Virology: Structure, Classification & Replication

VIROLOGY
STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION & REPLICATION
Thursday, January 26, 2012

TOPICS
• STRUCTURE
• describe and differentiate various viral
structural types and relate to its function
• CLASSIFICATION
• ICTV vs Baltimore classification
• REPLICATION
• DNA viruses
• RNA viruses
the structure of viruses

Reference: Chapter 3 Carter And Saunders, 2007
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

Reference: Chapter 3 Carter And Saunders, 2007
The nucleic acid genome plus the

protective protein coat is called the
nucleocapsid which may have
icosahedral, helical or complex symmetry.
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

the envelope
• Enveloped viruses obtain their
envelope by budding through
a host cell membrane
• In some cases, the virus buds
through the plasma
membrane but in other cases
the envelope may be derived
from internal cell membranes
such as those of the Golgi
body or the nucleus

the envelope
• Enveloped viruses do not

necessarily have to kill their
host cell in order to be
released, since they can bud
out of the cell - a process
that is not necessarily lethal
to the cell - hence some
budding viruses can set up
persistent infections

the envelope
• Enveloped viruses are readily
infectious only if the envelope
is intact (since the viral
attachment proteins which
recognize the host cell
receptors are in the viral
envelope)
• This means that agents that
damage the envelope, such as
alcohols and detergents,
reduce infectivity
the capsid
THE CAPSID & VIRAL
SYMMETRY
COMPLEX
HELICAL
ICOSAHEDRAL

BASED ON THE
ARCHITECTURE...
Enveloped Viruses
Helical Viruses
Complex
Viruses
Icosahedral Viruses
ICOSAHEDRAL
CAPSID
• Icosahedral morphology is
characteristic of the
nucleocapsids of many
“spherical” viruses
• The icosahedral capsid
structure of adenovirus is
made up of three proteins,
hexon, penton base, and fiber
• Some proteins are associated
with viral DNA, whereas
others are associated with
hexon and are involved in
the formation of the capsid
HELICAL
CAPSID
• The icosahedral capsid structure
of adenovirus is made up of
three proteins, hexon, penton
base, and fiber
• Helical morphology is seen in
nucleocapsids of many
filamentous and pleomorphic
viruses
• Helical nucleocapsids are
characterized by length, width,
pitch of the helix, and number of
protomers per helical turn
CAPSOMERES:
structural polypeptide
✤ The number and

arrangement of the
capsomeres are useful in
identification and
classification
NOTING THE CAPSID &
THE ENVELOPE..

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

IN RELATION TO
SYMMETRY...
TYPES GENOMES
dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA ssRNA
Icosahedral
(naked)
Icosahedral
(Enveloped)
Helical (naked)
Helical
(Enveloped)

BASIS OF
CLASSIFICATION
• PRIMARY: nature of their genome and

their structure
• NUCLEIC ACID
• RNA or DNA (single-stranded or double-stranded; non-
segmented or segmented; linear or circular; if genome is
single stranded RNA, can it function as mRNA?; whether
genome is diploid (such as in retroviruses)
• VIRION STRUCTURE ( symmetry (icosahedral, helical,
complex); enveloped or not enveloped; number of
capsomeres
BASIS OF
CLASSIFICATION
• SECONDARY:
• replication strategy

NAMING YOUR
VIRUSES

HOW ARE THEY NAMED?
• Family names end in -viridae.  EXAMPLE

 Herpesviridae
• Genus names end in -virus  Herpesvirus
• Viral species: A group of  Human herpes virus

viruses sharing the same
genetic information and  EXAMPLE
ecological niche (host)
 Retroviridae
• Common names are used  Lentivirus

for species  Human
immunodeficiency virus
• Subspecies are designated HIV-1, HIV-2
by a number
Parungao-Balolong 2011
REPRESENTATIVE
VIRUSES

Virus Families
 Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
 Parvoviridae
Human parvovirus
Fifth disease
Anemia in
immunocompromised patients
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 13.2 (1 of 20)

Virus Families
 Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
 Parvoviridae
Human parvovirus
Fifth disease
Anemia in
immunocompromised patients

 Mastadenovirus
 Respiratory infections in
humans
 Tumors in animals

Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped Viruses
 Mastadenovirus
 Respiratory infections in
humans
 Tumors in animals

 Papillomavirus (human
wart virus)
 Polyomavirus
 Cause tumors; some
cause cancer

Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped Viruses
 Papillomavirus (human
wart virus)
 Polyomavirus
 Cause tumors; some
cause cancer

 Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia
and smallpox viruses)
 Molluscipoxvirus
 Smallpox
 Molluscum contagiosum
 Cowpox

Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses
 Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia
and smallpox viruses)
 Molluscipoxvirus
 Smallpox
 Molluscum contagiosum
 Cowpox

 Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2)
 Varicellavirus (HHV 3)
 Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4)
 Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
 Roseolovirus (HHV 6)
 HHV 7
 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
 Some herpesviruses can remain
latent in host cells.

 Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2)
 Varicellavirus (HHV 3)
 Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4)
 Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
 Roseolovirus (HHV 6)
 HHV 7
 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
 Some herpesviruses can remain
latent in host cells.

 Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B
virus)
 Use reverse
transcriptase to produce
DNA from mRNA.

 Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B
virus)
 Use reverse
DNA from mRNA.

 Enterovirus
 Enteroviruses include
poliovirus and
coxsackievirus.
 Rhinovirus
 Hepatitis A virus

Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped
 Enterovirus
 Enteroviruses include
poliovirus and
coxsackievirus.
 Rhinovirus
 Hepatitis A virus

 Hepatitis E virus
 Norovirus causes
gastroenteritis.

Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped
 Hepatitis E virus
 Norovirus causes
gastroenteritis.

 Alphavirus
 Alphaviruses are transmitted
by arthropods; include EEE,
WEE.
 Rubivirus (rubella virus)

Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped
 Alphavirus
 Alphaviruses are transmitted
by arthropods; include EEE,
WEE.
 Rubivirus (rubella virus)

 Arboviruses can replicate
in arthropods; include
yellow fever, dengue, SLE,
and West Nile viruses
 Hepatitis C virus

 Arboviruses can replicate
in arthropods; include
yellow fever, dengue, SLE,
and West Nile viruses
 Hepatitis C virus

 Coronavirus
 Upper respiratory
infections
 SARS

 Coronavirus
 Upper respiratory
infections
 SARS

 Vesiculovirus
 Lyssavirus (rabies virus)
 Cause numerous animal
diseases

Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand,
One RNA Strand
 Vesiculovirus
 Lyssavirus (rabies virus)
 Cause numerous animal
diseases

 Filovirus
 Enveloped, helical
viruses
 Ebola and Marburg
viruses

One RNA Strand
 Filovirus
 Enveloped, helical
viruses
 Ebola and Marburg
viruses

 Paramyxovirus
 Morbillivirus
 Paramyxovirus
 Parainfluenza
 Mumps
 Newcastle disease

One RNA Strand
 Paramyxovirus
 Morbillivirus
 Paramyxovirus
 Parainfluenza
 Mumps
 Newcastle disease

 Hepatitis D virus
 Depends on coinfection
with Hepadnavirus

One RNA Strand
 Hepatitis D virus
 Depends on coinfection
with Hepadnavirus

 Influenzavirus (Influenza
viruses A and B)
 Influenza C virus
 Envelope spikes can
agglutinate RBCs.

Multiple RNA Strands
 Influenzavirus (Influenza
viruses A and B)
 Influenza C virus
 Envelope spikes can
agglutinate RBCs.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 13.3

Crossing the Species Barrier
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 13.3

 Bunyavirus (CE virus)
 Hantavirus

 Bunyavirus (CE virus)
 Hantavirus

 Arenavirus
 Helical capsids contain
RNA-containing granules
 Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
 VEE and Lassa Fever

 Arenavirus
 Helical capsids contain
RNA-containing granules
 Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
 VEE and Lassa Fever

 Lentivirus (HIV)
 Oncogenic viruses
 Use reverse
DNA from viral genome.
 Includes all RNA tumor
viruses

Single-Stranded RNA, Two RNA Strands,
Produce DNA
 Lentivirus (HIV)
 Oncogenic viruses
 Use reverse
DNA from viral genome.
 Includes all RNA tumor
viruses

 Reovirus (Respiratory
Enteric Orphan)
 Rotavirus
 Mild respiratory infections
and gastroenteritis
 Colorado tick fever

Double-Stranded RNA, Nonenveloped
 Reovirus (Respiratory
Enteric Orphan)
 Rotavirus
 Mild respiratory infections
and gastroenteritis
 Colorado tick fever

virus replication

GROWING VIRUSES
Embryonated
Eggs
Plaques
Cell Culture Parungao-Balolong 2011

LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE
 Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host

cell.
 Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in host
LIFE CYCLE
 Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host cell.

 Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in
host DNA.
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION (DNA Virus)
• DNA: Cellular enzyme transcribes viral
DNA in nucleus
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION : (+ strand RNA Virus)
•RNA, + strand:Viral RNA is a template for synthesis of
RNA polymerase.
Attachment
Capsid
Nucleus
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
Maturation and uncoating
and release
Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-

of viral proteins dependent RNA polymerase
Uncoating releases
– strand is transcribed viral RNA and proteins.
from + viral genome.
Capsid Viral Viral

protein genome protein
(RNA)
(a) ssRNA; +
+ strand or sense strand;
Picornaviridae
mRNA is transcribed
from the – strand.
(- strand RNA Virus)
Attachment
Capsid Nucleus
RNA Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
and release

Uncoating releases
viral RNA and proteins.
The + strand (mRNA) must first
be transcribed from the – viral
Viral Viral
genome before proteins can
genome protein
be synthesized.
(RNA)
Capsid
protein
(b) ssRNA; – or
– strands are antisense strand;
incorporated Rhabdoviridae
into capsid Additional – strands are
transcribed from mRNA.
• RNA – strand:Viral enzyme copies viral RNA to

make mRNA in cytoplasm Parungao-Balolong 2011
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION : (dsRNA Virus)
• RNA, double-stranded:Viral enzyme copies – strand
RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm
Attachment
Capsid Nucleus
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
and release

Uncoating releases
RNA polymerase initiates production of mRNA is produced inside the viral RNA and proteins.
– strands. The mRNA and – strands form the capsid and released into the
dsRNA that is incorporated as new viral genome. cytoplasm of the host. Viral
Viral
genome protein
(RNA)
(c) dsRNA; + or sense

Capsid proteins and RNA- strand with – or
dependent RNA polymerase antisense strand;
Reoviridae
(Retrovirus)
• RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme copes viral RNA to

make DNA in cytoplasm Parungao-Balolong 2011
END OF COVERAGE
NEXT MEETING:
MIDTERMS!!!

Virology: Structure, Classification & Replication

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VIROLOGY

STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION & REPLICATION

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

The nucleic acid genome plus the

Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

Thursday, January 26, 2012

• Enveloped viruses do not

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✤ The number and

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dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA ssRNA

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• PRIMARY: nature of their genome and

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• Family names end in -viridae.  EXAMPLE

• Viral species: A group of  Human herpes virus

• Common names are used  Lentivirus

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 13.3

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