Dynsim 5.3.2 Elecgrid2: Simsci

SimSci®
DYNSIM® 5.3.2
ElecGrid2
December 2016
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Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................... 1
Overview .......................................................................................................... 1
Summary of Classes ....................................................................................... 1
Class Hierarchy ............................................................................................... 2
ElecGrid2 Fundamentals............................................................... 3
Summary ......................................................................................................... 3
ElecGrid2 Component Concepts ..................................................................... 3
Model Configuration Definition ........................................................................ 4
Drawing Conventions .................................................................... 5
Generator Symbol ........................................................................................... 5
Compound Generator Symbol ......................................................................... 5
Exciter Symbol ................................................................................................. 5
Voltage Regulator Symbol ............................................................................... 5
SyncKey Symbol ............................................................................................. 5
Synchroscope Symbol ..................................................................................... 6
Generator… .................................................................................... 7
Discussion - Generator .................................................................................... 7
Example - Generator ..................................................................................... 15
Parameter Table - Generator ........................................................................ 17
GenerCompound ......................................................................... 21
Discussion - GenerCompound ...................................................................... 21
Example - GenerCompound .......................................................................... 21
Parameter Table - GenerCompound ............................................................. 26
Exciter…….. ................................................................................. 29
Discussion - Exciter ....................................................................................... 29
Example - Exciter .......................................................................................... 30
Parameter Table - Exciter.............................................................................. 31
SyncKey….. .................................................................................. 33
Discussion - SyncKey .................................................................................... 33
Example - SyncKey ....................................................................................... 37
Parameter Table - SyncKey .......................................................................... 39
SyncScope. .................................................................................. 41
Discussion - SyncScope ................................................................................ 41
SyncScope Helpful Hints ............................................................................... 42
Example - SyncScope ................................................................................... 43
Parameter Table - SyncScope ...................................................................... 44
VReg………................................................................................... 47
Discussion - VReg ......................................................................................... 47
Parameter Table - VReg ................................................................................ 48
Vreg1……… .................................................................................. 50
Discussion - Vreg1 ........................................................................................ 50
Example - Vreg1 ............................................................................................ 52
Parameter Table - Vreg1 ............................................................................... 53
Contents
ElecGrid Examples ...................................................................... 55

Example Electrical Grid ................................................................................. 55
Introduction
Introduction
Overview
The electrical grid solver is the function that determines the current and voltages for a generic
electrical grid. The goal of this model is to mimic the actual plant so that the electrical systems
can be included in the grid simulation. This program is in no way intended to be a design
simulator.
In addition to modeling the voltages and currents in the grid, this solver also models, to a limited
extent, the devices in the network. For instance, the startup characteristics of loads and their
effect on the network in their vicinity can be explicitly specified. Device characteristics can be
specified for loads and breakers.
Summary of Classes
General Use Classes
Class Typical Uses See Also See Also

Class Library
Generator Electrical Generator ElecSource ElecGrid
GenerCompound ElecGrid2
GenerCompound Multiple Generators tied to high lines by TorqueShaft MechCouplings

a common breaker Generator ElecGrid2
Exciter Generator Exciter VReg ElecGrid2
VReg1 ElecGrid2
Generator ElecGrid2
VReg Generator Voltage Regulator Generator ElecGrid2
VReg1 ElecGrid2
Exciter ElecGrid2
VReg1 IEEE Type 1 Voltage Regulator Generator ElecGrid2
VReg1 ElecGrid2
Exciter ElecGrid2
SyncKey Synchroscope Key for synchronizing any SyncScope ElecGrid2
of multiple electrical devices with a
single scope
SyncScope Synchroscope device for electrical SyncKey ElecGrid2
synchronization of two sides of an
electrical device
ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 1

Introduction
Class Hierarchy
ModelObject
|________ ElecSource
| |_______ Generator
| |_______ GenerCompound
|
|________ Exciter
|
|________ Vreg
| |_______ VReg1
|
|________ SyncKey
|
|
|________ SyncScope
Refer to the Dynamic Simulation Suite User Guide for more information regarding the concept
and significance of class inheritance.

Fundamentals
ElecGrid2 Fundamentals
Summary
The electrical grid solver, ElecGrid, is implemented in the DYNSIM® simulation environment.
Object-oriented programming techniques embedded in the modeling software design allow
ultimate flexibility in the coordinated solution of multiple algorithms of varying complexity. This
flexibility allows the use of advanced algorithms only where the additional fidelity is required and
simpler algorithms where secondary influences are insignificant. A variety of electrical devices
are provided to model an electrical grid. ElecGrid2 includes additional equipment commonly
associated with electrical grids such as generators, exciters, synchroscopes, and voltage
regulators. The models can be connected together to model the flow of power from electrical
sources (e.g. generators) through breakers, disconnects, and transformers to high-lines, and buses
and distributed to system loads (e.g. motors). The electrical network solver tracks current and
power and calculates appropriate voltages.
ElecGrid2 Component Concepts

An electrical grid is made up of three basic types of objects. Those with many connections to
other objects (i.e. electrical buses), those with two electrical sides or connections (e.g. breaker,
disconnect, transformer, etc.), and those with only one electrical side or connection (e.g.
generator, load, etc.). A model developer (i.e.: simulator project engineer) will configure an
electrical grid by defining buses and connecting them together and to single-sided components
using two-sided devices as the connectors. These object connections form an electrical network.
Some of objects may require other objects to be useful. For example, a typical power plant
generator needs an exciter to provide a primer voltage, as well as a voltage regulator to control
the exciter output. A generator, an exciter, and a voltage regulator may be connected together as
follows:
In the definition of the G1 object, the OEXCITER array size is one, and the OEXCITER[0]
parameter is set to EXCITER1.
In the definition of the VREG1 object, the OEXCITE and OGENER object connection
parameters need to be set as follows:

Fundamentals
Finally, the exciter will be connected to the VREG1 object by connecting the INPUT parameter
of EXCITER1 to VREG1.OUTPUT.
For more detailed instructions on the connections that need to be made for each ElecGrid2 object,
see the object specific discussions that follow.
Model Configuration Definition

The project engineer will create instances (objects) of the ElecGrid2 classes and connect them
together to form an electrical grid model. The creation and configuration of the objects may be
described in two steps: 1) connections with other objects in the grid and 2) definition of physical
characteristics of each object. Each of these configuration steps is discussed in the following
sections.
Object-to-Object Connections
The project engineer must define which devices connect to which other devices. These
connections may be defined by the graphical connections using the graphical model building tool,
or may be manually configured. Refer to the ElecGrid documentation for more discussion on
object connection specification.
Definition of Physical Characteristics

In addition to the object-to-object connections described in the previous section, each object must
be configured to define the physical characteristics of the object.

Drawing Conventions
Drawing Conventions
Generator Symbol
The generator schematic representation is the same as an electrical source. A generator is shown
schematically as follows:
Compound Generator Symbol
A compound generator is shown schematically as follows.
Exciter Symbol
An exciter is shown schematically as follows. Note that the exciter symbol includes the generator
symbol in its depiction so as to highlight the close association between the two:
Voltage Regulator Symbol
Voltage Regulators are controllers for Exciters. There is generally an associated voltage regulator
with an exciter, but the voltage regulator is typically not shown on a schematic. Both normal
voltage regulators and IEEE Type 1 voltage regulators are depicted by the same symbol:
SyncKey Symbol
SyncKeys are generally associated with several two-sided devices. This association is difficult to
represent on a schematic. It is typically not shown on a schematic. The primary use of the
SyncKey in a simulation is to represent the hard panel emulation of a single key associated with
multiple breakers.

Drawing Conventions
Synchroscope Symbol
Synchroscopes are generally used to synchronizing across two-sided electrical devices. One
synchroscope is generally associated with several such devices. This association is difficult to
represent on a schematic. It is typically not shown on a schematic. The primary use of the
Synchroscope in a simulation is to represent the hard panel emulation of the scope.

Generator
Generator
Discussion - Generator
Discussion - ExciterGenerator extends ElecSource.
ESSCOR uses a simple model approach for the generator and excitation studies. The methods
used are published in many texts on power system stability and use data that is commonly
available in electric utilities for system stability studies. The basic model information
requirements are:
Laplace functions and coefficients of Voltage Regulator and Exciter.
Manufacture’s empirical generator curves.
Linearized power system sensitivity to unit excitation (Volts per VAR).
Generator and turbine rotating inertia.
Generator losses.
ESSCOR’s generator model is based on the manufactures empirical V-curves and no-load
saturation curve. The basic solution procedure is dependent on whether the generator is
synchronized to a grid or non-synchronized.
The generator includes a built-in transformer for ease in modeling transformer ties to grids. The
voltage ratio is defined by the parameter KVR. The voltage on the generator side of the
transformer is defined by parameter VSOURCE. This is the voltage determined from the V-
curves or no-load saturation curves for the input per unit field. The voltage on the other side of
the transformer is defined by parameter VTERM. The built-in transformer voltage ratio is
defined as:
The outputs always calculated by the generator class are:
Description Parameter Synchronized Non- Notes

Name Synchronized
Per Unit Field FIELDPU X X
Frequency HZ X X
Power Factor PF X X
Source voltage on VSOURCE X X
generator side of
built-in transformer
Terminal voltage on VTERM X X
downstream side of
built-in transformer

Generator
Gross total MVA MVAG X X Total generator output

(real and reactive) MVA from V-
Curve/Saturation Curve
Net total MVA (real MVAN X X Total generator output
and reactive) MVA after aux. tie loads
subtracted
Gross real power MWG X X
Generator Gross AMPG X X Before aux. tie loads
single-phase current subtracted on
downstream side
(VTERM) of built in
transformer
Generator Net single- AMPN X X After aux. tie loads
phase current subtracted on
downstream side
(VTERM) of built in
transformer
Total load on AUXLOAD X X Only an output if
auxiliary tie AUTOAUXTIE=1 or
AUXTIE=1
Gross Reactive Power MVARG X X
Stator Losses JLOSSSTAT X X Expressed in MW
Field Losses JLOSSFLD X X Expressed in MW
Windage Losses JLOSSWND X X Expressed in MW
Voltage loss due to VLVAR X X Set to zero if not
reactive power synchronized. This is
“Reluctance.”
Calculated on generator
side of built-in
transformer. Tuned with
parameter VPERMVAR.
Voltage loss due to VLCUR X X Set to zero if not
current synchronized. This is
“Resistance.”
Calculated on generator
side of built-in
transformer. Tuned with
parameter CONDUCT.
The outputs derived from the attached TorqueShaft (if attached) object are:
Description Parameter Name Synchronized Non-

Synchronized
Power input through shaft JQ X X
Speed SPEED X X

Generator
Generator power losses
Generator power losses due to electrical losses in the stator, electrical losses in the field exciter,
and windage are modeled in the generator.
The windage loss is defined by parameter LOSSWND. It is a constant representing per unit
power loss relative to design power as defined by parameter UNITMW. Windage loss is scaled
by the following function of speed:
If speed > 0.25 * Design Speed
Else if speed > 0.001 * Design Speed
Else
The windage loss is then calculated from the equation:
Windage Loss = LOSSWND*SpeedScale*UnitMW
The field loss is defined by parameter LOSSFLD. It is a constant representing the per unit power
loss at design field excitation. The Field Loss is calculated from the equation:
Field Loss = LOSSFLD*Per Unit Field*UNITMW
The stator loss can be defined by the parameter LOSSSTAT. This is a CINTRP1 style table of
x/y pairs. The independent variable in the table is gross power generated per unit megawatt (i.e.
MWG/UNITMW). The dependent variable is per unit megawatt loss (i.e. MW loss/UNITMW).
The stator loss is then calculated from the gross MVA per unit MW from the input table. This
calculation is expressed by the equation:

Generator
where,
StatorLoss = Power loss due to stator (MW)

Jshaft = Total input power to the generator (MW)
UNITMW = Design Output power (MW)
LOSSSTAT = loss table
If LOSSSTAT is not defined then the stator loss is calculated from the equation:
The non-synchronized generator
The generator / turbine speed is defined by a torque balance and system inertia. The torque
balance is actually performed by a TorqueShaft object. If no TorqueShaft is attached to the
generator the user must input the speed. The generator loss torque is balanced against the
TorqueShaft input power from a turbine or other source. Excess torque accelerates the system
Hertz and torque deficit decelerates the system Hertz.
The generator voltage is defined by the exciter-applied field using the manufacturer’s no-load
saturation curve of terminal volts vs. field current. The saturation curve is input using parameter
SATURATE. The data is input as a CINTRP1 x/y table of per unit terminal voltage versus per
unit field. For a discussion of the proper format of a CINTRP1 table, see the Dynamic Simulation
Suite User’s Guide. An example saturation curve is shown in the figure below.

Generator
Using this curve we can generate the following CINTRP1 table.
GENSAT[0] = 11., element 0 = number of x/y pairs

GENSAT[1] = -1., dummy place holder
GENSAT[3-24] =
0, 0
0.7, 0.7
0.76, 0.75
0.89, 0.85
0.97, 0.9
1.06, 0.95
1.17, 1
1.3, 1.05
1.5, 1.1
1.7, 1.15
2, 1.2
The synchronized generator
The generator/turbine speed is defined by an Instructor Remote Function as a System Hertz. The
management of network frequency, load and voltage is typically outside the scope of the power-
plant specific training simulator, since the system dispatcher manages these system variables
rather than the power plant control room operator. The instructor may re-define the system Hertz
within operation limits. The principle effect is that the turbine speed compensation loop will
adjust the load set point. All motor speeds on the network will also change and their loads will
change accordingly.
The turbines or other applied load through a shaft object attached to the generator defines the
generator load. Generator field losses, fan or windage loss, field loss, and stator losses are
deducted from the shaft-supplied power to define the generator gross power. The generator gross
power is then normalized with the design “unit” power. Using the normalized power the V-curve
backbone can be used to determine the base or “optimum” field power. The V-curve backbone
defines a field excitation where the MVA will be equal to the MW at any given power (see Figure
below).

Generator
SAMPLE V-CURVE
1.4
1.2
1
"BACKBONE"
"100%MW"
0.8
PER UNIT MVA
"75%MW"
"50%MW"
0.6
"25%MW"
"10%MW"
0.4 "0%MW"
0.2
0
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
-0.2
PER UNIT FIELD
Using this curve we can generate the following CINTRP1 table for the generator “BACKBONE”
curve:
BACKBONE[0] = 14., element 0 = number of x/y pairs

BACKBONE[1] = -1., dummy place holder
BACKBONE[3-30] =
1, 0
1.0253658, 0.1
1.0771252, 0.2
1.153225, 0.3
1.251612, 0.4
1.370233, 0.5
1.5070348, 0.6
1.6599642, 0.7
1.826968, 0.8
2.005993, 0.9
2.194986, 1
2.3918938, 1.1
2.5946632, 1.2
2.801241, 1.3

Generator
It is important to note that the backbone curve is a table of per unit field (y variable) versus per
unit MVA (x variable). These are opposite axes than are typically plotted on generator V-curves,
as shown above.
We can also generate the design V-Curve table. Using the curve at 100% MW, the CINTRP1
format table would be:
VCURVE[0] = 15., element 0 = number of x/y pairs

VCURVE[1] = -1., dummy place holder
VCURVE[3-32] =
1.594986, 1.25
1.694986, 1.186667
1.794986, 1.123333
1.894986, 1.06
1.994986, 1.035
2.094986, 1.015
2.194986, 1
2.294986, 1.01
2.394986, 1.02
2.494986, 1.0325
2.594986, 1.045
2.694986, 1.0675
2.794986, 1.09
2.894986, 1.12
2.994986, 1.15
The V-curve table is per unit MVA (y-variable) versus per unit field (x-variable) like V-curves
are typically plotted. This is the format of the V-curve displayed above.
The actual field defines the generator MVA and the difference between the generator MVA and
generator MW is the generator MVAR, which may be calculated using the vector relationships:
MVAR = +/- SQRT(MVA*MVA – MW*MW)
The generator terminal voltage is set to the high line voltage with adjustments for transformer
ratios and minor adjustments for amps and VARS.
and

Generator
where:
Vterm = generator terminal volts

TR = product of all transformer ratios
Vhl = high line volts
Amps = Amps produced by generator
MVARS = generator produced MVARS
MW = generator produced MW
MVARS/MW = tunable constant = system power angle state (parameter VARPERMW)
Volts/MVAR = tunable constant = reluctance (parameter VPERMVAR)
Volts/Amps = tunable constant = resistance
The above equations can be written in terms of the generator class parameters as follows:
Extension of high line model for single generator island
ESSCOR has occasionally modeled the plant main generator islanded against its own auxiliary
plant equipment. The generator and plant voltage was set based on the generator no-load
saturation curve, since the plant load is a small percentage of the generator capacity. The
generator speed and island Hz was set by a torque balance between the generator gross megawatts
(set by the turbines) and the auxiliary load. This approach worked because the island system had
only one generator and the island generator operated at a small fraction of its generating
capability.
Multiple sources connected to a grid are a special problem. The problem arises in splitting up
how much power is supplied from each source. This power split is handled by comparing the
relative megawatt capacities defined for each source. This is defined by the parameter MWCAP.
The fraction of the power split for each source is equal to the fraction of each source MWCAP
over the sum of all sources MWCAP’s connected to the grid.

Generator
Example - Generator
An example configuration of a Generator is shown below.
GENERATOR: S1
Example generator
Parameter Assignment Units Description
VSOURCE 13800 Volts Source voltage
ODEV[0] DIS1 Electrical device connected to this source
MWCAP 24 Maximum MW capability used for power
splitting with multiple sources.
BACKBONE GENBACKBO V-curve optimum backbone table
NE[0]
VCURVE GENCURVE[0] V-curve off optimum table
SATURATE GENSAT[0] N.D. Per unit field at which electrical tie breaks
LOSSSTAT GENERATORS Stator loss curve (P.U. MW vs. Input Shaft
TATLOSS[0] Power/UNITMW)
The generator requires that the system design frequency be defined. This is done by creating a
stand-alone DYNSIM model point called HZDES. An example definition is shown below.
The BACKBONE, VCURVE, and SATURATE parameters in the above example are connected
to vector points. This is easily recognized by the notation “[0]” after the point name. This is the
required format when referencing vector points in DYNSIM application configuration. A
detailed definition of these three parameters is given in the section labeled “The Synchronized
Generator” above. The LOSSSTAT parameter representing stator loss definition is also
connected to a vector point. A detailed discussion of this parameter is given in the section labeled
“Generator Losses” above. Stand-alone vector points must be defined for these connections.
Example definitions are shown below.
Stand-alone Points
Point Name Class Type Value Description
HZDES DYNAMIC FLOAT 60 System Frequency (Needed by
Generator Class)
GENBACKB STATIC FLOAT 14.,-1., Generator backbone curve (Per unit
ONE[3] 1.,0., Field vs Per Unit MVA)
1.025,0.1,
1.077,0.2,
1.153,0.3,
1.251,0.4,
1.370,0.5,
1.507,0.6,
1.660,0.7,

Generator
1.827,0.8,
2.006,0.9,
2.195,1.0,
2.392,1.1,
2.595,1.2,
2.801,1.3
GENVCURV STATIC FLOAT 15., 1-., Design Generator V Curve
E[32] 1.595,1.25,
1.695,1.187,
1.795,1.123,
1.894,1.06,
1.995,1.035,
2.095,1.015,
2.195,1.0,
2.295,1.01,
2.395,1.02,
2.495,1.033,
2.595,1.045,
2.695,1.068,
2.795,1.09,
2.895,1.12,
2.995,1.15
GENSAT[24] STATIC FLOAT 11.,-1., Generator Saturation Curve (Per
0.,0., Unit MVA vs Per Unit Field)
0.7,0.7,
0.76,0.75,
0.89,0.85,
0.97,0.9
1.06,0.95,1.
1.17,1.0,
1.3,1.05,
1.5,1.1,
1.7,1.15,
2.,1.2
GENERATO STATIC FLOAT 2.,-1., Generator Stator Loss (Per Unit MW
RSTATLOSS[ 1.0,0.01385, vs MVA/UNITMW). 1.5 MW at 0
6] 2.0,0.02308 and 15 MW at 1300 MW

Generator
Parameter Table - Generator
Object connections are optional

Name Description Units Class Eqt Array Sort Pnt Pnt
Allowed OK Size Out Dft Dft
Cls Val
OShaft Shaft Object that TORQU No N/A No
applies torque to ESHAFT
generator
OExciter Exciter Object EXCIT No None No
that applies field ER
to generator
Bmnex Main field breaker POINT No OEx No DI
status of the citer
OExciter object
Table lookups for generator performance

Cls Val
Backbone V-curve optimum POINT No N/A No KF
backbone table _FLOA
T
Vcurve V-curve off optimum POINT No N/A No KF
table _FLOA
T
Saturate Saturation curve POINT No N/A No KF
table _FLOA
T
Fieldspd Field speed effect on POINT No N/A No KF
excitation _FLOA
T
LossStat Stator loss curve (pu POINT No N/A No KF
MW vs _FLOA
Jq/UNITMW) T

Generator
Generator design data

Name Description Units Class Eqt Arra Sort Pnt Pnt
Allowed OK y Out Dft Dft
Size Cls Val
Unitmw Unit design MW MW POINT Yes N/A No KF 620
Unitspd Unit design RPM RPM POINT Yes N/A No KF 3600
HzDes Unit design frequency Hz POINT Yes N/A No KF HZDE
S
Unitvt Unit terminal volts Volt POINT Yes N/A No KF 18000
s
Lossfld Per unit field loss at 1 POINT Yes N/A No KF 0005
pu field
Losswnd Per unit windage loss POINT Yes N/A No KF 0050
at design speed
Electrical ties defined by user

Size Cls Val
Auxload MW load on aux tie MW POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
Auxtie Generator tied to aux POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
load
AutoAuxt Flag to have electrical POINT Yes N/A No KI 1
ie grid solver set Auxload
and Auxtie
0 = user sets Auxload
and Auxtie
1 = grid solver sets
Auxload and Auxtie
Calculated output
Cls Val
Mvan Generator mega MVA POINT No N/A No DF 0
volt-amps gross
Ampn Generator net single Amps POINT No N/A No DF 0
phase current
PF Power Factor ND POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
(+) lagging
(-) leading
Defined or derived from connected shaft, Input/Output dependent on Synced mode switch
Size Cls Val
Jq MW delivered through MW POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
shaft
Speed Generator Speed RPM POINT Yes N/A No DF 1

Generator
Input, user defined or derived from connected exciter

Cls Val
Fieldpu Per Unit Field POINT Yes N/A No DF 1
Current
Comsolve Solved by compound POINT No N/A No DI 0
generator flag
Generator has a built in transformer

Cls Val
KVr Transformer ratio ND POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
Vterm Transformer high Volt POINT No N/A No DF 18000
side voltage s
Output Generator losses

Cls Val
JLossSta Stator losses MW POINT No N/A No DF 0
T
JLossFld Field losses MW POINT No N/A No DF 0
JLossWnd Winding losses MW POINT No N/A No DF 0
at speed
Grid Device Connections

Cls Val
ODev Electrical devices DUALV No None No
connected to this OLTDE
source VICE
User Defined Design Variables

Size Cls Val
Varpermw Network MVAR/MW POINT Yes N/A No KF 2
demand
Vpermvar Network Volts/MVAR POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
sensitivity
Conduct Generator to network POINT Yes N/A No KF 20000
conductance
MWcap Maximum MW MW POINT Yes N/A No KF 1000
capability

Generator
Electrical Ties Set by Grid Solver

Size Cls Val
Synced Switch, ElecSource POINT Yes N/A No SI 0
tied to network
HzLine Network frequency Hz POINT Yes N/A No SF 60
VLine Network voltage V POINT Yes N/A No SF 20000
Calculated Output
Size Cls Val
Mwg ElecSource mega watts MW POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
gross
Mvarg ElecSource mega volt- MV POINT No N/A No DF 0
amps reactive gross A
Mvag ElecSource mega volt- MV POINT No N/A No DF 0
amps gross A
Hz ElecSource electrical Hz POINT No N/A Yes DF 60
frequency
If this source
represents a high line,
then the Hz parameter
should be set
externally, if this
source represents a
generator, then the Hz
parameter will be set
by the model
algorithm.
Ampg ElecSource gross amps Amp POINT No N/A No DF 0
single phase s
Vlvar Voltage loss due to V POINT No N/A No DF 0
VAR
Vlcur Voltage loss due to V POINT No N/A No DF 0
current
Input/Output dependent on Synced mode switch

Size Cls Val
Vsource Source voltage V POINT No N/A No DF 0

SyncKey
GenerCompound
Discussion - GenerCompound
GenerCompound extends ElecSource.
The GenerCompound class requires that for each of the defined generators (GenerCompound
parameter OGENER[i]), a torque shaft object is defined for that generator (Generator parameter
OSHAFT[i]).
The GenerCompound class manages the Generator and TorqueShaft solutions for compound
generator configurations; that is several generators that are tied by a common main breaker to the
high lines. The compound generator acts as a single source by combining the real and imaginary
powers of the individual generators. When the compound generator is synchronized, it balances
VARS and excitations to produce totals.
The individual generators are assumed to be tied together, or to the compound generator total
pool, if their individual per unit excitation is above a minimum threshold. This threshold is
defined by the parameter KFLDTIE[i].
When any of the generators is “tied-in” and the compound generator is synchronized, the total
voltage put out to the system is taken as the average of all of the generators that are electrically
tied together. The individual SYNCED flag of each is also set when the compound generator is
synchronized. If an individual generator is not tied-in electrically, it is assumed to operate as a
separate generator and is only driven by it’s own losses and shaft object.
When individual generators are tied electrically, but the compound generator is not synchronized
to a high line, the compound generator manages the combination of driving powers, inertias, and
losses. The total driving power is calculated by adding the input power on each torque shaft. The
inertias and breakaway torques are also summed to get total system inertia. The turning gear
minimum speed threshold is assumed to be the minimum of all of the shaft objects. All losses are
summed together to get the system loss for calculating the compound generator change in speed.
The individual generators must still be defined completely and separately when used with as part
of a GenerCompound.
Example - GenerCompound
An example configuration of a GenerCompound is shown below.

SyncKey
The following object definition shows an example of the GenerCompound, Generator, and
TORQUESHAFT object definitions that must be made to define the compound generator. The
stand-alone points for defining saturation curves, V-curves, generator losses, and design system
frequency are also shown. The definition of the breaker, CB7, and bus, B5, are not shown in the
example.
Stand-alone Points
HZDES DYNAMIC FLOAT 60. System Frequency (Needed by
Generator Class)
1.025,0.1,
1.077,0.2,
1.153,0.3,
1.251,0.4,
1.370,0.5,
1.507,0.6,
1.660,0.7,
1.827,0.8,
2.006,0.9,
2.195,1.0,
2.392,1.1,
2.595,1.2,
2.801,1.3
GENVCURV STATIC FLOAT 15., 1-., Design Generator V Curve
E[32] 1.595,1.25,
1.695,1.187,
1.795,1.123,
1.894,1.06,
1.995,1.035,
2.095,1.015,
2.195,1.0,
2.295,1.01,
2.395,1.02,
2.495,1.033,
2.595,1.045,
2.695,1.068,
2.795,1.09,
2.895,1.12,
2.995,1.15
0.7,0.7,
0.76,0.75,
0.89,0.85,
0.97,0.9
1.06,0.95,1.
1.17,1.0,

SyncKey
1.3,1.05,
1.5,1.1,
1.7,1.15,
2.,1.2
6] 2.0,0.02308 and 15 MW at 1300 MW
GENBACKBONE and GENVCURVE from ABB V-Curve data GME090667
GENERCOMPOUND: COMPGEN
Example network
OGENER[0] G1 Generator object connection
ODEV[0] CB7 Electrical device object connection
KFLDTIE[0] 0.01 N.D. Field required to overcome TG
KFLDTIE[1] 0.01 N.D. Per unit field required to overcome TG
KFLDBRK[0] 0.005 N.D. Per unit field at which electrical tie breaks
MWCAP 1500 MW Header object connection
GENERATOR: G1
Main Generator 1
OEXCITER[0] EXCITER1 Exciter object connection
OSHAFT[1] SHAFT1 Shaft object that applies torque to generator
BMNEX[0] 1 Main field breaker status of the OExciter object
NE[0]
LOSSSTAT GENERATORS Stator loss curve (P.U. MW vs.
TATLOSS[0] MVA/UNITMW)
UNITMW 650 MW Unit Design MW

UNITSPD 3600 Rpm Unit Design speed
UNITVT 22000 Volts Unit terminal volts
NOTE: SYNCED and SPEED are set by OSHAFT object for compound generators.

SyncKey
GENERATOR: G2
Main Generator 2
NE[0]
LOSSSTAT GENERATORS Stator loss curve (P.U. MW vs.
TATLOSS[0] MVA/UNITMW)

TORQUESHAFT: SHAFT1
Generator 1 Motive Power Shaft – must be defined with GenerCompound
SHAFTCOMP G1 References to components (objects) on this shaft
ONENT[0]
JAPPLY 770 MW Other power sources applied to shaft
TGMOTORON 1 Turning Gear Motor on/off status
KTGSPEED 48 RPM Turbine & Shaft Speed when on turning gear
KTGENGAGE 47.5 RPM Turning gear clutch engage speed threshold.
THR Speed at which clutch will engage.
SYNCSPEED 3600 RPM Turbine and Shaft speed when synchronized
When the Synced parameter is 1, the shaft speed
will be set equal to SyncSpeed
SYNCED 1 Synchronized signal, set by user
0 = not synchronized
1 = synchronized
INERTIA 30000. Lb-ft^2 Inertia of rotor and all components
JBREAK 0.01 MW Minimum shaft power to start roll
NOTE: The TORQUESHAFT is part of the MechCouplings library.
TORQUESHAFT: SHAFT2
Generator 2 Motive Power Shaft – must be defined with GenerCompound
ONENT[0]
TGMOTORON 1 Turning Gear Motor on/off status

SyncKey

SYNCED 1 Synchronized signal, set by user
1 = synchronized
INERTIA 30000 Lb-ft^2 Inertia of rotor and all components

SyncKey
Parameter Table - GenerCompound
Input
Allowed OK y Size Out Dft Dft
Cls Val
OGener Generator Objects GENER No None No
ATOR
Kfldtie Field required to Per POINT Yes OGE No KF 05
overcome TG unit NER
Kfldbrk Field at which Per POINT Yes OGE No KF 02
electrical tie breaks unit NER
Kvartie Sensit of MVARS MVAR POINT Yes N/A No KF 02
to excit balance, S/pe
fields tied, main r un
breaker open it e
xcit
ation
Kmwtie Sensit of MW to MW/p POINT Yes N/A No KF 00
excit balance, fields er u
tied, main breaker nit
open exci
tati
on
Calculated output
Size Cls Val
Mvan mega volt-amps gross MV POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
A
Ampn amps single phase Amp POINT No N/A No DF 0
s
Jq Power delivered MW POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
through shaft
Tied Switch, Fields tied ND POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
Grid Device Connections

Size Cls Val
ODev Electrical devices DUALV No None No
connected to this OLTDE
source VICE

SyncKey
User Defined Design Variables

Size Cls Val
Varpermw Network MVAR/MW POINT Yes N/A No KF 2
demand
Vpermvar Network Volts/MVAR POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
sensitivity
Conduct Generator to network POINT Yes N/A No KF 20000
conductance
MWcap Maximum MW MW POINT Yes N/A No KF 1000
capability
Electrical Ties Set by Grid Solver

Size Cls Val
Synced Switch, ElecSource POINT Yes N/A No SI 0
tied to network
HzLine Network frequency Hz POINT Yes N/A No SF 60
VLine Network voltage V POINT Yes N/A No SF 20000
Calculated Output
Size Cls Val
Mwg ElecSource mega watts MW POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
gross
Mvarg ElecSource mega volt- MV POINT No N/A No DF 0
amps reactive gross A
Mvag ElecSource mega volt- MV POINT No N/A No DF 0
amps gross A
Hz ElecSource electrical Hz POINT No N/A Yes DF 60
frequency
If this source
represents a high line,
then the Hz parameter
should be set
externally, if this
source represents a
generator, then the Hz
parameter will be set
by the model
algorithm.
Ampg ElecSource gross amps Amp POINT No N/A No DF 0
single phase s
Vlvar Voltage loss due to V POINT No N/A No DF 0
VAR
Vlcur Voltage loss due to V POINT No N/A No DF 0
current

SyncKey
Input/Output dependent on Synced mode switch

Size Cls Val
Vsource Source voltage V POINT No N/A No DF 0

SyncKey
Exciter
Discussion - Exciter
Exciter extends ModelObject.
ESSCOR’s exciter model is based upon IEEE standardized Laplace function models. The exciter
accepts input from any analog signal, which typically is a DYNSIM application Voltage
Regulator Object Output.
For shaft driven exciters, the shaft connection can be defined (parameter OSHAFT). The exciter
model determines it’s speed from the shaft object if one is connected. The user may define a
custom curve of the effect of speed on exciter output. In the absence of a user supplied speed
effect, the exciter field is scaled linearly in proportion to speed.
The user may define a custom saturation function or specify the default saturation curve. If the
user does not specify a saturation curve, the saturation effects will be ignored.
The exciter output is typically a per unit field to the generator, but may be dimensional depending
on the user’s selection of exciter gain and parameterization of the generator curves.
The capability of self-exciting, or flashing, is provided. A lag can be defined on the time for full
self-excitation to be reached.
The exciter transfer function is shown in the figure below.
EXCITER TRANSFER FUNCTION
RATE LIMIT
SELFE 1 0
8
X EXC
SELF EXC AT SYNC SPD S
FLD
BKR
1
X BEX
SELFT
SPEED
FIELDPD
EXCITER FIELD SPEED
SPEED EFFECT ON EXC
FIELDSE MAIN
SELF EXC POTENTIAL FLD
BEX BKR BMN
INPUT 1 DFIELDPU 1 HIOUT FIELDPU OUTPUT
GAIN X MAX
TAU PER UNIT
OUTPUT FROM EXC S LOOUT PER UNIT
VOLTAGE REG FLD FLD DERIV FLD TO GEN
BKR
KFBFLD
SATURATION
FUNCTION

SyncKey
Example - Exciter
An example configuration of an Exciter is shown below.
EXCITER: EXCITER1
Generator 1 Exciter
INPUT VREG1.OUTPUT P.U. Exciter input from regulators
SPEED 1 RPM Speed
UNITSPD 1 RPM Unit speed (Full Scale Reference Speed)
BEX 1 Switch, Exciter field breaker closed = 1
BMN 1 Switch, Main field breaker closed = 1
TAU 2 sec Exciter time constant
SELFT 100 sec Time to self excite

SyncKey
Parameter Table - Exciter
Object connections are optional

Cls Val
OShaft Shaft Object TORQU No N/A No
connected to exciter ESHAF
T
Table lookups for exciter performance

Cls Val
Saturate Exciter saturation POINT No N/A No KF
curve table _FLOA
T
Fieldspd Field speed effect on POINT No N/A No KF
excitation _FLOA
T
Exciter design data

Cls Val
Lo_Out Minimum pu output None POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
limit
Hi_Out Maximum pu output None POINT Yes N/A No KF 3.758
limit
Unitspd Unit speed (Full Scale RPM POINT No N/A No KF 3600
Reference)
Gain Exciter gain None POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
Tau Exciter time constant sec POINT Yes N/A No KF 5
Kfbfld Exciter field feedback None POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
Selfe Self excitation at sync None POINT Yes N/A No KF 2
speed
Selft Time to self excite sec POINT Yes N/A No KF 3
Input
Cls Val
Bex Switch, Exciter fld POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
breaker closed = 1
Bmn Switch, Main fld POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
breaker closed = 1
Input Exciter input from None POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
regulators

SyncKey
Defined or derived from connected shaft

Cls Val
Jq Power delivered MW POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
through shaft
Speed Exciter Speed RPM POINT Yes N/A No DF 3600
Output, field applied to generator

Cls Val
Fieldse Self excitation None POINT No N/A No SF 0
potential
DFieldse Self excitation POINT No N/A No DF 0
potential derivative
Fieldpu Per unit field None POINT No N/A No SF 0
DFieldpu Per unit field POINT No N/A No DF 0
derivative
Satfun Saturation Function None POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
table results
Output Per Unit Field to None POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
Generator

SyncKey
SyncKey
Discussion - SyncKey
SyncKey extends ModelObject.
This synchroscope key class models and keeps track of a single key associated with multiple
breakers for a given synchroscope. Any number of keys can be associated with a single
synchroscope object. A synchroscope key would almost never be used without an associated
synchroscope.
The breakers associated with a given synchroscope key should have the high side object
(ODEVH parameter) assigned to the “incoming” object, and the low side object (ODEVL
parameter) assigned to the “running” object. The incoming object is generally the generator side
of the breaker. The running object is generally the highline side of the breaker.
The key is modeled as having a select (or touch) input with -1, 0, and 1 values. This select is set
to -1 to turn the key to the left, 0 for do nothing, and 1 for turn the key to the right. There is also a
display variable, which indicates the position of the key in a given key slot. The display variable
has values of: -2 = key inserted and in the far-far left position (type 6 only), -1 = key inserted and
in the far left position (for type 3, 4, and 5 keys), 0 = keyhole empty, 1 = key inserted and in off,
2 = key inserted and in the far right position. When using the SyncKey to represent these
displayed key positions, separate bitmap files should be made for each position.
This setup is intended for use with an ESSCOR two-variable switch widget on a hard panel
graphical emulation, XSIMDIS. The ObjectName.SELECT parameter would be assigned to the
“Touch Variable” resource and the ObjectName.POS parameter would be assigned to the
“Display Variable” resource. Bitmaps are created showing the switch in the different positions.
That widget type sets the “Touch Variable” resource connection to 1 when the right side is
touched and to -1 when the left side is touched.
Synchroscope keys can have the following modes of operation when inserted:
MODE Description of Operation

VERIFY Check that the maximum frequency, voltage, scope speed, and phase
differences are not violated before setting the associated breaker sync scope
permissive to close parameter. The operator must still close the breaker, but the
breaker cannot be closed until all the permissives are met. The maximum
frequency and voltage difference for each breaker are defined by the
parameters KVMX and KHZMX. The scope maximum phase difference and
scope speed are defined in the SyncScope class, however.
ON (or Used in conjunction with the SyncScope, but this type will not check
manual) frequency, voltage, acceleration or phase differences. The only permissive to
close this type of breaker is that the sync key be inserted. The synchroscope
will turn when the key is in the ON position.
AUTO Checks that the maximum frequency, voltage, acceleration, and phase
differences are not violated before setting the associated breaker sync scope
permissive to close parameter. The breaker will be closed automatically by the
sync scope when the permissives are met. The maximum frequency and
voltage difference for each breaker are defined by the parameters KVMX and

SyncKey
KHZMX. The scope maximum phase difference and scope speed are defined
in the SyncScope class, however. Acceleration, and phase conditions are
defined in the SyncScope class, however.
The above discussion of breaker permissives pertains to synchronizing live bus (object) to live
bus (object). When synchronizing dead bus to dead bus, live bus to dead bus, or dead bus to live
bus the permissive to close the breaker is defined by the single input PCDD, PCDL, and PCLD.
TYPE = 1 - OFF/VERIFY
This SyncKey type has only has an OFF and VERIFY position. The VERIFY position is
assumed to be to the far right (POS = 2).
A typical hard panel switch of this type looks like the following picture.
TYPE = 2 - OFF/ON
This SyncKey type has only has an OFF and ON (or manual) position. The ON position is
assumed to be to the far right (POS = 2).
TYPE = 3 - VERIFY/OFF/ON
This SyncKey type has only has VERIFY, OFF and ON (or manual) position. The VERIFY
position is to the far left (POS = -1). The OFF position is in the center (POS = 1). The ON
position is to the far right (POS = 2).

SyncKey
TYPE = 4 - AUTO/OFF/ON
This SyncKey type has only has AUTO, OFF and ON (or manual) position. The AUTO position
is to the far left (POS = -1). The OFF position is in the center (POS = 1). The ON position is to
the far right (POS = 2).

SyncKey
TYPE = 5 - AUTO/OFF/VERIFY
This SyncKey type has only has AUTO, OFF and ON (or manual) position. The AUTO position
is to the far left (POS = -1). The OFF position is in the center (POS = 1). The VERIFY position
is to the far right (POS = 2).

SyncKey
TYPE = 6 - AUTO/VERIFY/OFF/ON
This SyncKey type has only has AUTO, VERIFY, OFF and ON (or manual) position. The
AUTO position is to the far-far left (POS = -2). The VERIFY position is to the far left (POS = -
1). The OFF position is in the center (POS = 1). The VERIFY position is to the far right (POS =
2).
The only way to move a key with a far left position (type 3, 4 and 5) is to touch the right side
(select = 1) of some other key.
Example - SyncKey
An example configuration of a SyncKey is shown below. The example key is associated with
two breakers: CB1 and CB2.

SyncKey
SYNCKEY: SYNCHKEY
Example Synchroscope Key
OBKR[0] CB1 Array of breaker objects
Breaker object ODevH should be assigned to
incoming object
Breaker object ODevL should be assigned to
running object
incoming object
running object
TYPE[0] 1 Array of key types for each associated breaker
1 = VERIFY ONLY (right Pos only)
TYPE[1] 3 Array of key types for each associated breaker
3 = VERIFY (Pos left); ON (Pos right)
KVMX[0] 1000 Max inc/run volt difference for permissive to
close breaker
KVMX[1] 2000 Max inc/run volt difference for permissive to
close breaker
KHZMX[0] 0.1 Max inc/run frequency difference for permissive
to close breaker
KHZMX[1] 0.1 Max inc/run frequency difference for permissive
to close breaker
PCDD 1 Permissive to close breaker when syncing.
Dead incoming bus to dead running bus
1 = permitted to close
PCLD 0 Permissive to close breaker when syncing.
Live incoming bus to dead running bus
0 = not permitted to close
PCDL 0 Permissive to close breaker when syncing.
Dead incoming bus to live running bus
0 = not permitted to close

SyncKey
Parameter Table - SyncKey

Cls Val
Select Key select (or touch) POINT Yes OBK No GI 0
(-1=Left, 0=None, R
1=Right)
OBkr Array of breaker BREAK No None No
objects ER
Breaker object
ODevH should be
assigned to incoming
object
Breaker object ODevL
should be assigned to
running object
Type Array of key types for POINT No OBK No KI 1
each associated R
breaker
1 = VERIFY ONLY
(right Pos only)
2 = ON ONLY (right
Pos only)
3 = VERIFY (Pos
left); ON (Pos right)
4 = AUTO (Pos left);
ON (Pos right)
5 = AUTO (Pos left);
VERIFY (Pos right)
6 = AUTO (Pos left-
left); VERIFY (Pos
left); OFF; ON (Pos
right)
Pos Array of key POINT No OBK Yes SI 0
status/positions R
-2 = left-left for Type
6
-1 = left
0 = empty
1 = off
2 = right
KeyMode Current key mode POINT No N/A Yes DI 0
same as position of
selected key
-1 = auto or verify
(Pos left)
0 = empty
1 = off

SyncKey
2 = on or verify (Pos
right)
KeyAct Key action complete POINT No N/A Yes DI 0
(0=not yet, 1=yes)
KeyPrs Key pressed indicator POINT No N/A Yes DI 0
(0=no, 1=yes)
KeyPtr Index of which key is POINT No N/A Yes DI -1
inserted (from OBkr
array), -1=none
KVmx Max inc/run volt POINT No OBK No KF 2000
difference for R
permissive to close
breaker
KHzmx Max inc/run POINT No OBK No KF 5
frequency difference R
for permissive to close
breaker
PCdd Permissive to close POINT No OBK No KI 1
breaker when syncing R
dead incoming bus to
dead running bus
0 = not permitted to
close
PCld Permissive to close POINT No OBK No KI 1
live incoming bus to
dead running bus
close
PCdl Permissive to close POINT No OBK No KI 1
live running bus
close

SyncScope
SyncScope
Discussion - SyncScope
SyncScope extends ModelObject.
The SyncScope class is written for a graphical representation of a synchroscope needle as well as
incoming and running phase lights and incoming and running voltage gauges. It is assumed that
the phase lights are represented by some number bitmaps (defined by parameter NBITMAPS)
ranging in intensity from full dark to full white light. The SyncScope class as parameter ILIGHT
outputs the bitmap to display at any time. This parameter is a floating-point number with the
integer representing the bitmap number -1 to display. An angle from 0 to 360 degrees with 0 and
360 straight down and 180 straight represent the needle position up.
Any number of synchroscope keys objects can be associated with a single sync scope. The sync
key that is driving the scope at any time is determined by the KEYSEL parameter of the
SyncScope. The voltage and frequency deviation permissives to close a breaker when syncing
live bus to live bus are set in the sync key class for each associated breaker.
The devices to be used for the definition of incoming and running voltages, frequencies, and
phases are assigned in the associated breaker. They SyncScope looks to the associated SyncKey
object to get the breakers that are being synchronized. Those breakers have some special rules
imposed on them. The breaker “high side” object definition (parameter ODEVH) must be
assigned to the incoming voltage object. The breaker “low side” object definition (parameter
ODEVL) must be assigned to the running voltage object.
A typical synchroscope panel emulation is shown below. Each device shows the parameter that is
assigned to emulate the instrumentation.

SyncScope
SyncScope Helpful Hints
 This class is written with reasonable values for a normal synchroscope. It will work in
most cases with nothing more than a description and an OKEY definition.
 The minimum and maximum needle angle (180 degrees top center) for permissive to
close the breaker are defined by the AMIN and AMAX parameters.
 The maximum needle speed (deg/sec) for permissive to close the breaker is defined by
the KSPDMX parameter.
 The needle speed versus incoming/running frequency difference can be tuned with the
KSPDRT parameter.
 AUTO synchronizing breakers often have a pushbutton that must be depressed to

automatically close the breaker. This is modeled with the PBAUTO parameter. If the breaker
will auto close as soon as the permissives are met and there is no such pushbutton, then this
parameter can be left with the default value of 1.

SyncScope
 The synchroscope light intensity versus needle angle can be customized with the ILL
parameter. To do so, connect ILL to a table of numbers of x-y pairs in the CINTRP1 format. The
first element in the table is the number of x-y pairs, the second is a temporary junk value, and the
remaining elements are x-y pairs with x being needle angle in degrees (0 being straight up), and y
being light intensity (0=full black, 1=full white). A default table is inserted if a custom one is not
defined.
Example - SyncScope
An example configuration of a SynScope is shown below. The example demonstrates that the
synchroscope can be defined with a minimum of information and will work for most cases.
There are many tuning and design parameters to customize specific cases.
SYNCSCOPE: SYNCHSCOPE
Example Synchroscope
OKEY[0] SYNCHKEY Array of key objects assigned to this syncscope
incoming object
running object
PBAUTO 0 Auto sync pushbutton
Pushbutton on a hard panel

SyncScope
Parameter Table - SyncScope
Associated Key Parameters

Cls Val
Okey Array of key objects SYNCK No None No
assigned to this EY
syncscope
KeySel Key selected. Set to POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
# of key sync scope
is using (0, 1, 2 etc)
Incoming and Running Outputs

Cls Val
Vinc Sync scope incoming POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
voltage
Vrun Sync scope running POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
voltage
HzInc Sync scope incoming POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
frequency
HzRun Sync scope running POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
frequency
Sync Scope Outputs

Cls Val
ScopeOn Scope On flag POINT No N/A No DI 0
ANeedle Dial needle angle (0- POINT No N/A No DF 0
360 degrees,
0/360=6:00,
180=12:00)
IPRun Running potential POINT No N/A Yes DI 0
light (0=no potential,
1=yes pot.)
Ilight Sync scope incoming POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
and running light
intensity bitmap #.
This is a bitmap
number for use with
the ESSCOR
DBIT Widget with
"Nbitmaps" total
bitmap pictures
Etot Scope accumulated POINT No N/A No SF 0
error

SyncScope
DEtot Derivative of scope POINT No N/A No DF 0

accumulated error
SyncOK All Sync permissive POINT No N/A No DI 0
checks met
Incoming/Running Potential Light Configuration

Cls Val
Ioff Scope light intensity POINT No N/A No KF 0
when off
Idd Scope light intensity POINT No N/A No KF 0
dead bus to dead bus
Ild Scope light intensity POINT No N/A No KF 0.1
dead running bus
Idl Scope light intensity POINT No N/A No KF 0.9
live running bus
Ill Scope light intensity POINT No None No KF 0
vs angle table, elem.
0=#pairs,1=dummy,2-
n=x,y pairs
Nbitmaps Number of sync light POINT No N/A No KI 36
bitmaps used for
scope light graphic
Dial Position Configuration

Cls Val
Aoff Scope dial position POINT No N/A No KF 0
when off
Add Scope dial position POINT No N/A No KF 0
dead bus to dead
bus
Ald Scope dial position POINT No N/A No KF 90
dead running bus
Adl Scope dial position POINT No N/A No KF 270
dead incoming bus
to live running bus
Kspdrt Sync scope speed POINT No N/A No KF 80
gain (K
cycle/sec)*(360deg/
cycle)

SyncScope
Permissive Configuration
Cls Val
Amin Min dial position for POINT No N/A No KF 170
permissive to close
(180 deg at top)
Amax Max dial position for POINT No N/A No KF 190
permissive to close
(180 deg at top)
Kspdmx Max needle speed POINT No N/A No KF 80
(deg/s) for
permissive to close
Auto Synchronization Parameters

Cls Val
PBAuto Auto sync POINT No N/A No GI 1
pushbutton

VReg
VReg
Discussion - VReg
VReg extends ModelObject.
The VReg class performs a simple voltage regulator function. A derivative voltage stabilizer
feedback is included. It is recommended that the VReg1 class be used for voltage regulators.
Please refer to the VReg1 discussion for a detailed discussion of the voltage regulator model.
VReg1 is derived from VReg.

VReg
Parameter Table - VReg
Object connections
Cls Val
OExcite Exciter Object EXCIT No N/A No
ER
OGener Generator Object GENER No N/A No
ATOR
Voltage regulator design data

Cls Val
Lo_Out Minimum pu output POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
limit
Hi_Out Maximum pu output POINT Yes N/A No KF 3.758
limit
Kp Auto mode gain - POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
proportional
Ki Auto mode gain - POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
integral
Kbalance Balance meter POINT Yes N/A No KF 10
sensitivity
Method Auto and man signal, POINT Yes N/A No KI 0
0 switch, 1 sum
Voltage stabilizer design data

Cls Val
Kd Stabilizer derivative POINT Yes N/A No KF 09
gain
Tau Stabilizer derivative POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
period
Ks Stabilizer gain POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
Input
Cls Val
Mode Switch - Auto Mode POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
SetMan Manual Input Per POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
unit
SetAuto Auto Voltage Volts POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
Setpoint
SigAuto Other Auto Voltage Volts POINT Yes None No DF 0

VReg
Regulator Inputs
Test Switch - Test Mode POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
Balance meter outputs

Cls Val
Balance Balance - Manual to POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
Auto Signal
Balman Balance - Man POINT No N/A No DF 0
Signal contrib to
Output
Balauto Balance - Auto POINT No N/A No DF 0
Signal contrib to
Output
Stabilizer and main outputs

Cls Val
Istab Integral action - POINT No N/A No SF 0
voltage stabilizer
DIstab Integral action - POINT No N/A No DF 0
voltage stabilizer
Ivr Integral action - POINT No N/A No SF 0
voltage regulator
DIvr Integral action - POINT No N/A No DF 0
voltage regulator
Stab Stabilizer effect POINT No N/A No DF 0
Output Signal to Exciter Per POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
unit

VReg1
Vreg1
Discussion - Vreg1
VReg extends ModelObject.
The voltage regulator model requires the definition of the generator object and exciter object
associated with the voltage regulator be defined and connected to the OGENER and OEXCITE
parameters.
ESSCOR’s voltage regulator model is based upon IEEE Type 1 standardized Laplace function
models. The Voltage Regulator takes analog inputs for a manual set point (in per Unit Excitation)
and automatic set point (in Generator Terminal Volts) and a manual / automatic status switch.
ESSCOR’s XferFuncs library of classes is used to condition the user interface (DCS I/O or hard
panel switches) to the voltage regulator analog and digital status inputs.
Provisions are made for biasing the automatic set point and clamping the voltage regulator output
to accommodate protective runback functions such as under-excitation, over-excitation,
Volts/Hertz, etc. These protective functions must be coded by the user using ESSCOR’s
XferFuncs library of classes.
The voltage regulator output is typically a per unit analog command to the exciter but may be
dimensional depending on the user’s selection of exciter gain and parameterization of the
generator curves.
The voltage regulator model is represented by the transfer functions shown in the following two
figures.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR VREG1 AUTO CIRCUIT TRANSFER FUNCTION
SIGAUTO[0-1]
1
GENER UNITVT
SETAUTO (VOLTS) 1 AUTO_ERR

A1
GENER UNITVT AUTO
SETPOINT
STAB KD*S EXCIT FIELDPU PER UNIT

KS EXCITER
1+TAU*S FIELD
1 GENER VTERM GENERATOR

TERMINAL
GENER UNITVT VOLTAGE

VReg1
IF TAUA1 > PERIOD
AUTO_ERR 1 STAGE 1
A1 KP A2
TAUA1*S
IF TAUA1 <= PERIOD
A1 KP A2
HIOUT
1 IVR
A1 AF
TAUA2*S
LOOUT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR VREG1 MANUAL CIRCUIT & MANUAL/AUTO TRANSFER FUNCTION
IF METHOD = 1 OR KPMAN = 0
HIOUT
SETMAN
M1 M1 MF
LOOUT
IF METHOD = 0 & KPMAN > 0

SETMAN
KPMAN M1
EXCIT FIELDPU PER UNIT

EXCITER
FIELD
MF MANUAL
MODE = 0
MODE
OUTPUT 0 = MANUAL
1 = AUTO
(TO EXCITER)
METHOD = 1 METHOD
METHOD = 0 0 = SWITCHED
MODE = 1
1 = BUCK/BOOST
AUTO
AF
Control room instrumentation typically includes a voltage regulator “balance meter.” This
typically represents the difference between manual voltage regulator (sometimes called base
adjuster) and the automatic voltage regulator (sometimes called “rheostat”) outputs. In
buck/boost type systems this meter represents the “boost” portion. The voltage regulator model
develops a manual / automatic balance signal and a buck / boost signal for user interface display.
This is parameter BALANCE. The manual and automatic contributions to the balance meter
outputs are output as parameters BALAUTO and BALMAN. The “balance meter” calculations
are shown in the following transfer function.

VReg1
VOLTAGE REGULATOR "BALANCE METER"
MODE
MODE METHOD
XB
MODE METHOD TEST
BALAUTO BALANCE DRIVES

AF KBALANCE XB "BALANCE METER"
METHOD = 0 MODE = 0 MANUAL

MODE = 1 AUTO
METHOD = 0 SWITCHED
METHOD = 1 BUCK/BOOST
BALMAN TEST BUCK/BOOST
MF
Example - Vreg1
An example configuration of a Vreg1 is shown below. The example refers to a generator G1 and
an exciter object EXCITER1. These object definitions are required for the voltage regulator
class.
Voltage Regulator 1
OGENER G1 Generator object connection
OEXCITE EXCITER1 Exciter object connection
SETAUTO 22000 Volts Auto Voltage Setpoint
METHOD 0 Auto and man signal switch or buck/boost,
0 = switch
1 = sum (buck/boost)
MODE 1 Switch - Auto Mode (1= auto)
KP 10 Auto mode gain - proportional
KI 0.1 Auto mode gain - integral
LO_OUT 0.85 P.U. Minimum per unit output limit
HI_OUT 3.7 P.U. Maximum per unit output limit
BALMAN 0 Balance Meter - Man Signal contribution to
Output
BALAUTO 0 Balance Meter - Auto Signal contribution to
Output

VReg1
Parameter Table - Vreg1
Voltage regulator design data

Size Cls Val
Taua1 Stage 1 time constant sec POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
Taua2 Stage 2 time constant sec POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
KpMan Manual input gain None POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
Lo_Out Minimum pu output POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
limit
Hi_Out Maximum pu output POINT Yes N/A No KF 3.758
limit
Kp Auto mode gain - POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
proportional
Ki Auto mode gain - POINT Yes N/A No KF 0
integral
Kbalance Balance Meter POINT Yes N/A No KF 10
Sensitivity
Method Auto and man signal, 0 POINT Yes N/A No KI 0
switch, 1 sum
Output
Cls Val
Stage1 1st stage output None POINT No N/A No SF 0
DStage1 1st stage output None POINT No N/A No DF 0
Object connections
Cls Val
OExcite Exciter Object EXCITER No N/A No
OGener Generator Object GENER No N/A No
ATOR
Voltage stabilizer design data

Cls Val
Kd Stabilizer derivative POINT Yes N/A No KF 09
gain
Tau Stabilizer derivative POINT Yes N/A No KF 1
period
Ks Stabilizer gain POINT Yes N/A No KF 0

VReg1
Input
Cls Val
Mode Switch - Auto Mode POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
SetMan Manual Input Per POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
unit
SetAuto Auto Voltage Setpoint Volt POINT Yes N/A No DF 0
s
SigAuto Other Auto Voltage Volt POINT Yes None No DF 0
Regulator Inputs s
Test Switch - Test Mode POINT Yes N/A No DI 0
Balance Meter Outputs

Cls Val
Balance Balance - Manual to POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
Auto Signal
Balman Balance - Man Signal POINT No N/A No DF 0
contrib to Output
Balauto Balance - Auto Signal POINT No N/A No DF 0
contrib to Output
Stabilizer and Main Outputs

Cls Val
Istab Integral action - POINT No N/A No SF 0
voltage stabilizer
DIstab Integral action - POINT No N/A No DF 0
voltage stabilizer
Ivr Integral action - POINT No N/A No SF 0
voltage regulator
DIvr Integral action - POINT No N/A No DF 0
voltage regulator
Stab Stabilizer effect POINT No N/A No DF 0
Output Signal to Exciter Per POINT No N/A Yes DF 0
unit

ElecGrid Examples
ElecGrid Examples
Example Electrical Grid
Standalone Points
HZDES DYNAMIC FLOAT 60. System Frequency (Needed by
Generator Class)
1.025,0.1,
1.077,0.2,
1.153,0.3,
1.251,0.4,
1.370,0.5,
1.507,0.6,
1.660,0.7,

ElecGrid Examples
1.827,0.8,
2.006,0.9,
2.195,1.0,
2.392,1.1,
2.595,1.2,
2.801,1.3
GENVCURV STATIC FLOAT 15., 1-., Design Generator V-Curve
E[32] 1.595,1.25,
1.695,1.187,
1.795,1.123,
1.894,1.06,
1.995,1.035,
2.095,1.015,
2.195,1.0,
2.295,1.01,
2.395,1.02,
2.495,1.033,
2.595,1.045,
2.695,1.068,
2.795,1.09,
2.895,1.12,
2.995,1.15
0.7,0.7,
0.76,0.75,
0.89,0.85,
0.97,0.9
1.06,0.95,1.
1.17,1.0,
1.3,1.05,
1.5,1.1,
1.7,1.15,
2.,1.2
6] 2.0,0.02308 and 15 MW at 1300 MW
GENBACKBONE and GENVCURVE from ABB V-Curve data GME090667
GENERCOMPOUND: COMPGEN
Example compound generator
KFLDTIE[0] 0.01 N.D. Field required to overcome TG
KFLDTIE[1] 0.01 N.D. Per unit field required to overcome TG

ElecGrid Examples
GENERATOR: G1
Main Generator 1
NE[0]
LOSSSTAT GENERATOR Stator loss curve (P.U. MW vs.
STATLOSS[0] MVA/UNITMW)

MWCAP 750 MW Maximum MW capability used for power
GENERATOR: G2
Main Generator 2
BACKBONE GENBACK V-curve optimum backbone table
BONE[0]
LOSSSTAT GENERATOR Stator loss curve (P.U. MW vs.
STATLOSS[0] MVA/UNITMW)

MWCAP 750 MW Maximum MW capability used for power
ELECSOURCE: S2
Diesel generator
VSOURCE 13800. Volts Source voltage
ODEV[0] CB4 Electrical device connected to this source

ElecGrid Examples
ELECSOURCE: SHL
Highline
VSOURCE 240000 Volts Source voltage
ODEV[0] DIS1 Electrical device connected to this source
ODEV[1] TR3 Electrical device connected to this source
DISCONNECT: DIS1
Highline disconnect
POs 1 Output (Disconnect) signal
0 = open (no connection)
1 = closed (connection made)
ODEVH SHL Electrical object connected to high voltage side
ODEVL TR2 Electrical object connected to low voltage side
BREAKER: CB1
In house tie breaker
ODEVH B5 Electrical object connected to high voltage side
BREAKER: CB2
Generator tie to highline
ODEVH TR2 Electrical object connected to high voltage side
ODEVL B5 Electrical object connected to low voltage side
BREAKER: CB3
In-house load tie to highline
ODEVH TR3 Electrical object connected to high voltage side
BREAKER: CB4
Diesel generator breaker
ODEVH S2 Electrical object connected to high voltage side

ElecGrid Examples
BREAKER: CB5
Bus B1 to bus B2 tie breaker
BREAKER: CB6
Bus 1 to bus 3 tie breaker
BREAKER: CB7
In house tie breaker
ODEVH COMPGEN Electrical object connected to high voltage side
TRANSFORMER: TR1
In house tie transformer
KVR 1.739 Transformer voltage ratio Vh/Vl
ODEVH CB1 Electrical object connected to high voltage side
TRANSFORMER: TR2
Generator to highline transformer
KVR 10 Transformer voltage ratio Vh/Vl
ODEVH DIS1 Electrical object connected to high voltage side
ODEVL CB2 Electrical object connected to low voltage side
TRANSFORMER: TR3
In house load to highline transformer
ODEVH SHL Electrical object connected to high voltage side
ODEVL CB3 Electrical object connected to low voltage side
TRANSFORMER: TR4
13.8 to 4.160 KV Transformer

ElecGrid Examples
TRANSFORMER: TR5
13.8 to 4.16 KV Transformer
BUS: B1
13.8 KV Bus
ODEV[0] TR1 Electrical device object connection
ODEV[2] L5 Electrical device object connection
BUS: B2
4.16 KV Bus
BUS: B3
4.16 KV Bus
BUS: B5
13.8 KV Bus
MOTOR: L1
Turning Gear Motor 1
ISS 217 Amps Steady State Current
ISPIKE 648 Amps Current spike at startup
VTR 120 Volts Low trip voltage threshold

ElecGrid Examples
ELECLOAD: L2
In house load
MWIN 1.5 MW Optional power usage of the load
MOTOR: L3
Turning Gear Motor 2
ISS 217 Amps Steady state current
ISPIKE 648 Amps Current spike at startup
VTR 120 Volts Low trip voltage threshold
ELECLOAD: L4
In house load
ELECLOAD: L5
In house load
VREG1: VREG1
Voltage Regulator 1
SETAUTO 22000. Volts Auto voltage setpoint
Output
Output

ElecGrid Examples
EXCITER: EXCITER1
Generator 1 Exciter
INPUT VREG1.OUTP P.U. Exciter Input from regulators
UT
SPEED 1 RPM Speed
UNITSPD 1 RPM Unit speed (Full Scale Reference Speed)
BEX BEXC1.POS Switch, Exciter field breaker closed = 1
BREAKER: BEXC1
Exciter Field Breaker 1
Pos 1 Output (Disconnect) signal
Type 1 Bkr Type (1=graphic on/off,2=PTL,3=DCS 2-
input,4=DCS1-input)
VREG1: VREG2
Voltage Regulator 2
SETAUTO 22000 Volts Auto Voltage Setpoint
Output
Output
EXCITER: EXCITER2
Generator 2 Exciter
INPUT VREG2.OUTP P.U. Exciter Input from regulators
UT
SPEED 1 RPM Speed
UNITSPD 1 RPM unit speed (Full Scale Reference Speed)
BEX BEXC2.POS Switch, Exciter field breaker closed = 1

ElecGrid Examples
BREAKER: BEXC2
Exciter Field Breaker 2
Pos 1 Output (Disconnect) signal
Type 1 Bkr Type (1=graphic on/off,2=PTL,3=DCS 2-
input,4=DCS1-input)
TORQUESHAFT: SHAFT1
Generator 1 Motive Power Shaft
ONENT[0]
TGMOTOR L1 Reference to turning gear motor object
If not specified, the TGMotorOn parameter must
be set by the user
SYNCED CB2.POS Synchronized signal, set by user
1 = synchronized

ElecGrid Examples
TORQUESHAFT: SHAFT2
Generator 2 Motive Power Shaft
ONENT[0]
TGMOTOR L3 Reference to turning gear motor object
If not specified, the TGMotorOn parameter must
be set by the user
SYNCED CB2.POS Synchronized signal, set by user
1 = synchronized

Invensys Systems, Inc.
26561 Rancho Parkway South
Lake Forest, CA 92630
United States of America
http://iom.invensys.com
Global Customer Support

Inside U.S.: 1-866-746-6477
Outside U.S.: 1-508-549-2424 or contact your
local Invensys Representative.
Email: iom.support@invensys.com
Website: http://support.ips.invensys.com

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SimSci®

ElecGrid Examples ...................................................................... 55

General Use Classes

Class Typical Uses See Also See Also

GenerCompound Multiple Generators tied to high lines by TorqueShaft MechCouplings

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 1

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 2

ElecGrid2 Component Concepts

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 3

Model Configuration Definition

Definition of Physical Characteristics

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 4

Compound Generator Symbol

A compound generator is shown schematically as follows.

Voltage Regulator Symbol

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 5

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 6

Laplace functions and coefficients of Voltage Regulator and Exciter.

Manufacture’s empirical generator curves.

Linearized power system sensitivity to unit excitation (Volts per VAR).

Generator and turbine rotating inertia.

The outputs always calculated by the generator class are:

Description Parameter Synchronized Non- Notes

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 7

Gross total MVA MVAG X X Total generator output

Description Parameter Name Synchronized Non-

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 8

Generator power losses

If speed > 0.25 * Design Speed

Else if speed > 0.001 * Design Speed

The windage loss is then calculated from the equation:

Windage Loss = LOSSWND*SpeedScale*UnitMW

Field Loss = LOSSFLD*Per Unit Field*UNITMW

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 9

StatorLoss = Power loss due to stator (MW)

The non-synchronized generator

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 10

Using this curve we can generate the following CINTRP1 table.

GENSAT[0] = 11., element 0 = number of x/y pairs

The synchronized generator

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 11

BACKBONE[0] = 14., element 0 = number of x/y pairs

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 12

VCURVE[0] = 15., element 0 = number of x/y pairs

MVAR = +/- SQRT(MVA*MVA – MW*MW)

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 13

Vterm = generator terminal volts

Extension of high line model for single generator island

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 14

An example configuration of a Generator is shown below.

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 15

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 16

Parameter Table - Generator

Object connections are optional

Table lookups for generator performance

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 17

Generator design data

Electrical ties defined by user

ElecGrid2 Version 5.3.2, December 2016 18

Input, user defined or derived from connected exciter

Generator has a built in transformer

Output Generator losses

Grid Device Connections

Windage Loss = LOSSWNDSpeedScaleUnitMW

Field Loss = LOSSFLDPer Unit FieldUNITMW

MVAR = +/- SQRT(MVAMVA – MWMW)