Problems 269

SUMMARY
In this chapter we have discussed the geometric methods for determin-
ing the slopes and deflections of statically determinate beams. The dif-
ferential equation for the deflection of beams can be expressed as
d 2y M
¼ (6.9)
dx 2 EI
The direct integration method essentially involves writing expression(s)
for M/EI for the beam in terms of x and integrating the expression(s)
successively to obtain equations for the slope and deflection of the elas-
tic curve. The constants of integration are determined from the boun-
dary conditions and the conditions of continuity of the elastic curve. If a
beam is subjected to several loads, the slope or deflection due to the
combined e¤ects of the loads can be determined by algebraically adding
the slopes or deflections due to each of the loads acting individually on
the beam.
The moment-area method is based on two theorems, which can be
mathematically expressed as follows:
ðB
M
First moment-area theorem: yBA ¼ dx (6.12)
A EI
ðB
M
Second moment-area theorem: D BA ¼ x dx (6.15)
A EI

Two procedures for constructing bending moment diagrams by parts are

presented in Section 6.5.
A conjugate beam is a fictitious beam of the same length as the
corresponding real beam; but it is externally supported and internally
connected such that, if the conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI di-
agram of the real beam, the shear and bending moment at any point on
the conjugate beam are equal, respectively, to the slope and deflection at
the corresponding point on the real beam. The conjugate-beam method
essentially involves determining the slopes and deflections of beams by
computing the shears and bending moments in the corresponding con-
jugate beams.

PROBLEMS
Section 6.2 M
B
6.1 through 6.6 Determine the equations for slope and
deflection of the beam shown by the direct integration
method. EI ¼ constant. A
L

FIG. P6.1
 270 CHAPTER 6 Deflections of Beams: Geometric Methods

2m 80 kN–m

A B
C
4m
FIG. P6.2 EI = constant
E = 70 GPa
I = 335x106mm4

FIG. P6.8

Sections 6.4 and 6.5

6.9 through 6.12 Determine the slope and deflection at
FIG. P6.3 point B of the beam shown by the moment-area method.

90 kN

A B

FIG. P6.4 5m
EI = constant
E = 200 GPa
I = 800 (106) mm4

FIG. P6.9, P6.35

30 kN/m
FIG. P6.5
A B

9m
EI = constant
E = 200 GPa
I = 1250x106mm4
FIG. P6.6 FIG. P6.10, P6.36

6.7 and 6.8 Determine the slope and deflection at point B of P

the beam shown by the direct integration method.
50 kN–m A B
A
B a
4m
EI = constant
E = 70 GPa L
I = 164 (106) mm4 EI = constant

FIG. P6.7 FIG. P6.11, P6.37

 Problems 271

w 270 kN
45 kN/m
A B
A
B C
a
3m 3m 3m
EI = constant
L E = 200 GPa
EI = constant I = 1665x106mm4

FIG. P6.12, P6.38 FIG. P6.16, P6.42

250 kN
6.13 and 6.14 Determine the slope and deflection at point A
A B D
of the beam shown by the moment-area method.
C

6m 3m 3m
EI = constant
E = 200 GPa
I = 462 (106) mm4

FIG. P6.17, P6.43

FIG. P6.13, P6.39 6.18 through 6.22 Determine the smallest moment of in-
ertia I required for the beam shown, so that its maximum
P deflection does not exceed the limit of 1/360 of the span
B length (i.e., D max a L=360). Use the moment-area method.
C
A 2L L 60 kN
3 3 300 kN–m
I 2I A
E = constant B C

FIG. P6.14, P6.40 5m 5m

6.15 through 6.17 Use the moment-area method to de- L = 10 m

termine the slopes and deflections at points B and C of the EI = constant
E = 200 GPa
beam shown.
FIG. P6.18, P6.44
100 kN 300 kN–m
45 kN/m

A A B
B C
6m 3m
L=6m
2I I EI = constant
E = constant = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
I = 500 (106) mm4
FIG. P6.19, P6.45
FIG. P6.15, P6.41
272 CHAPTER 6 Deflections of Beams: Geometric Methods

12 kN/m 60 kN–m
B
C
A B
4m 4m A
15 m
L=8m
EI = constant EI = constant
E = 70 GPa E = 70 GPa
I = 712 (106) mm4
FIG. P6.20, P6.46
FIG. P6.24, P6.50

80 kN

A C
B
12 m 12 m
I 2I
E = constant = 200 GPa
FIG. P6.21, P6.47 I = 600 (106) mm4

FIG. P6.25, P6.51

FIG. P6.22, P6.48

FIG. P6.26, P6.52

6.23 through 6.30 Determine the maximum deflection for
the beam shown by the moment-area method.

180 kN 270 kN
135 kN
A D
A C
B C
B
3m 3m 3m
2.5m 5m I 2I I
EI = constant E = constant = 200 GPa
E = 70 GPa I = 420x106mm4
I = 210x106mm4
FIG. P6.27, P6.53
FIG. P6.23, P6.49
 Problems 273

180 kN
15 kN/m
A
B C D

5m 5m 4m
EI = constant
E = 70 GPa
I = 2,340 (106) mm4
FIG. P6.28, P6.54
FIG. P6.32, P6.58
6.33 and 6.34 Use the moment-area method to determine
the slopes and deflections at points B and D of the beam
shown.

FIG. P6.29, P6.55

FIG. P6.33, P6.59

FIG. P6.30, P6.56

FIG. P6.34, P6.60

6.31 and 6.32 Use the moment-area method to determine
the slope and deflection at point D of the beam shown. Section 6.6
6.35 through 6.38 Use the conjugate-beam method to de-
termine the slope and deflection at point B of the beams
155 kN shown in Figs. P6.9 through P6.12.
A C 6.39 and 6.40 Determine the slope and deflection at point A
B D of the beam shown in Figs. P6.13 and P6.14 by the conjugate-
beam method.
5m 5m 5m 6.41 through 6.43 Use the conjugate-beam method to de-
EI = constant termine the slopes and deflections at points B and C of the
E = 70 GPa beams shown in Figs. P6.15 through P6.17.
I = 1040x106mm4
6.44 through 6.48 Using the conjugate-beam method, de-
FIG. P6.31, P6.57 termine the smallest moments of inertia I required for the
274 CHAPTER 6 Deflections of Beams: Geometric Methods

beams shown in Figs. P6.18 through P6.22, so that the
maximum beam deflection does not exceed the limit of
1/360 of the span length (i.e., D max a L=360).
6.49 through 6.56 Determine the maximum deflection for
the beams shown in Figs. P6.23 through P6.30 by the con-
jugate-beam method.
6.57 and 6.58 Use the conjugate-beam method to determine
the slope and deflection at point D of the beam shown in
Figs. P6.31 and P6.32.
6.59 and 6.60 Use the conjugate-beam method to determine
the slopes and deflections at points B and D of the beams
shown in Figs. P6.33 and P6.34.