SUBSTANTIVUL !

forme duble: “fs” si “ves”: scarf, handkerchief,

dwarf, hoof (copita), wharf (debarcader) 13. subst compuse care nu au in alcatuire prepozitie adauga
Pluralul substantivelor: “s” ultimului element
6. cateva subst modifica vocala interioara: Ex: forget-me-not – forget-me-nots
man – men
1. in general se adauga “s” woman – women
Ex: boy – boys goose – geese 14. Plurale straine:
tooth – teeth I. din limba latina:
2. subst. terminate in: s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x si z adauga “es” foot – feet a) subst terminate in “us” fac plural
Ex: bus – buses mouse – mice in “i”
dress – dresses louse – lice (paduche) cactus – cacti
bush – bushes die –dice (zaruri)
church – churches b) subst terminate in “a” fac plural in
match – matches 7. trei subst adauga “en”: “ae”
box – boxes ox – oxen alga – algae
buzz – buzzes child – children
brother – brothers c) subst terminate in “um” fac plural
3. subst. terminate in “o” precedate de consoana adauda in “a”
“es” cu exceptia subst. provenite din limbi straine si a celor 8. subst nationalitati terminate in s, ss, sh, ch, tch si ese au datum – data
din prescurtari aceeasi forma la sg si la pl:
Ex: tomato – tomatoes Dutch d) subst terminate in “ix” sau “ex”
studio – studios Chinese fac plural in “ices”
fresco – frescos (din italiana) French (la plural sunt la fel) index – indices
piano – pianos Irish
disco – discos (prescurtare) Swiss II. din limba greaca:
a) subst terminate in “on” fac plural
! forme duble: “os” si “oes”: cargo, buffalo, banjo, motto, 9. cateva subst au aceeasi forma la sg si la pl: in “a”
volcano, zero a) se termina in “s”: species, series, means, headquarters, phenomenon – phenomena
barracks (baraca/baraci)
4. subst terminate in “y” precedat de consoana transforma y b) subst terminate in “is” fac plural in
in “i+es” b) animale salbatice/pasari/pesti: “es”
Ex: family – families / key - keys deer basis – bases
Exceptii: - subst proprii nume de familie la plural (the sheep
Kennedys) game (doar cand inseamna vanat/vanaturi) III. din limba franceza:
- subst compuse (passer-by – passers-by) duck (doar cand este rata salbatica) plateau – plateaux
carp (crap)
5. subst terminate in “f” si “fe” transforma f in “v” si trout (pastrav/pastravi) Substantive care au doua forme de plural cu doua
adauga “s” pike (stiuca/stiuci) intelesuri diferite:
Ex: life – lives
leaf - leaves 10. subst compuse care au in alcatuire man sau woman ca die - dice (zaruri)
ultim element il modifica pe acesta la plural: - dies (matrite)
Exceptii: cliff – cliffs (stanca de mare) Ex: policeman – policemen
roof genius - geniuses (f. destepti)
chief 11. subst compuse care au in alcatuire man, gentleman, - genii (spirite ale raului)
safe lady sau woman ca prim element modifica ambele elemente
belief la plural: formula - formulas (forme de cuvinte)
proof Ex: lady-doctor – ladies-doctors - formulae (formule matem.)
grief (durere psihica) man-singer – men-singers
cuff (manseta) index - indexes (cuprinsuri)
gulf (golf) 12. subst compuse care au prepozitie in alcatuire adauga “s” - indices (indici matem.)
primului element
Ex: lily of the valley – lilies of the valley medium - mediums (mediu paranormal)

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 - media (mass-media) effects = efecte; imbracaminte
spirit = duh; D-zeu (abstract)
penny - pennies (mai multe monede de 1 penny) ground = pamant (fara pl); motiv spirits = spirite; bauturi spirtoase; stare de
- pence (o moneda de mai multi penny) grounds = motive; zat de cafea; loc de joaca pt copii spirit; spirt medicinal

cloth - cloths (carpe, metraje) glass = sticla (fara pl); pahar term = trimestru; termen
- clothes (imbracaminte) glasses = pahare; ochelari terms = trimestre; termene; relatii

staff - staffs (personalul firmei) letter = litera; scrisoare water = apa (fara pl)
- staves (portative muzicale) letters = litere; scrisori; literatura waters = apa minerala

wood = lemn (fara pl)

Substantive care au o forma de plural cu mai multe minute = minut woods = padure
intelesuri: minutes = minute; proces verbal
work = munca
ash = scrum (fara pl) manner = mod works = opere (realizari deosebite); fabrica,
ashes = cenusa manners = moduri; comportament mecanism

air = aer (fara pl) number = numar

airs = fite, talente numbers = numere; versuri; strofa Substantive defective

age = varsta (fara pl) quarter = sfert 1. aspect de sg, inteles de pl, acord in sg:
ages = secole; mult timp quarters = sferturi; cazarma; cantonament
homework
advice = sfat point = punct luck
advices = dispozitie de plata points = puncte, macaz income
nonsense
color = culoare part = parte merchandise
colors = culori; steag parts = parti, meleaguri progress
produce (produs natural (rasina de brad) / spre deosebire de
content = continut pain = durere product = produs industrial)
contents = continuturi; tabla de materii pains = dureri; efort equipment
business
compass = busola paper = hartie (fara pl) money
compasses = busole; compas papers = documente, acte, lucrari news (are forma de pl !!)
advice
cost = cost premise = premiza information
costs = costuri, cheltuieli premises = locuinta (sg) intelligence
knowledge
custom = obicei preserve = dulceata furniture
customs = obiceiuri; vama preserves = dulceturi; ochelari de protectie luggage
baggage
drawer = sertar sand = nisip rubbish
drawers = sertare; izmene sands = plaja +
toate abstractiunile (power, love, hate, thunder, literature)
drought = curent de aer spectacle = spectacol +
droughts = curente de aer; joc de dame spectacles = spectacole; ochelari alimente (butter, milk, meat)
+
damage = stricaciune scale = taler; solz de peste; gama muzicala; substante, materiale (silk, cotton, tobacco)
damages = stricaciuni; despagubiri scara sociala etc.
scales = talere; solzi de peste; game muzicale;
effect = efect scari sociale; balanta  nu au plural si fac acord la singular

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 scissors (foarfeca) Ex: 1) My family is at home (if you go there you find
 la substituirea cu pronume primesc “it” tweezers (penseta) someone)
Ex: Where is the money? Give it to me. tongs (cleste) 2) My family are at home (each member of the
pliers (patent) family is present)
nu pot fi determinate de: a, few, a few, many, every,
each, either, neither, other, another, the other, etc. (pentru c) o boala si o stare de spirit: Subst colective
ca nu pot fi numarate !) hysterics (isterie) Animale
blues (melancolie)
cand vreau sa sugerez singularul folosesc: a bit of, a class crew
piece of, an item of, etc. d) denumiri geografice, tari formate din mai multe state: herd (cireada)
Ex: a flash of lightning the United States of America group audience
a crash of thunder the Carpatians flock (turma)
team party (partid)
e) subst provenite din verbe + “ings”: swarm (roi)
2. aspect de pl, inteles de sg, acord in sg: surroundings family press
earnings flight (stol)
- 2 boli: measles = pojar savings committee government
mumps = oreion shoal (banc)
nu au forma de sg, ele fac acordul in pl council board
- jocurile terminate in “s”: jury cabinet
billiards la substituirea cu pronume primesc “they” army mob (multime)
darts (aruncarea la tinta) Ex: Where are the tongs? Give them to me. navy band
nine pins (popice) ! 2 sau mai multe subst legate prin inteles care formeaza o
cards  nu pot fi determinate de: a, few, a few, many, every, entitate fac acordul cu verbul in singular
each, either, neither, other, another, the other, etc. (pentru Ex: 1) My neighbor and friend is here (este vorba
- stiinte si obiecte de studiu (se scriu cu majuscula): ca nu pot fi numarate !) despre aceeasi persoana)
Economics 2) Ten days is enough for a holiday (este vorba
Mathematics daca vreau sa sugerez sg, folosesc “a pair of “ de perioada)
Physics
Statistics ! substantivul number si alte subst care definesc o multime
4. aspect de sg, inteles de pl, acord la pl: (cantitate) fac acord in sg daca sunt precedate de “the” si in
! daca nu se refera la obiecte de studiu (materii), fac acordul pl daca sunt precedate de “a”
la plural si nu se scriu cu majuscula people Ex: 1) A number of cars are in the street.
Ex: What are your politics about it? public 2) The number of cars is sufficient.
The statistics for Romania are bad. police
cattle (vite) ! dupa each, every, either, neither, urmeaza subst numarabil
youth (tineret) la sg, iar in constructiile either…..or (atat… cat si…)
3. aspect de pl, inteles de pl (in romaneste de sg !!!), clergy (cler = mai multi membri ai bisericii) neither…..nor (nici…..nici….), acordul cu verbul se face
acord de pl: horse (cand are sensul de cavalerie) dupa ultimul element
Aceste substantive nu au forma de sg. Ex: 1) Either the boy or the girl is here.
acordul este la plural 2) Neither you nor I am right.
a) substantive imbracaminte formate din doua parti Ex: The police are searching for the thief.
identice: ! substantivele life, soul, mind, heart vor apare in forma de
trousers plural cand determina un subst ca “people”
jeans Substantivele colective Ex: in romaneste: Soldatii si-au dat viata (la sg)
pants (pantaloni) pentru tara.
panties (chiloti) Sunt subst care au 2 forme de acord cu verbul: in engleza: The soldiers have given their lives (la
overalls (salopeta) - in sg cand se refera la subst ca la un intreg pl) for the country.
shorts (pant scurti) - in pl cand se refera la elementele componente luate
una cate una
b) instrumente si unelte formate din doua structuri identice: Genitivul substantivelor
compasses (compas)

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 Este de 2 feluri: 1) sintetic (saxon) 2) the girl’s and the boy’s fathers (nu sunt frati) Combinatii sintetic – analitic (“dubla posesie”)
2) analitic (prepozitional)
! nu se mai pune obiectul posedat a) combinatie din 3: analitic + sintetic
- daca a mai fost mentionat anterior Ex: masina prietenului fratelui meu – the car of my
1) Genitivul sintetic: posesor + ‘s + obiect Ex: My mother’s car is blue and my father’s is white. brother’s friend
posedat
- sau daca e unul din substantivele: b) combinatie din 4: sintetic + analitic + sintetic
Utilizare: shop Ex: masina prietenului fratelui varului tau – the friend’s car
1) posesorul este subst propriu: store of your cousin’s brother
Carmen’s car church
cathedral
2) posesorul este subst comun fiinta: house (lista nu este limitativa) Genul substantivelor
the girl’s car Ex: Let’s go to the butcher’s (in loc de butcher’s shop) In general, substantivele in limba engleza nu au gen.

3) denumiri geografice: ! daca posesorul este la plural, punem doar apostrof fara s: Totusi, avem:
Romania’s economy boys’ toys 1) man – woman
Exceptie fac subst care nu fac plural in “s”: Ex: policeman – policewoman
4) animale (animale mari): people’s respect
the dog’s house children’s toys 2) male – female
Ex: male student – female student
5) substantiv colectiv:
the company’s success 2) Genitivul analitic: obiect posedat + of + 3) girl – boy
posesor Ex: girlfriend – boyfriend
6) abstractiuni:
liberty’s defense Utilizare: 4) forme distincte
1) pt lucruri Ex: mother – father
7) corpuri celeste: the door of the room wife – husband (generic = spouse)
the sun’s rays grandmother – grandfather
8) personificari: 2) anumite denumiri geografice: son – daughter
the wind’s voice the city of London sister – brother
uncle – aunt
9) pronume nehotarat: 3) susbt provenite din adjective: nephew – niece
somebody’s wish the needs of the poor bachelor – spinster (celibatara)
munk – nun (calugar/calugarita)
10) diviziuni (de timp de ex.): 4) apozitie: lad – lass (fecior/fetiscana)
yesterday’s newspaper Tom, a friend of my manager wizard – witch (vrajitor/vrajitoare)
tutor – governess
11) expresii consacrate: 5) insecte, pasari mici: king – queen
the God’s sake the wings of the fly gentleman - lady

! daca subst proprii se termina in “s”, punem doar 6) cand vrem sa subliniem un subst propriu: 5) se formeaza niste feminine si prin adaugarea sufixului
apostroful: Let’s talk about the wars of Napoleon “ess”:
Ex: Dickens’ novels - dar se citeste ca si cum ar fi adaugat Ex: actor – actress
“es”: (dichensiz) 7) cand subst e precedat de un determinant: master – mistress
this book of my friend waiter – waitress (chelner/chelnerita)
! daca avem 2 sau mai multi posesori ai aceluiasi obiect Exceptie: hero – heroine
intre care exista o relatie de rudenie, punem ‘s doar ! nu poate sa lipseasca nici un element, iar la plural are
ultimului: aceeasi forma 6) doua substantive fac masculinul din feminin:
Ex: 1) the girl and the boy’s father (sunt frati, au Ex: widow – widower (vaduva/vaduv)
acelasi tata) bride – bridegroom (mireasa/mire)