Component parts of a Transit Theodolite.
Measurement of horizontal angle by Reitrition
1 levelling head: This consist of a bribrach plate
having 3 Arms,
each provided with a leveling screw .
2 - Standards: Two uprights called standards or
A frame stand upon the vernier plate to support
the horizontal axis
3- Plate levels: Two bubble tubes called plate
levels are fixed at 90° to each other on the
upper plate for
levelling the instrument
5- Telescope: It is fixed at the centre of the
horizontal axis at 90° to each on transit
theodolite, the telescope
can be revolve through complete revolution
about the
borixental axis in the vertical plane
6. Vertical circle:
It is rigidly fixed or attached to the
with it. It carries two verniers marked 'c' and 'D'
The vertical & circle is normally divided into 4
quadrants, graduated from 0°-90° in opposite
direction.
7-compass-
All modern theodolites are provided with
tubulars compass, which May be suewed to
anyone of the standards
8. Spindle or axis:
These are two axis which are co-axial.The inner
axis which is solid and conical fits into the Outer
axis which is bollow. These two axis have a
common axis called as vertical axis of the
instrument
Temporary Adjustments of a Transit Theodulite
1 Setting up
2. Centering
3. Levelling up
4. Focusing eye piece
5. Focusing objectives
1. Setting up the theodolite.
→Place the tripod over the station.
→ The legs of the tripod should be spread.
• The shoes of the legs should be pulled into
the ground
- Take out the instrument from the box, Screw it
formly on the tripod head.
→ For Centering purpose suspend a plumb bob
from the book beneath the inner Spindle.
2. Centering
. Approximate centering is done by tripod legs:
The tripod legs are moved radially or
circumferencially for centering.
The exact centering is done by means of the
shifting head
3. Levelling up.
•The plate babble is made parallel to a pair of
foot screws and its babble is bought into centre
by rotating the foot Saews inwards or outwards
in equal amount.
•The plate bubble is then formed through 90°.
By rotating the 3rd foot screw the bubble is
bought in the centre
•Then the plate bubble is bought to its original
position.
•This process is repeated until the bubble
remains centre at these two points.
4. Focusing the eye piece
•The telescope is pointed towards the sky or
Paper is placed infront of the objective.
•Then the eyepiece is moved in or out by
rotating gadually until two cross hairs are
appear quite sharp and clear.
5. focusing the objective
•The objective is focused to bring the image of
the object in the plane of cross hairs.
•The telescope is directed towards the object .
•The focusing screw is turned untill the image
of the object appears sharp and clear.
Measurement of horizontal angle by Repetition
Method.
Procedure:
1. The theodolite is setup at o' and all the
temperoxy adjustments are made.
2. with face left condition adjust the vernier A'
to read 0°0'0" by using upper clamp and
tangent screw. So that reading on Vernier 'B'
will be 180° 0'0".
3. Loosen the lower clamp and rotate the
telescope and bisect the left hand object A.
Tighten the lower clamp make fine bisection of A
using lower tangent Screw.
4. Release the upper clamp, rotate the
telescope in horizontal plane, clockwise
direction until the right hand object B is
bisected. Tighten the upper clamp make fine
bisection of B using upper tangent screw.and
note the vernier reading on 'A' and 'B:
5.Release the lower clamp and tam telescope in
horizontal plane, clockwise direction till the
right hand object A is again bisected. Tighten
the lower clamp and make fine bisection by
means of lower tangent screw.
6. Release the upper clamping screw and rotate
telescope in clock wise direction and bisect B'
again. Tighten the upper clamp and make fine
adjust bisection using upper tangent Sciew.
Note the vernier reading Á and B.
7. The above procedure is repeated till the
required no of repetitions is obtained. The mean
of the face left will obtain by deviding the final
reading by the no of repetitions . [That may be
3).
8. The face of theodolite isnow changed to right
and with face right three more repetition are
made and found out by dividing final reading by
no of repetition
9. The mean borixental angle is the average of
the above two means. [one with face left and
other withface night] The readings are entered in
a book.
method :
Procedure:
The theodolite is set up at o'and temperary
adjustments are done. The reading on Vernier
'A' is then adjusted to o'o' 0",Using upper
clamp and tangent surew.
•Bisect the object A with the help lower camp
andtangent screw.
•The upper clamp is then released and the
telescope is rotated in clockwise direch and the
object B is bisected Make fine bisection using
upper tangent screw.
•Both Verniers are read and take the average.
This will be required LAOB.
• Release the upper clamp rotate the telescope
in clockwise direction and bisect object C using
upper tangent screw Take the Vernier readings A
and B.
• The above procedure is repeated to bisect the
next objects in succession. And both vaniey are
read Corresponding included angles are worked
out.
•Lastly horixen is closed by bisecting the same
ini tial object 'A'. The final reading now should
be the Same initial reading.
• If not error is noted and equally distributed all
angles. If the error is beyond the permiable
limit, the above work is to be repeated.
•with the changed face the whole process is
repeated and the required angles are object.
•the mean of the above two sets of observation
gives the required horizontal angles above
readings are the tabluated in book
Double Sighting method
1. Setup the instrument over B with face left
condition. Level it accurately and clamp the
Screw
2- Sight the Station A' clamp the lower plate,
Bisect A' exactly using lower tangent Screw.
3. Transit the telescope and establish a point C,
in line with AB' beyond 'B'
4. Change the face and bisect 'A' again by
means of lower clamp and tangent Saew. The
telescope is now in inverted position.
5. Transit telescope set a point C₂ in line with
AB'.
6. The point C₂ will not coincide with point c,, if
the instrument in adjustment. C₁ and ₂ will be
the true prolongation BC
7. Measure the distance c1 and c3 accurately
with the tape. And establish “c” exactly midway
between the point “c” is on the prolongation of
AB
8. Move the instruments to station “c” and
establish the point “D” using the above
procedure. Repeat the above process tilll last
point is established
(i) Vertical axis: It is the axis about which the
instrument rotates in the horizontal plane It is
also known as Aximuth axis. It is a line passing
through the centered inner Spindle, Outer
Spindle and bearing in the tribrach .
Horizontal axis: It is also known as trunion axis I
s the axis about which Vertical plane
Transiting: It is the operation of turning the
telescope about the horixental axis in the
Vertical plane through 180°. This operation is
also called ver reversing or plunging.
Swinging: It is the process of turning the
telescope about Vertical axis in the horizontal
plane. The swing is called right swing when the
telescope is termed clock wise The Swing is
called left swing when the telescope is turned
anti-clockwise directly
Line of collimation
It is the imaginasy line passing through the
intersection Cross bairs and cross bairsof the
diapa diaphragm and the optical Centre of the
objective.
face left observation: If the vertical circle is on
the left side of the observer, the theodolite is in
the face left condition. This is also called
Telescope in normal position. The reading taken
in this condition is called it
changing the face: It is the operation of bringing
the telescope from face right condition to face
left condition and vise versa
MODULE 1
LIST USES OF THEODOLITE :-
• MEASURE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
ANGLE • LOCATE POINTS • PROLONG SURVEY
LINE • FIND LEVEL DIFFERENCE • SETTING
CURVES • TACHEOMETRY
1. Transiting:-
Turning telescope 180 degree in vertical plane
2. Swinging Turning telescope in horizontal
plane
3. Face left Vertical circle is on left side while
taking reading
4. Face right Vertical circle is in right side while
taking reading
5. Changing face : changing vertical circle from
one side to another
6.PARALLAX Image is not formed in the plane of
cross hairs
7. Line of collimation or line of sight Line joining
cross hairs with the object glass
8. Vertical axis Axis about which telescope is
rotated in horizontal plane
9. Trunnion axis or horizontal axis Axis about
which telescope rotate in vertical plane
10. Axis of telescope Line passing through
centre of eye piece and object glass
11. Axis of level tube Axis Tangent to the level
tube
Explain Double sighting method Used for 6. Distinguish between theodolite and
extending a survey line tacheometer
• Set instrument at B • With face right sight A THEODOLITE
.Transit the theodolite and get C1 • With face • Distance measured using chain or tape
left sight A .Transit the theodolite and get C2 • • Suitable for areas with less obstacles
True position of C will be mid point of C1 C2 • More stations are required for survey
TACHEOMETER
MODULE 2 • Distance calculated from angles
1. TOTAL COORDINATES / INDEPENDENT • Suitable in case of obstacles
COORDINATES • Less stations are require
Coordinate length measured with respect to
origin
2. CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES/ DEPENDENT
COORDINATES
Coordinate length measured with respect to the
previous point. Eg. Latitude and Departure.
Define latitude and departure
• Latitude is coordinate length parallel to North
. lcos θ
• Departure is coordinate length parallel to
east. lsin θ
EXPLAIN CLOSING ERROR IN A TRAVERSE
• When there is error in length or angle traverse
will not close • If there is no error in a closed
traverse
Sum of Latitudes =0
Sum of Departures = 0

Explain Temporary adjustments of theodolite 1. BOWDITCHES METHOD OR COMPASS RULE

• Adjust made before taking reading at a Used when angle and distance measured are
station equally correct Correction in latitude and
1. SETTING UP- Centering ,levelling by leg Departure are:
adjustment CL=EL l/El
2. LEVELLING UP - Making the vertical axis truly 2. Transit rule Angle is more correct than
vertical The bubble tube is levelled by rotating distance
foot screws. CL= EL L/LT
3. ELLIMINATION OF PARALLAX Parallax is
eliminated by focussing the eyepiece and EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE TO FIND AREA USING
objective INDEPENDENT COORDINATE
• Find latitude and departure • Find
FUNDAMENTAL LINES (AXIS) OF THEODOLITE independent coordinate(y,x) • Fing area using
AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP formula.
Fundamental axis
1. Vertical axis 2. Horizontal axis 3. Line of sight LIST THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAVERSE?
4. Axis of plate level 5. Axis of altitude level EXPLAIN CHECKS FOR TRAVERSE
Relation ship • 1. Open traverse Traverse does not form a
1. Axis of plate level must be perpendicular to closed figure. Used for road survey Sum of
vertical axis 2. Line of sight must be interior angles = (2N+4)90
perpendicular to horizontal axis 3. Horizontal 2. Closed traverse Traverse form closed figure.
axis must be perpendicular to vertical axis 4. Used for survey of lakes, forest etc Sum of
Axis of altitude level must be parallel to line of interior angles =(2N-4)90
collimation 5. Vertical circle reading must be 0
when telescope is horizontal. EXPLAIN GALES TRAVERSE TABLE
• Used for traverse computation in tabular form
EXPLAIN PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF • Included angles are adjusted • Latitudes and
THEODOLITE Departures are calculated • Closing error is
• Steps to correct the relation between adjusted • Independent coordinates are
fundamental lines 1. Axis of plate level must be calculated.
perpendicular to vertical axis 2. Line of sight
must be perpendicular to horizontal axis 3. Explain method of traversing by deflection
Horizontal axis must be perpendicular to vertical angles
axis 4. Axis of altitude level must be parallel to• Used in open traverse • Set theodolite at A.
line of collimation 5. Vertical circle reading must
Measure bearing of AB • Set instrument at B •
be 0 when telescope is horizontal Sight A and set reading to 0 • Tight lower clamp
and transit the theodolite • Loosen upper
Explain repetition method of measuring clamp and sight C • Repeat • Measure
horizontal angle distance by tape
• For measuring angle POQ • Set the vernier Explain method of traversing by included angles
scale to 0 • Loose lower plate and sight p • • Used for closed traverse • Set theodolite at
Loose upper plate and sight Q • Repeat • Take A. Measure bearing of AB • Set reading to 0
face left and right observation and sight E • Loose upper clamp and sight B •
Repeat • Measure distance by tape
LIST THE ERRORS ELIMINATED BY REPETITION Explain fast needle method
METHOD • Magnetic bearing of first line is measured
• Errors due to eccentricity of Verniers • Errors • Magnetic bearing of other lines determined
due to lack of adjustments of line of collimation indirectly
and trunnion axis • Errors due to incorrect 1. Direct method with transitting
marking in horizontal circle • Errors due to 2. Direct method without transitting
inaccurate sighting of object. 3. Back bearing method

Explain reiteration method of measuring Explain loose needle method

horizontal angle
• To measure angles POQ, QOR,ROS,SOQ • Set
up theodolite at o • Set vernier to 0 • Loosen
lower plate and sight P • Loosen upper plate
and sight Q . Take angle POQ. • Similarly sight
R,S and P • Take face left and right readings.
Explain procedure for prolonging a straight line
using theodolite Back sight method
• Set up theodolite at B • Take back sight at A
• Tight upper clamp and lower clamp • Transit
theodolite and get point C • Shift theodolite to
C and repeat.
• Theodolite fitted with magnetic compass is
used to determine bearing • From bearing
included angle is measured.
MODULE 3
1.Define anallatic lense
A concave lens provided in a telescope to
remove additive constant
2.Explain the term Tacheometry
Branch of survey in which horizontal and vertical
distance are calculated by measuring angle

HOW DO WE MEASURE MAGNETIC BEARING OF 3.Explain the purpose of teacheometric survey

A LINE WITH THEODOLITE
• To measure bearing of a line theodolite is
provided with a compass • To measure bearing
of line PQ theodolite is set at P • Vernier is set
to 0 • Loose the lower clamp and rotate till
compass points north • Clamp the lower plate.
• Loose the upper clamp and sight Q • Take
reading with both right and left face.
DEFINE DEFLECTION ANGLE
• Deflection angle is angle made by a line with
extension of preceeding line.
HOW TO MEASURE DEFLECTION ANGLE USING
THEODOLITE
• Set instrument at Q. Make vernier reading 0.
• Loose lower clamp • take back sight at P •
Transit theodolite • Loose upper clamp and
sight R • Take reading with both faces.
Least count
Smallest value measured using an
instrument.20” for theodolite
• Prepare contour maps • Location survey for
railway, canal and dams • High accuracy survey
4. Explain the systems or methods of
tacheometric survey
Stadia hair system:- Stadia hairs are used to
take staff intercepts. More accurate and
common
Fixed hair method:- Stadia hairs are kept fixed
Movable hair method :- Distance between
stadia hairs are variable
Tangential tacheometry :-Stadia hairs are not
used .Staff intercept taken using cross hairs.
Less accurate.
5. List the advantages of tacheometry
• Very fast and convenient. • Best in case of
obstacles • Less number of survey stations are
required • Highly accurate • No chain or tape
needed.