. Rotate the telescope smoothly and sight the last staff that is observable, read the staff
reading. Enter in the FS column of field book.
7. From the observed staff readings, the reduced levels of stations are calculated.
8. Draw the map, and locate the staff stations and instrument stations in it. Draw the radial
lines and locate the staff stations. Name the stations accordingly.
9. Mark the respective reduced levels of the stations. Using a smooth and freehand line, join
the station having the same reduced level. These lines will be the required contour lines.

RESULT:

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