Virology: Structure, Classification & Replication

VIROLOGY
STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION &

REPLICATION
Thursday, January 26, 2012

TOPICS
• STRUCTURE
• describe and differentiate various
viral structural types and relate to its
function
• CLASSIFICATION
• ICTV vs Baltimore classification
• REPLICATION
• DNA viruses
•
the s t r u c t u r e of viruses

Reference: Chapter 3 Carter And Saunders,
2007
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

Reference: Chapter 3 Carter And Saunders,
2007
The nucleic acid genome plus the

protective protein coat is called the
nucleocapsid which may have
icosahedral, helical or complex symmetry.
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

t h e envelope
• Enveloped viruses obtain
their envelope by budding
through a host cell
membrane
• In some cases, the virus buds
through the plasma
membrane but in other cases
the envelope may be
derived from internal cell
membranes such as those of
the Golgi body or the
t h e envelope
• Enveloped viruses do not

necessarily have to kill
their host cell in order to
be released, since they can
bud out of the cell - a
process that is not
necessarily lethal to the
cell - hence some budding
viruses can set u p
persistent infections
t h e envelope
• Enveloped viruses are readily
infectious only if the
envelope is intact (since the
viral attachment proteins
which recognize the host cell
receptors are in the viral
envelope)
• This means that agents that
damage the envelope, such
as alcohols and detergents,
reduce infectivity
t h e capsid
THE CAPSID & VIRAL
SYMMETRY
COMPLEX
HELICAL
ICOSAHEDRAL

BASED ON THE
ARCHITECTURE...
Enveloped Viruses
Helical Viruses
Complex
Viruses
Icosahedral Viruses
ICOSAHEDRAL
CAPSID
• Icosahedral morphology is
characteristic of the
nucleocapsids of many
“spherical” viruses
• The icosahedral capsid
structure of adenovirus is
made u p of three proteins,
hexon, penton base, and
fiber
• Some proteins are
associated with viral DNA,
whereas others are
associated with hexon and
are involved in the
HELICAL
CAPSID
• The icosahedral capsid
structure of adenovirus is
made u p of three proteins,
hexon, penton base, and fiber
• Helical morphology is seen
in nucleocapsids of many
filamentous and pleomorphic
viruses
• Helical nucleocapsids are
characterized by length, width,
pitch of the helix, and number of
protomers per helical turn
CAPSOMERES:
structural
polypeptide
✤ The number and

arrangement of the
capsomeres are useful
in identification and
classification
NOTING THE CAPSID &
THE ENVELOPE..

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

THE NUCLEIC ACID
CORE

IN RELATION TO
SYMMETRY...
TYPES GENOMES
dsDNA ssDNA d sRNA ssRNA
Icosahedral
(naked)
Icosahedral
(Enveloped
)
Helical
(naked)
Helical
(Enveloped
)

BASIS OF
CLASSIFICATION
• PRIMARY: nature of their genome
and their structure
• NUCLEIC ACID
• RNA or DNA (single-stranded or double-stranded; non-
segmented or segmented; linear or circular; if genome
is single stranded RNA, can it function as mRNA?;
whether genome is diploid (such as in retroviruses)
• VIRION STRUCTURE ( symmetry (icosahedral,
helical, complex); enveloped or not enveloped;
number of capsomeres
BASIS OF
CLASSIFICATION
• SECONDARY:
• replication strategy

NAMING YOUR
VIRUSES

H O W ARE THEY NAMED?
• Family names end in -viridae.  EXAMPLE
 Herpesviridae
• Genus names end in -virus
 Herpesvirus
• Viral species: A group of  Human herpes virus

viruses sharing the same
genetic information  EXAMPLE
and ecological niche
 Retroviridae
(host)
• Common names are  Lentivirus
for species
used  Human
immunodeficiency virus
• Subspecies are designated HIV-1, HIV-2
by a number
Parungao-Balolong 2011
REPRESENTATIV
E VIRUSES

Virus Families
 Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped
viruses
 Parvoviridae
 Human
parvovirus
 Fifth disease
 Anemia in
immunocompromised patients
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Table 13.2 (1 of 20)
Cummings
Virus Families
 Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped
viruses
 Parvoviridae
 Human
parvovirus
 Fifth disease
 Anemia in
immunocompromised patients
Cummings
 Mastadenovirus
 Respiratory infections in
humans
 Tumors in animals
Cummings
Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped
Viruses
 Mastadenovirus
 Respiratory infections in
humans
 Tumors in animals
Cummings
 Papillomavirus (human
wart virus)
 Polyomavirus
 Cause tumors; some
cause cancer
Cummings
Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped
Viruses
 Papillomavirus (human
wart virus)
 Polyomavirus
 Cause tumors; some
cause cancer
Cummings
 Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia
and smallpox viruses)
 Molluscipoxvirus
 Smallpox
 Molluscum
contagiosum
 Cowpox
Cummings
Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped
Viruses
 Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia
and smallpox viruses)
 Molluscipoxvirus
 Smallpox
 Molluscum
contagiosum
 Cowpox
Cummings
 Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2)
 Varicellavirus (HHV 3)
 Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4)
 Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
 Roseolovirus (HHV 6)
 HHV 7
 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
 Some herpesviruses can remain
latent in host cells.
Cummings
Viruses
 Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2)
 Varicellavirus (HHV 3)
 Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4)
 Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
 Roseolovirus (HHV 6)
 HHV 7
 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
 Some herpesviruses can remain
latent in host cells.
Cummings
 Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B
virus)
 Use reverse
transcriptase to produce
DNA from mRNA.
Cummings
Viruses
 Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B
virus)
 Use reverse
DNA from mRNA.
Cummings
 Enterovirus
 Enteroviruses include
poliovirus and
coxsackievirus.
 Rhinovirus
 Hepatitis A virus
Cummings
Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped
 Enterovirus
 Enteroviruses include
poliovirus and
coxsackievirus.
 Rhinovirus
 Hepatitis A virus
Cummings
 Hepatitis E virus
 Norovirus causes
gastroenteritis.
Cummings
Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped
 Hepatitis E virus
 Norovirus causes
gastroenteritis.
Cummings
 Alphavirus
 Alphaviruses are transmitted
by arthropods; include EEE,
WEE.
 Rubivirus (rubella virus)
Cummings
Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped
 Alphavirus
 Alphaviruses are transmitted
by arthropods; include EEE,
WEE.
 Rubivirus (rubella virus)
Cummings
 Arboviruses can replicate
in arthropods; include
yellow fever, dengue, SLE,
and West Nile viruses
 Hepatitis C virus
Cummings
 Arboviruses can replicate
in arthropods; include
yellow fever, dengue, SLE,
and West Nile viruses
 Hepatitis C virus
Cummings
 Coronavirus
 Upper respiratory
infections
 SARS
Cummings
 Coronavirus
 Upper respiratory
infections
 SARS
Cummings
 Vesiculovirus
 Lyssavirus (rabies virus)
 Cause numerous animal
diseases
Cummings
Single-Stranded RNA, –
Strand, One RNA Strand
 Vesiculovirus
 Lyssavirus (rabies virus)
 Cause numerous animal
diseases
Cummings
 Filovirus
 Enveloped, helical
viruses
 Ebola and Marburg
viruses
Cummings
 Filovirus
 Enveloped, helical
viruses
 Ebola and Marburg
viruses
Cummings
 Paramyxovirus
 Morbillivirus
 Paramyxovirus
 Parainfluenza
 Mumps
 Newcastle disease
Cummings
 Paramyxovirus
 Morbillivirus
 Paramyxovirus
 Parainfluenza
 Mumps
 Newcastle disease
Cummings
 Hepatitis D virus
 Depends on coinfection
with Hepadnavirus
Cummings
 Hepatitis D virus
 Depends on coinfection
with Hepadnavirus
Cummings
 Influenzavirus (Influenza
viruses A and B)
 Influenza C virus
 Envelope spikes can
agglutinate RBCs.
Cummings
Strand, Multiple RNA Strands
 Influenzavirus (Influenza
viruses A and B)
 Influenza C virus
 Envelope spikes can
agglutinate RBCs.
Cummings
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin UN 13.3
Cummings
Crossing the Species Barrier
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin UN 13.3

Cummings
 Bunyavirus (CE virus)
 Hantavirus
Cummings
 Bunyavirus (CE virus)
 Hantavirus
Cummings
 Arenavirus
 Helical capsids contain
RNA-containing granules
 Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
 VEE and Lassa
Fever
Cummings
 Arenavirus
 Helical capsids contain
RNA-containing granules
 Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
 VEE and Lassa
Fever
Cummings
 Lentivirus (HIV)
 Oncogenic viruses
 Use reverse
DNA from viral
genome.
 Includes all RNA
tumor viruses
Cummings
Single-Stranded RNA, Two RNA
Strands, Produce DNA
 Lentivirus (HIV)
 Oncogenic viruses
 Use reverse
DNA from viral
genome.
 Includes all RNA
tumor viruses
Cummings
 Reovirus (Respiratory
Enteric Orphan)
 Rotavirus
 Mild respiratory infections
and gastroenteritis
 Colorado tick fever
Cummings
Double-Stranded RNA, Nonenveloped
 Reovirus (Respiratory
Enteric Orphan)
 Rotavirus
 Mild respiratory infections
and gastroenteritis
 Colorado tick fever
Cummings
virus replication

G R O W I N G VIRUSES
Embryonate
d Eggs
Plaque
s
Cell Parungao-Balolong 2011

LIFE C Y C L E
LIFE C Y C L E
LIFE C Y C L E
 Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host

cell.
 Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in host
LIFE C Y C L E
 Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host cell.

 Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in
host DNA.
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION
V I R U S M U L T I P L I C A T I O N ( D N A Virus)
• DNA: Cellular enzyme transcribes
viral DNA in nucleus
V I R U S M U L T I P L I C A T I O N : (+ strand R N A
Virus)
• RNA, + strand:Viral RNA is a
template for synthesis of RNA
polymerase. Attachment
Capsid
Nucleus
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
Maturation and uncoating
and release
Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-

of viral proteins dependent RNA polymerase
Uncoating releases
– strand is transcribed viral RNA and proteins.
from + viral genome.
Capsid Viral Viral

genome protein
protein (RNA)
(a) ssRNA; +
+ strand or sense strand;
Picornaviridae
mRNA is transcribed
from the – strand.
(- strand R N A
Virus)
Attachment
Capsid Nucleus
RNA Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
and release

Uncoating releases
viral RNA and proteins.
The + strand (mRNA) must first
be transcribed from the – viral
Viral Viral
genome before proteins can
genome protein
be synthesized.
(RNA)
Capsid
protein
(b) ssRNA; – or
– strands are antisense strand;
Rhabdoviridae
incorporated Additional – strands are
into capsid transcribed from mRNA.
• RNA – strand:Viral enzyme copies viral RNA

make mRNA in
to Parungao-Balolong 2011
cytoplasm
VIRUS MULTIPLICATION : (dsRNA
• Virus)
RNA, double-stranded:Viral enzyme copies –
strand RNA to make mRNA in
cytoplasm Attachment
Capsid Nucleus
RNA
Cytoplasm
Host cell
Entry
and release

Uncoating releases
RNA polymerase initiates production of mRNA is produced inside the viral RNA and proteins.
– strands. The mRNA and – strands form the capsid and released into the
dsRNA that is incorporated as new viral genome. cytoplasm of the host. Viral
Viral
genome protein
(RNA)
(c) dsRNA; + or sense

Capsid proteins and RNA- strand with – or
dependent RNA polymerase antisense strand;
Reoviridae
(Retrovirus)
• RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme copes viral RNA

to make D N A in cytoplasm Parungao-Balolong 2011
E N D OF
COVERAGE
NEXT MEETING:
MIDTERMS!!!

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VIROLOGY

STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION &

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

The nucleic acid genome plus the

Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong 2011 dvm5.blogspot.com

• Enveloped viruses do not

Thursday, January 26, 2012

✤ The number and

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

dsDNA ssDNA d sRNA ssRNA

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Thursday, January 26, 2012

• Viral species: A group of  Human herpes virus

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin UN 13.3

Thursday, January 26, 2012

Cell Parungao-Balolong 2011

 Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host

 Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host cell.

Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-

Capsid Viral Viral

Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-

• RNA – strand:Viral enzyme copies viral RNA

Translation and synthesis RNA replication by viral RNA-

(c) dsRNA; + or sense

• RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme copes viral RNA

Thursday, January 26, 2012

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